Roots
Every root the entries name, and the groups whose words come from it. Beside each root is what Radak gives it in Sefer HaShorashim; open the row for the rest of his entry, in English and in his own Hebrew.
1,133 roots
א-ב-הpovertyTo be willing, to desire. From it the pauper, who lacks all and craves all; and filed here too is the word for father, and so an elder or a chief.
א-ב-לplainTo mourn, and from it אֵבֶל, mourning; a second sense of lying waste; and the separate word אֲבָל.
א-ב-ןrockA stone; and from it the weight in a scale, the builder's plummet, the potter's wheel, and הָאָבְנָיִם, which he reads as the womb itself.
א-ב-קdustFine dust: אָבָק וְעָפָר (Devarim 28:24), and ground spices are אַבְקַת רוֹכֵל; to wrestle is to raise the dust underfoot.
א-ב-רwingTwo senses: might and strength, and so the mighty man and the strong horse; and the wing or pinion, with a verb for flying.
א-ג-דgatheringGathering things and tying them into one bundle; from there, a single band of men, and a single settled counsel.
א-ג-םhookאֲגַם, a pool where water gathers; and אַגְמוֹן, the rush that grows by it and the bent hook shaped like it.
א-ג-רbook · gathering · names of Shlomo HaMelechTo gather in, and from it אִגֶּרֶת, a letter, and אֲגוֹרַת כֶּסֶף, a small coin.
א-ד-םland · man · redTo be red, with אָדוֹם and אֲדַמְדָּם for its shades; אֲדָמָה, ground, field or dust; and אָדָם, man, named for the ground he was taken from.
א-ד-ןmasterA lord or master; and separately the אֲדָנִים, the sockets that the boards and the pillars were set into.
א-ה-בloveTo love: a father for his son, a man for Hashem, a lover for his beloved; the noun is אַהֲבָה, love.
א-ו-הdesireTo desire and long for; separately נָאוָה, comely and beautiful; and a third sense, a boundary.
א-ו-לmaybeA fool, אֱוִיל, which he glosses שוטה; and אִוֶּלֶת, folly, which he holds is a noun and not an adjective.
א-ו-רfireLight, and to give light: the luminaries, and light as a figure for abundant good. He finds five further senses under these letters.
א-ו-תsignA sign, that is a mark or token; he sets it beside מופת, a wonder, and treats the pair under the headword יפת.
א-ז-ןarmed · hearingThe ear, and to give ear; and from the same letters מאזנים, the scales, named in the dual because the instrument has two pans.
א-ז-רhat and beltTo gird and to brace oneself with strength; the belt one girds with; and on a second sense, of firebrands, the authorities differ.
א-ח-דeleven · oneOne: אֶחָד הָיָה אַבְרָהָם (Yechezkel 33:24), Avraham was one. Because one is the least of number, a small quantity is called by it.
א-ח-וmarshאָח, a brother, and אָחוֹת, a sister, with אַחֲוָה for brotherhood; and a second sense, אָחוּ, the marsh grass.
א-ח-זinheritanceTo take hold and to grasp; and from it אֲחֻזָּה, a holding of land, because a man takes hold in the place and is held fast by it.
א-ח-רcompass directions · delayBehind and after: אָחוֹר, the back, which is also the west; אַֽחֲרִית, the end of a thing and what comes of it; אַחֵר, another; and the verb, to be late.
א-ח-ש-ת-ר-ןhorse
א-י-לsheep and goatsStrength is the root sense: from it the mighty and the powerful, and under the same letters the ram, the hart, the great tree and the doorpost.
א-י-ל-ןtree
א-י-םfearDread: the noun for terror, the Eimim who are the giants, and the graven images called by the same word in contempt.
א-י-שangel classes · husband · manA man; the word takes in male and female together, is used even of what is not human, and is said of the great man, the head or master of a thing.
א-כ-לfood · sword and knifeTo eat; and so fire eating, a land eating its dwellers, the sword eating; all one sense, since eating is itself consuming and destroying.
א-ל-הcurseAn oath, and so a curse, since a curse comes with an oath and Hashem's name; the same letters carry a lament, the terebinth, אולי and אל.
א-ל-חdirtTo be foul, gone rotten. Radak gives the sense as stinking, and holds the root a transposition of the letters behind a pot's scum.
א-ל-לidolsA thing of no use and no help, which is what an idol is; and by another pointing the same letters are a cry of woe.
א-ל-םwidowBinding sheaves; and being dumb, which is where the widow has her name, since she cannot speak up against those who contend with her.
א-ל-נ-קspear
א-ל-ףcattle · teachingA thousand; an אַלּוּף, a chief and a great man; to learn and to teach; and אֲלָפִים, oxen.
א-מ-הhandmaidA maidservant, which he says is the same as a maid; but in one pasuk some read אַמָּתָהּ with a dagesh, and it is her arm.
א-מ-םnationMostly the particle אִם, if; on the same letters אֵם, a mother, אוּמָּה, a family or a nation, and אַמָּה, a cubit.
א-מ-ןartisan · circumciser · moneyTo believe and to trust; and further, to be firm and enduring, to rear a child, and the אָמָּן, the master of a craft.
א-מ-ץred · strengthTo be strong, and to strengthen another; and in one place amutzim, a shade of red that is not the full red.
א-מ-צ-עmiddle
א-מ-רspeech · synonymsTo say, with אֹמֶר and אִמְרָה for what is said; sometimes saying in the heart, that is thinking; and separately a treetop, and to exalt.
א-נ-הboats · chanceTo mourn; to bring a thing about and cause it to come to hand, and to seek occasion against a man; and אֳנִי, a ship.
א-נ-ךfirst personTin, and the plumb line made of it; at the end of the entry also אָנֹכִי הָאֵל (Bereishis 46:3), I am the Kel, where אנכי is simply אני, I.
א-נ-ףanger · noseTo be angry. אף, anger, is of this same root and this same sense, its nun dropping out before the pronoun; and the אנפה is a bird.
א-נ-שmanMan, the name that takes in all mankind; and a second word, grievous pain and sickness, which may be why man is called by it.
א-ס-ףgatheringTo gather in: the harvest, a man gathered to his people at death, the metzora taken back; and a second sense of removal and making an end.
א-ס-רprohibition · tyingTo bind and to tie, and from it אָסִיר, a prisoner, and בֵּית הָאֵסוּר, the prison.
א-פ-הwhereTo bake. The word is always said of bread; of the other foods, he says, the word is cooking.
א-פ-לdarknessDarkness; because the pasuk sets חשֶׁךְ וַֽאֲפֵלָה, darkness and gloom, side by side, the gloom seems to be more than the darkness.
א-פ-ןangel classesA wheel: the wheel of a chariot, and the ofanim of Yechezkel's vision. A word spoken on its wheels is one settled in its place.
א-פ-סnothingComing to an end: the money or the thing is spent and gone. The noun is the want of a thing, 'there is none', and אַפְסֵי אָרֶץ, the ends of the earth.
א-פ-עsnakeA kind of snake, short and thick, its venom harsher than the male's; and in one pasuk a word for nothing (Yeshayahu 41:24).
א-פ-רdustAsh: עָפָר וָאֵֽפֶר is dust and ash. The same letters carry a covering worn as a disguise, and Ofir, a place of gold.
א-ר-חguest · path · sun and moonאֹרַח, a way or path, and the verb taken from it; the wayfarer on it, the caravan that travels it, and a man's set meal.
א-ר-יlionHe files the lion here: אַרְיֵה, and אֲרִיאֵל for the mizbeach; under the same headword also to pluck or gather, and stalls for cattle.
א-ר-לangel classesErelam of Yeshayahu: their angel, arel being a name of greatness. Others read it as a compound, "I will show them", or as Yerushalayim.
א-ר-םpalaceאַרְמוֹן, a palace, which he explains as the great and high house; most of the entry is on the forms of its plural.
א-ר-מ-לwidow
א-ר-ןarkTwo words: אֹרֶן, the name of a tree, and אָרוֹן, a chest, which he says is like a תיבה and is used in both genders.
א-ר-עchance
א-ר-ץlandThe earth, the whole world or a part of it; wider than תֵּבֵל, which is the settled lands, while ארץ takes in the wilderness with them.
א-ר-רcurseTo curse; and the מארה he takes as the lack of good, the opposite of a blessing, which is an addition of good.
א-ר-שbetrothalHe gives no gloss: of אֲשֶׁר אֵרַשׂ אִשָּׁה וְלֹא לְקָחָהּ and its passive he says only ענינו ידוע, its sense is known. The utterance of the lips: one word, אֲרֶשֶׁת, which he glosses מבטא שפתיו.
א-ש-כ-לhebronTo be bereaved of children, and where the verb takes an object, to bereave; and in another sense אֶשְׁכּוֹל, a cluster.
א-ש-כ-רgiftTo be drunk, with שִׁכָּרוֹן, drunkenness, and שִׁכּוֹר, a drunkard; שֵׁכָר for wine and for anything else that intoxicates; and אֶשְׁכָּר, a gift.
א-ש-רidols · placeאֲשֶׁר, the relative word, standing also for if, for so, for in order that, and for and; אֲשֵׁרָה, a worshipped tree; אַשְׁרֵי, happy; and אֲשֻׁרַי, steps.
א-ת-הcoming · synonymsTo come. All of them together, he says, are a sense of coming, as the Targum of ויבא, and he came, is ואתא.
א-ת-ןdonkey · strengthאָתוֹן, the she-donkey. His entry under these letters holds that animal and nothing else.
א-ת-רimmediately · place
ב-א-רexplanationTwo words under one set of letters: to set a thing out plainly, and a well, one whose waters well up from below.
ב-ג-דclothingTo betray, to break faith with one who trusted you; and, in the same letters, בֶּגֶד, a garment.
ב-ד-דpoleAlone, by itself; a noun of solitariness rather than an adjective, and it carries with it the sense of dwelling secure.
ב-ה-םanimal · beast and boorA beast: a word for the kind at large and sometimes for one animal, and בְהֵמוֹת (Iyov 40:15) is a single beast that carries the name.
ב-ה-ןthumbThe thumb. Radak glosses the word as the thick one, and its plural covers the thumbs and big toes of hands and feet alike.
ב-ו-אfood · synonymsTo come, and where it takes an object, to bring; the sun's going in, that is its setting; a covered way of naming marriage; and produce.
ב-ו-סtramplingTo tread down and trample, and so to be befouled in mire or in blood; a few of its uses he reads instead as despising.
ב-ו-ץlinenButz is linen: וְתַכְרִיךְ בּוּץ (Esther 8:15), a robe of butz; and the Targum renders מִֽכְנְסֵי־בַד (Vayikra 6:3), linen breeches, with this word.
ב-ו-שdelay · shameTo be ashamed, with בוּשָׁה and בשֶׁת for shame; and in the same letters a second sense, to be long in coming.
ב-ז-הdisgraceTo despise and hold in contempt, and the noun contempt; in another sense, spelled with an alef at the end, to plunder.
ב-ח-רunmarried manTo choose, and what is chosen: choice silver, the choicest of a thing; and a young man, so called because he is chosen for work or war before the old.
ב-ט-חtrustTrusting and resting secure, whether in Hashem or in wealth, a mountain or a brother; and the confidence itself, in several nouns.
ב-ט-לnullifyOne line only: the grinders of Koheles 12:3, glossed in a single word, with the note that Chachamim use this word a great deal.
ב-י-ןwisdomTo understand, to discern; תְּבוּנָה and בִּינָה, understanding. The same letters carry בֵּין, between.
ב-י-תfamilyA house; and from there a household, a bird's nest, a grave, a prison, and the inside of a thing.
ב-כ-רcamel · names of ShavuosFirstborn, and the right of the firstborn; the first-ripe fruit, בִּכּוּרִים; a woman bearing her first child; and young camels.
ב-לearth (the seven names) · food · negation · nothing · the eighth monthTwo-letter root, no entry of his
ב-ל-הcorpseTo wear out and waste away; from it בְּלוֹיֵ, worn rags, and בַּלָּהוֹת, terrors, the letters of בהלה, panic, turned about.
ב-ל-םnothingTo muzzle and stop up: עֶדְיוֹ לִבְלוֹם is to muzzle it, and Radak takes בְּלִימָה as two words, the earth hanging upon nothing.
ב-מ-הaltar · platformOf the sense he says only that it is known; the entry is on whether the word is weak in its last letter or in its middle, and he holds it is the middle.
ב-נ-תhair
ב-ע-לhusband
ב-ע-רbeast and boorTo burn, said of the fire itself; to clear away; to graze a field bare; בְּעִיר, a beast; and בַּעַר, a brutish man.
ב-צ-קdoughDough; and a foot that goes bare, since when the shoe wears through the foot cakes with mud like dough.
ב-צ-רfamine · goldTo gather grapes, to pluck; in another sense to make strong, of a fortified city; and to be withheld, as in a year of drought. בָּצֶר is gold.
ב-ק-עcoins · cuttingTo split or cleave open; from it בֶּקַע, the half shekel split off from the shekel, and בִּקְעָה, a plain lying level among the mountains.
ב-ק-רcattle · morningTo seek out and examine; from this the morning, בֹּקֶר, when everything is made out by daylight; and separately בָּקָר, cattle.
ב-ק-שprayerTo look for something, and to require it of a man; the noun is a request. He says their meaning is known.
ב-ר-חfleeingTo flee from danger; in the causative to drive another off; a separate sense is the bar that runs through from end to end.
ב-ר-ךnames of Yosef · praiseTo bless, and berachah; also a gift brought to another, a greeting of peace, the knee, and a pool of gathered water.
ב-ר-קthornsLightning, and from it the gleam of a gem and the flash of a blade; the barkanim are a kind of thorn.
ב-ש-םbalsamSpice, the fragrant kind. His entry glosses nothing, and sets out only the word's three vowel patterns and the plural gathered from them.
ב-ת-רcuttingTo cut in two: ואת הצפר לא בתר (Bereishis 15:10), the bird he did not divide; the noun is a piece cut off.
ג-א-לdirt · redemptionTo redeem, to buy back what was sold and to act as the near kinsman; and in another sense, spelled the same, to defile and to be defiled.
ג-ב-לborderA border; the verb is a thing bordering on another, and where it takes an object, setting a bound, as the people and the mountain are bounded off.
ג-ב-ןcheese · Mount SinaiCheese, גְּבִנָּה, and no more; of its sense he says only that it is known.
ג-ב-עhat and belt · mountainA hill, which is like a mountain but not as high; by other senses the cap worn on the head, and the goblet.
ג-ב-רman · rooster · strengthTo prevail and to be strong, and from it גְּבוּרָה, might, גִּבּוֹר, a mighty man, גְּבִירָה, a mistress, and גֶּבֶר, a man.
ג-ד-יsheep and goatsThe גדי, the young of the flock, which he allows may be of sheep as well as goats; and in another sense גדות, a river's banks.
ג-ד-לfringes · thumbTo be great, in honour, in years, in size or in number; and to make a thing grow or rear it up.
ג-ד-רnames of MosheTo wall up or fence in, and the fence itself: the low wall of a garden or vineyard and the sheepfold, the whole root a sense of stopping up and closing off.
ג-ו-חspringTo bring forth and to go out; from it the river גִיחוֹן, and groaning, which is breath brought out.
ג-ו-יnationA nation; and in the way Chazal speak, a man who is not of Israel, where it is not known which nation he comes from.
ג-ו-ןcolor
ג-ו-ץshortness of stature
ג-ו-רlionThe young of beasts while still small, גורים, lion cubs; and under the same letters to sojourn, to fear, and to gather.
ג-ז-זhaircutTo shear or cut off: the wool of the flock, the hair of the head, the grass that is mown, and stone cut to shape.
ג-ז-לchick · theftTo rob and to seize, with גֵּזֶל for the robbery; and separately גּוֹזָל, a fledgling, the young of the dove.
ג-ז-רcircumciser · cutting · cutting toolsTo cut and to cut off; and by transfer to decree, since a decree is cut through and does not turn back.
ג-י-לjoyHis entry under these letters is not joy but likeness: אשר כגילכם (Daniel 1:10) means those who are of your sort, resembling you.
ג-ל-בhaircutתַּעַר הַגַּלָּבִים (Yechezkel 5:1), the razor of the גלבים, whom he glosses as הסופרים, the men who cut hair.
ג-ל-חhaircutTo shave: the head, the beard, the scalp affliction. He says the sense of these is well known and glosses them no further.
ג-ל-לbecause · excrement · idols · teethTo roll, and a long family that comes of rolling: גַּלְגַּל a wheel, מְגִלָּה a scroll, גֻּלְגֹּלֶת the skull, גַּל a heap or a wave, and גְּלִילוֹת, districts.
ג-ל-םouter garmentTo fold over and wrap up; the noun is a wrap a man covers himself in, and in another sense גולם, a thing not yet finished into its form.
ג-ל-ףwriting
ג-מ-אdrinkingTo give to drink, and so to swallow up; and גֹּמֶא, the exceedingly light wood small boats are made of.
ג-מ-דshortness of statureA measure: גֹּמֶד אָרְכָּהּ (Shoftim 3:16), a gomed its length, which he explains as אמה הזרוע, the cubit of the forearm.
ג-מ-לcamelTo deal out good or ill and so to repay; to wean a child, and of fruit to come ripe; and the camel, of which he says only that it is known.
ג-נ-בtheftTo steal; and with the heart as its object, to steal a man's knowledge of what is being done to him.
ג-נ-הdisgrace
ג-נ-זhiddenTreasuries. He glosses them כמו אוצרות, like storehouses: a place, or vessels, into which gold and silver and precious garments are put.
ג-נ-ןgardenTo shield or cover over; and the noun magen, a shield, so called because it shields the one who carries it.
ג-ע-שtremblingTo heave and toss: the earth quaking, rivers whose waters surge, men who drink and reel. The sense of all of them is tossing and movement.
ג-ר-בboilsוּבַגָּרָב וּבֶחָרֶס (Devarim 28:27), with the garav and with the cheres: he glosses גרב as one of the diseases of itching.
ג-ר-זcutting toolsTo be cut off; the גַּרְזֶן, the axe, is named from it, because it cuts the trees.
ג-ר-םboneA bone, which is how the Targum renders עֶצֶם, bone; and the verb is breaking the bones, or leaving none of them.
ג-ר-ןthroatThe threshing floor; of the sense he says only ידוע, that it is known, and gives three pesukim.
ג-ר-סflourTo break and crush: a soul broken with longing, teeth crushed on gravel, and grain crushed small.
ג-ר-שflourGrain crushed to groats, גֶּרֶשׂ כַּרְמֶל (Vayikra 2:14), the groats of fresh grain, which he marks as pointed with six dots and explains at the root גרס. To drive out and to cast up: a man driven from his place, a wife sent away from her husband, and the open land outside a city.
ג-ש-םrain · the eighth monthRain, and the strong rain in particular; in the plural, the rains given in their season.
ד-ב-רboats · plague · speech · synonyms · wilderness · wordTo speak, with דָּבָר for a word, a matter, or a thing; and separately דֶּבֶר, plague, מִדְבָּר, wilderness, דְּבוֹרָה, a bee, and דְּבִיר, the inner chamber.
ד-ג-הfishTo teem as fish do; and the fish itself, דג and דגה, which he ties to this root, noting the word is used in two roots at once.
ד-ג-לtigrisThe דֶּגֶל, the standard that the heads of the troops raise; and a verb comes from it, which he gives without a gloss.
ד-ג-ןfish · foodGrain: the wheat, the barley, or another of the five kinds, once the heap has been finished off.
ד-ו-גboatsThe fisherman and the fish: דַּוָּגִים is a word of description for those who hunt fish, and דָּג is the fish itself.
ד-ו-דbasket · uncleAn uncle, the father's brother; a beloved; a pot; a basket; and the דּוּדָאִים, mandrakes.
ד-ו-חwashingTwo things under one heading: being thrust down and unable to rise, and rinsing off, as the olah is rinsed before it is offered.
ד-ו-ךplace · platformTo pound in a mortar; pounding is not as fine as grinding, and from this sense the poor man is called דַּךְ.
ד-ו-םsilenceSilence: שָֽׁכְנָה דוּמָה נַפְשִֽׁי (Tehillim 94:17), my soul dwelt in silence; and דוּמָה is also the name of a nation.
ד-ו-ץjoyA word of gladness and joy: ולפניו תדוץ דאבה (Iyov 41:14), before him sorrow turns to dancing.
ד-ח-הpushingTo push over and thrust away; the passive is the one thrust out and scattered, and the nouns are the stumble and the ruin.
ד-ח-לtrembling
ד-ח-ףpushingDriving and thrusting away: the runners go out driven in haste, Haman is driven off, and the noun goes with them.
ד-י-ןdivine judgment · lawTo judge and to plead a case: the noun דִּין is a judgment and דַּיָּן a judge, and מָדוֹן, strife, belongs to the same root.
ד-כ-ךpoverty
ד-ל-גjumpingTo leap or skip over. The lame man will leap like a deer, and the beloved comes skipping over the mountains.
ד-ל-הdrawing waterTo draw water up, with דְּלִי for the bucket one draws with; and a second sense, to lift high, דָּֽלִיּוֹת being the high boughs.
ד-ל-לpovertyTo run low or be brought low: waters dried up, a man grown poor, honour made small, a man sick; and in one place, eyes lifted high.
ד-מ-הman · moneyBeing like, and likening one thing to another; also cutting off and destruction, thinking a thing out, and silence.
ד-מ-עmixingTo shed tears; דִּמְעָה, a tear; and דֶּמַע, the oil or the wine running down from the press, drop by drop.
ד-נ-גwaxWax: כַּדּוֹנַג מִפְּנֵי הָאֵשׁ (Michah 1:4), like wax before the fire, and the whole of his entry is that דונג is the wax.
ד-פ-קpushingDriving and knocking: flocks driven too hard, men battering at a door, the beloved knocking, one sense of thrusting and striking.
ד-ק-לtigris
ד-ר-גlevelHe gives no gloss at all; the entry is two pesukim and the Targum that renders going up by steps as בְּדַרְגִּין, by steps.
ד-ר-ךpath · teaching · tramplingTo tread, and so to press the winepress and to draw the bow; דֶּרֶךְ, a way, and from it a man's custom, his dealings, and the mitzvos he walks in.
ד-ר-רfreedomדְּרוֹר, freedom; and the name of the bird that nests in men's houses without fear, as though free of them.
ד-ש-ןdustBeing fat and full of sap; the noun דֶּשֶׁן is richness, and in another sense the ash of the altar that is poured out.
ה-ב-לnothingA thing that is nothing at all: emptiness, and the verb of going after it and becoming empty oneself.
ה-ג-הanimal soundsSounding with the mouth: muttering, murmuring, the dove's moan and the lion's growl; and in another sense, removing a thing.
ה-ד-ףpushingShoving and thrusting: a man pushed without enmity, the weak shouldered aside, a man thrust from his post, enemies driven out.
ה-ד-רbeauty · citron · praiseTo honour and to give place to; הָדָר, splendour; and הֲדוּרִים, crooked ways.
ה-ו-דbeautySplendour and strength: of all its uses together he says ענין כולם הכח וההדר, their sense is power and majesty.
ה-ו-הexaggerationTo be; and in the same letters a second sense, הַוַּת רְשָׁעִים, the ruin of the wicked, and the evil a man brings on another.
ה-ל-ךcoming · leading · povertyTo go and to walk, and from it הֲלִיכָה, a going, מַהֲלַךְ, a day's distance, and הֵלֶךְ, a wayfarer.
ה-ל-לpraisePraise, השבח וההודאה: he keeps the joy of a wedding inside that sense rather than apart from it, and counts two others, raving madness and the shining of light.
ה-ל-םhammer · hereTo strike so as to break and crush; and a second sense, הֲלֹם, here, in this place.
ה-מ-הbeast and boorTo make a noise: nations in tumult, innards moaning, bears and dogs and doves, the sound of a harp, and a city loud with it.
ה-נ-הhereהֵן and הִנֵּה, behold, pointing at what is present and ready; it also stands for אם, if, and הֵנָּה for until now and for here.
ה-ר-רmountain · thoughtA mountain: the full form of the word is הֶרֶר, and the common הַר is that same word with the doubled letter fallen away.
ו-ר-דrose
ו-ש-טthroat
ו-ת-קold age
ז-ב-חaltar · slaughterTo slaughter a sacrifice and offer it; from it זֶבַח, the sacrifice itself, and מִזְבֵּחַ, the place on which sacrifices are offered.
ז-ב-לexcrement · palaceTo dwell with; a dwelling is called זבול, and from it the house built for Hashem is a בֵּית זְבֻל, a house of dwelling.
ז-ה-בgoldGold; and because gold is clear and clean, a thing that is clear and clean is called זָהָב too.
ז-ה-םdirtFilth, and food gone foul: a man's appetite reckons the bread loathsome, and Chazal use the word of dirty hands and of a body's own filth.
ז-ה-רprohibition · redTo warn and to take warning; and in another sense to shine, זֹהַר being brightness.
ז-ו-יcorner
ז-ו-רresident · strangerTo press or squeeze out; a wound and its healing are both called מָזוֹר; to sneeze; and to be strange, זָר being a stranger.
ז-ח-לtremblingCreeping along the ground on the belly, and of water that flows; and at Iyov 32:6 he takes it as fear, where Rabbi Yonah differs.
ז-י-וsecond monthבְּחֹדֶשׁ זִו (Melachim I 6:1) is the month of Iyar; זיו in the language of Chazal is brightness and shining.
ז-י-זroosterBy its place the word is like זיו, radiance; others make זיז a beast of the field, or a name for every beast of the field.
ז-י-ןarmed
ז-כ-רrememberTo remember; and separately זָכָר, the male, and a third sense of fragrance, the אַזְכָּרָה burned with the minchah.
ז-ל-ז-לdisgraceThe shoots of a vine: וְכָרַת הַזַּלְזַלִּים (Yeshayahu 18:5) is the cutting away of the young branches, a word he glosses in Old French.
ז-ל-לdrunkennessA glutton, one who eats much meat, set beside the drunkard; and in a second sense, lightness and contempt.
ז-מ-םmuzzleTo think or to plan, and the noun is the thought or the scheme; a second sense of these letters is lewdness and abomination.
ז-מ-רsongTo sing praise, with the songs and the instruments of it; a second sense, to prune the vine, with the branch and the pruning knife; and the name of an animal.
ז-נ-הstraying from a pathTo play the harlot, and to stray after other gods: וְזָנָה אַֽחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵי נֵֽכַר־הָאָרֶץ (Devarim 31:16), straying after the land's foreign gods.
ז-נ-חnames of MosheTo cast off and reject; and in the form that acts on a thing, to put a vessel out of use.
ז-ע-םangerDenouncing and cursing in anger; his sense for the whole of it is loathing together with rage and anger.
ז-ע-ףangerBeing sullen and out of temper; the sense of the whole of it is wrath and anger, and it is said of a raging sea as well.
ז-ע-קcrying outTo cry out, a calling in a loud voice; and in the form where men are called out, the mustering of a crowd at that cry.
ז-ק-ףthumbTo raise up, to set upright. Hashem raises those who are bent over, and the Targum uses the word for lifting the eyes.
ז-ר-חcompass directions · residentTo shine out, said of the sun; and from it מִזְרָח, the east, and אֶזְרָח, the native, because both are uncovered and seen.
ח-ב-הlove
ח-ב-לcollateral · lottery · rope · woundSix senses: to take a pledge; to act corruptly and destroy; birth pangs; a rope, and so a measured district; stratagems; and a company of men.
ח-ב-צ-לroseחֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַשָּׁר֔וֹן (Shir HaShirim 2:1), which he says is the flower Chazal call the ורד, the rose.
ח-ב-רfriend · hebron · names of Moshe · woundTo join together, and from it חָבֵר, a companion, חַבּוּרָה, a bruise, and חֹבֵר חָבֶר, one who binds by charms.
ח-ב-שtyingTo bind: a turban bound on the head, a wound bound up, a donkey saddled; and, of a ruler, holding men bound under his rule.
ח-ב-תvesselThe pan the meal offering was made in. He had filed מַֽחֲבַת, a pan, under a root ending in heh; here he allows the tav may belong to the root.
ח-ג-בlocustA chagav, one of the kinds of locust: וַנְּהִי בְעֵינֵינוּ כַּֽחֲגָבִים (Bamidbar 13:33), we were like chagavim in our own eyes.
ח-ג-רhat and beltTo gird, and so to bind and tie fast; girded for war or in sackcloth, and the belt itself.
ח-ד-הjoyTo rejoice: ויחד יתרו (Shemos 18:9), Yisro rejoiced; and from it the noun chedvah, gladness.
ח-ד-לearth (the seven names) · stoppingTo cease, to leave off what one was doing; and separately חָדֶל as a word for the age, which he calls a turning about of חֶלֶד, time.
ח-ד-ק-לtigris
ח-ד-שmonthTo renew; חָדָשׁ, new; and the חֹדֶשׁ, named from the renewal of the moon, meaning sometimes the first day alone and sometimes all thirty.
ח-ו-גaroundTo go round, to draw a circle; and the noun חוּג, the circle that goes round the earth or the heavens.
ח-ו-םredChum, said of a sheep, which he glosses as black; Radak holds the word belongs to the root chamam, where he will explain it.
ח-ו-סmercyTo spare and to take pity, most often said of the eye that spares; he gives the root the sense of חמלה, compassion.
ח-ו-רfreedom · whiteWhite, and to turn white; in another sense a hole bored through; and חֹרִים, the nobles, which Rabbi Yonah also draws from whiteness.
ח-ז-הprophetTo see, and often the seeing of prophecy: the חֹזֶה, seer, and the חָזוֹן, vision. Separately חָזֶה, the breast of an offering.
ח-ז-קstrengthTo be strong, and to be stronger than another; to strengthen, or to repair what is broken; and, joined to a bet, to take hold of a thing and grip it.
ח-ז-רbook · returnOne line: the pig, of which he says only that it is known; in the Mishnah the root is used a great deal for returning.
ח-ט-אsinTo sin, and to miss the mark; and from it the חַטָּאת, the offering that takes a man's sin away.
ח-ט-טteeth
ח-ט-םnoseOne word, אֶחֱטָם: to be long of nose toward someone, that is, to hold back anger, since the nose and wrath are both called חוטם.
ח-י-הangel classes · animal · beast and boor · soulTo live, and to stay alive; and from it חַיָּה for a wild animal, for the soul, and for a company of men; and חַי, alive, or of meat, raw.
ח-כ-הtrustWaiting and hoping: those who wait for Hashem, those who wait for a death that does not come, and the band that lies in wait.
ח-ל-בfat · whiteMilk; and with other vowels chelev, the fat, which by a borrowing becomes the choicest part of anything.
ח-ל-דearth (the seven names)Time, a man's span or the age he lives in; and separately an animal named beside the mouse, which Chazal call חולדה, the chuldah.
ח-ל-לbeginning · bread · cake · corpse · dough · windowOne slain, חָלָל; to begin; to profane, and from it חֹל, the ordinary; the flute חָלִיל and the dance מָחוֹל; and חַלּוֹן, a window.
ח-ל-ףexchange · sword and knifeTo pass by and be gone; to change a thing or renew it, and changes of garments; and a sense of cutting through, so that knives are called מַֽחֲלָפִים, cutters.
ח-ל-ץarmed · slipping offTo draw off and so to be parted: a shoe drawn off, a man drawn out of his trouble; and the loins, from which the man girded for war is called armed.
ח-ל-קsmoothTo divide, and from it חֵלֶק, a portion, and חֶלְקָה, a plot of ground. A second sense is smooth, and so of smooth speech and flattery.
ח-מ-דdesire · Mount SinaiTo desire, and to covet what belongs to another; and as a noun, what is precious: a pleasant land, choice vines, the delight of the eyes.
ח-מ-הangerUnder these letters he has the father-in-law and mother-in-law and the wall חוֹמָה; wrath חֵמָה he defers to the root יָחַם, which he holds is its root.
ח-מ-לmercyTo have compassion, and so to spare; he resists taking any of its pesukim out of that sense.
ח-מ-םidolsHeat and growing warm: the sun that grows hot, hot bread, the heat of the day; from this the sun itself is called חַמָּה.
ח-מ-סtheftTo take by force, and in particular to tear a thing from its place or strip off what covered it.
ח-מ-ץred · theftTo become leavened, of dough; the noun חֹמֶץ, vinegar; in another sense to oppress; and חֲמוּץ בְּגָדִים is red of garment.
ח-מ-רdonkey · pile · wineRed wine; clay and mortar; a heap; the measure חֹמֶר, a kor; and חֲמוֹר, the donkey.
ח-מ-שarmedFive, and from it fifty and the fifth part; and men who go up חֲמֻשִׁים, girded with arms at the fifth rib.
ח-נ-הfamily · spearTo encamp, and to encamp against a city; the camp מַחֲנֶה is from it, and he raises the spear חֲנִית as well.
ח-נ-ןmercy · prayerTo show favour and to give freely out of grace; from it חֵן, favour, and תְּחִנָּה, the plea that asks for it.
ח-ס-הtrustTaking refuge and sheltering under something: in the shadow of wings, in the shade of a tree, in the crags, and the shelter itself.
ח-ס-לlocustTo make an end of a thing and eat it away; the locust that consumes most is called חָסִיל, and from here the word for finishing a seder.
ח-פ-הcanopyTo cover, and to overlay a thing with gold or with wood; and, with an alef for the last root letter, to cover one's deeds over from the Creator.
ח-פ-ץdesire · land (running versus passive) · willTo desire and to delight in; the noun חֵפֶץ, a desire, or the thing desired.
ח-פ-שfreedomTo search, to look through; the noun חֵפֶשׂ, a search. In the reflexive it is to change one's clothing and go about disguised. Free; חָפְשִׁי is a man free of his master, and the nouns are חֹפֶשׁ, freedom, and חֻפְשָׁה, release.
ח-צ-בdigTo hew and quarry, cutting stone out of the rock; he glosses the whole root as cutting, in the way of carving.
ח-צ-רhornA courtyard; also the unwalled villages that are like one, grass of the field, and the leek. In another use, to sound the trumpets.
ח-ק-קlaw · writingTo cut in and engrave, and so to set a thing down in writing; a man's written due is his חֹק, his portion, and from there a fixed law or custom.
ח-ר-בdestruction · dry · earth (the seven names) · Mount Sinai · sword and knifeTo be dry and to dry up, and to lie waste; חֶרֶב, anything that cuts, from a sword to a razor or a chisel, and the verb of smiting with it; and חָרְבָּה, a ruin.
ח-ר-דtremblingTrembling in fear, the whole body moving when sudden fear comes; and in a set of pesukim plain movement, with no fear in it.
ח-ר-הangerAnger burning; the root of the matter is heat, since it is out of great heat that a man grows angry.
ח-ר-טwritingCheret, a scribe's stylus, and the tool the egel was formed with; and charitim, pouches or bags.
ח-ר-םsickleTo destroy utterly: killing, cutting off and ruin; and from it the חֵרֶם a man devotes. Near to this a net for hunting, and חָרֻם, of a sunken nose.
ח-ר-סboils · sun and moonThe sun; and in another sense the dry itch, named for the potsherd a man scratches himself with.
ח-ר-ףshameTo revile a man by laying his faults open; also to expose oneself, and to be designated; and in another sense, the winter.
ח-ר-ץcheese · goldMoving, and so being diligent; decreeing and giving judgment; cutting, and so a threshing sledge, a trench and cheeses; and gold.
ח-ר-רcake · freedomTo be scorched and burnt up with heat; the חֲרָרָה, the cake baked on the coals, is named from it.
ח-ר-שartisan · silence · writingחֶרֶשׂ, earthenware and a potsherd. To be silent and to be deaf, with חֵרֵשׁ for a deaf man; to plow; חָרָשׁ, a craftsman; to devise; and חֹרֶשׁ, woodland.
ח-ר-תwritingEngraved: charus on the luchos is cut in, the same sense he gives to charushah, engraved on the tablet of their heart.
ח-ש-בartisan · thoughtTo think and to plan; to reckon a thing as something, or as nothing at all; to count and calculate; and the חֹשֵׁב, the weaver, whose craft goes by design.
ח-ש-הsilence · the eighth monthTo be silent, to hold one's peace; and of the waves of the sea, to be stilled.
ח-ש-ךdarkness · stoppingTo hold back, to withhold or to spare: וְלֹֽא־ חָשַׂךְ מִמֶּנִּי מְאוּמָה, he withheld nothing from me. To grow dark; חשֶׁךְ is darkness and מַחְשָׁךְ a dark place, and the חֲשֻׁכִּֽים are the low among men, who sit in the dark.
ח-ש-מ-לangel classesThe chashmal of Yechezkel's vision: an angel of that name, or, as Radak allows, the name of a hue close to the look of fire.
ח-ת-ךcuttingנחתך על עמך ועל עיר קדשך (Daniel 9:24), it is decreed upon your people and upon your holy city; he explains it as decreed, cut out.
ח-ת-ןin-laws · sibling-in-lawTo join by marriage: the father of a man's wife is his חֹתֵן, her mother his חֹתֶנֶת, and he is חָתָן to them, as he is on his wedding day.
ט-ב-חslaughterTo slaughter a beast for food; the טַבָּח is the one who does it, and טֶבַח, טִבְחָה and מַטְבֵּחַ are the slaughtering itself.
ט-ב-לtableTo dip, which he sets beside washing: washing is to clean a thing, dipping is to bring it, part or whole, into what is wet.
ט-ב-רkinneres · middleThe navel; and because the navel is the middle of the body, the middle and high point of the earth is called טַבּוּר הָאָרֶץ.
ט-ו-בgoodGood; and so rich and full, and fair of appearance. He takes טוֹב, good, for the description and טוּב, goodness, for the noun.
ט-ו-חkidneysTo plaster or smear over: daubing a wall, and eyes smeared over so they cannot see. The tuchos of two pesukim he takes as the kidneys.
ט-ח-רexcrement
ט-ט-ףphylacteriesThe totafos of the Shema: an ornament bound on the forehead, which Chazal identify as the tefillin of the head.
ט-ל-הchild · sheep and goatsMarked with broad spots, and so a patch; and the טָלֶה, the lamb, which he holds belongs here too, since its plural is written with an alef.
ט-מ-ןhiddenTo hide. All of them, he says, are ענין הסתר והעלמה, the sense of concealing and putting out of sight.
ט-מ-רsecret
ט-נ-ףdirtTo soil or dirty something. The one pasuk asks how I shall soil them, and Chazal use the word of filthy places.
ט-ע-הstraying and errorStraying, going wrong; the form that takes an object is leading a people astray.
י-א-רriverThe יְאֹר: the water drawn off from a river in channels onto the fields, and so the Nilus, and the Chidekel as well.
י-ב-לfood · horn · sheep and goatsTo carry or bring; יוּבַל, a stream; יְבוּל, the land's produce; and יוֹבֵל, a ram's horn and the fiftieth year.
י-ב-שdry · earth (the seven names)To be dry and to dry a thing up, and the dry land; and in the same letters a second sense, to be shamed, with pesukim in Yoel he allows either way.
י-ג-עtiredWearing oneself out with labour: the toiling, what the toil earns, and the man worn out by it; a sense he says is close to plain weariness.
י-ד-דnames of Shlomo HaMelechBeloved, and the love of one's soul; under the same letters, casting lots, on whose root the authorities differ.
י-ד-הnames of the Jewish people · praiseTo cast or throw; and in a second sense to give thanks and praise, from which תּוֹדָה, thanksgiving, the name יְהוּדָה, and confessing a sin.
י-ד-עwisdomKnowing, and also feeling or noticing a thing; the word covers a man knowing his wife, making a thing known, and the kinsman the family knows.
י-ח-לtrustWaiting in hope: waiting as for rain, hope given to another, hope drawn out long, and Noach waiting out the seven days.
י-י-ןwineWine. Of the word itself he says only that it is known, and the entry is on how it binds to what comes after it.
י-כ-חrebukeTo reprove, and to argue a case out with another, claim against claim; and in two places, to appoint.
י-ל-דchildTo bear a child, and to beget; the יֶלֶד is the child, and תולדות is sometimes a man's offspring and sometimes what befell him.
י-ל-ףboilsיַלֶּפֶת, the affliction named at Vayikra 22:22; the Chachamim take it for the Egyptian lichen, which winds itself about a man until the day he dies.
י-מ-םcompass directions · donkeyThe sea; and so the west, the side the Great Sea lies on; and the יֵמִם, which he takes for mules.
י-מ-ןcompass directionsThe right hand and the right side; and so the south, which lies on a man's right when he faces east.
י-נ-הwineTo wrong a man in his money, taking what is another's in buying and selling or otherwise, whether he knows of it or not.
י-ס-ףnames of YosefTo add; and to do a thing again or go on doing it; in the passive, to be added on to something.
י-ס-רrebukeTo chasten and correct, whether by words or by blows; and a second family of nouns, bonds, which he sets down as binding.
י-ע-דtimeTo appoint or set a time, and to designate; the noun מוֹעֵד is both the appointed time and the place where people meet at it.
י-ע-ףtiredGrowing weary: to tire and to flag; the same letters carry a word of flying, and תועפות, which he says is strength.
י-פ-תsignThe headword under which he treats מופת, a wonder: it is like a sign, but a sign can be a bare mark and a wonder cannot.
י-צ-אexcrement
י-ק-ץwakingOf the sense he says only that it is known; he brings three pesukim, Yaakov awaking from his sleep, Noach from his wine, and those who shake you awaking.
י-ר-אfearTo fear, of Hashem and of a man; the nouns for fear and awe, what is awesome, and the form that puts fear into somebody else.
י-ר-דnames of MosheTo go down, and in the form that acts on a thing, to bring down. From it the slope of a hill, and eyes that run down with tears.
י-ר-הrain · razor · teachingThree senses: to cast or shoot; to teach, and from it תּוֹרָה; and rain, the יוֹרֶה. He sets out how תּוֹרָה, מִשְׁפָּט, חֹק and מִשְׁמֶרֶת differ.
י-ר-חJericho · month · sun and moonיָרֵחַ, the moon; and יֶרַח, a month, since the moon renews itself each month.
י-ר-קvegetable and greenTwo words here: spitting; and green, covering growing herbage, the garden herb people eat, and a greenish tinge in cloth, in gold and in a frightened face.
י-ר-שinheritance · poverty · wineTo inherit and to take possession; where the verb takes an object with מן, to drive out; and תִּירוֹשׁ, new wine.
י-ר-ש-ל-םJerusalem
י-ש-בresidentTo sit, and to dwell; also to stay on in a place, even standing, and to be settled and remain in it.
י-ש-ןold age · sleepTo sleep, and the sleep itself; in another sense old, ישן being last year's produce and נושן what has stood three years.
י-ש-עsalvationRescue and deliverance; the noun is salvation, the verb is to save a man, and from it comes the word for one who saves.
י-ש-רnames of Yaakov · plainStraight: of what pleases, it was straight in a man's eyes; the יָשָׁר is the upright man, מֵישָׁר is level ground, and the verb makes a way straight.
כ-ב-דhonorTo be heavy, and so to be burdensome, to be many, or to be rich; from the same word כָּבוֹד, honour; and הַכָּבֵד, the liver.
כ-ב-לropeA fetter, and in the plural chains of iron; the land called אֶרֶץ כָּבוּל is read from a foot held fast in the ground.
כ-ב-סwashingLaundering: washing garments, and by extension washing a heart clean of sin. The כובס is the man who launders clothes.
כ-ב-רstrengthKabir: great and mighty, in quantity or in quality. Under the same letters a sieve, a cushion, a stretch of land, and kevar, already.
כ-ב-שsheep and goatsכֶּבֶשׂ, a lamb, with כַּבְשָׂה and כִּבְשָׂה for the ewe. To subdue and to seize by force; also כֶּבֶשׁ, a ramp, and כִּבְשָׁן, a kiln.
כ-ה-ןpriestTo serve as a kohen; the כֹּהֵן is one who serves in eminence, and the word reaches to servants of avodah zarah, to counsellors and to chief men.
כ-ו-לmiserTo measure, and so to hold or contain; from there to bear and endure, and in the doubled form to sustain a man with food.
כ-ו-רfishThe smith's crucible for melting silver and gold; a kor, which is the chomer, thirty se'ah; and the land a man comes from.
כ-י-דspearA kidon, the spear that carries the banner, and perhaps the spear alone; but a kidon of bronze between the shoulders is armour and not a weapon.
כ-י-לmiserThe miser, the man who lays out everything by a set measure and nothing beyond it; he stands opposite the open-handed man.
כ-כ-רbread · cakeA loaf of bread, and a piece of one; the plain of the Yarden; and the talent, a weight of gold or silver.
כ-ל-אstoppingTo hold a thing back or shut it in; from it the prison, the sheepfold, and the forbidden mixtures.
כ-ל-בbasketThe dog; and כְּלוּב, which he glosses as a basket, and as the wicker cage birds are kept in.
כ-ל-הkidneysTo come to an end, to finish, and to long for. From it the kidneys, which some name for their part in desire, and kli, any vessel, garment or weapon.
כ-ל-כ-לbasketוַיְכַלְכֵּל יוֹסֵף אֶת־אָבִיו (Bereishis 47:12), Yosef sustained his father; he glosses nothing here, having set the word down under the root כּוּל.
כ-ל-לcrownWhole and complete: כָּלִיל is entire, a bride is כַּלָּה, and Radak files כֹּל, 'all', here, as this root with its doubled letter missing.
כ-מ-סsecretStored away and kept out of sight; he glosses כָּמֻס עִמָּדִי (Devarim 32:34), laid up with Me, as גנוז, put away in store.
כ-מ-רpriestTo be stirred and to grow hot, as a man's mercy is stirred; the כְּמָרִים, black-robed servants of avodah zarah, are named from it; and a second sense, the hunter's net.
כ-נ-םliceThe כִּנִּים of Shemos 8, a word he leaves as known; the single one is כִּנָּה, and הַכִּנָּם takes in the whole kind.
כ-נ-עmerchantTo be brought low, and to bring another low; the same letters carry the trader and his merchandise, and the Canaanite.
כ-נ-ףbird · wingA wing; and by borrowing the corner or edge of a garment, the ends of the earth, the spreading of light, and being gathered in.
כ-נ-רkinneresOf the sense he says only that it is known; the entry sets out the word's forms, its plural and its feminine plural.
כ-ס-אchairA throne or a seat, the heavens being called Hashem's throne; and separately הַכֶּסֶא, a set time, whose heh stands in place of an alef.
כ-ס-ב-רcoriander
כ-ס-הclothing · propertyTo cover, and from it כְּסוּת, a covering or a garment, and מִכְסֶה, a covering over.
כ-ס-לtrustThe fool and his folly; in a second sense confidence and hope; also the star Kesil, and the flanks at the roots of the thighs.
כ-ס-ןguest
כ-ס-סchewing · taxCounting: תָּכֹסּוּ עַל־הַשֶּֽׂה, you shall make your count for the lamb; and the מֶכֶס, the tax, is named from number.
כ-ע-סangerAnger and vexation, and in the causative the provoking of another to anger; all of it wrath and fierce anger.
כ-פ-ןfamineTwo things under these letters: a word for gathering in, and kafan, hunger, which his father reads instead as want of money.
כ-פ-ףbasketTo bend or bow down; and from it כַּף, a thing named for being bent: a branch, the hollow of the hand, the sole of the foot, and a spoon.
כ-פ-רforgiveness · heretic · lionTo coat over, and from it the כַּפֹּרֶת; to remove, of anger and of sin, and so atonement; and further a village, a young lion, the frost, and golden pans.
כ-פ-תtying
כ-פ-ת-רEgyptThe kaftor: the knob on the menorah, which he takes for an apple, and the lintel over a doorway, named for the flowers and knobs carved on it.
כ-ר-בangel classesA keruv, the winged figure of the mishkan. Ibn Ezra makes the word cover any form; Chazal read the kaf as "like", a child's face.
כ-ר-ךouter garmentTo wind or wrap around; תַּכְרִיךְ is the cloak a man winds about himself, and in Chazal the shrouds of the dead.
כ-ר-כ-רdancingDancing: מְכַרְכֵּר is dancing, and the swift beasts called כִּרְכָּרוֹת are named for it, since they look as though they dance.
כ-ר-מ-לwidowThe fresh ear of grain while still soft and moist; also a colour said to be scarlet, and land of fields and fruit trees, which is how the mountain got the name.
כ-ר-סchairThe belly: מִלָּא כְרֵשֹׂו מֵֽעֲדָנָי (Yirmiyahu 51:34), he filled his belly with my delicacies. The word, he says, is known from the language of Chachamim.
כ-ר-עbowingTo kneel and to be brought low; and from it כְּרָעַיִם, the legs of an animal, so called because they bend in kneeling.
כ-ר-תcutting · excisionTo cut; to cut a covenant, which is to make one; and in the passive to be cut off from among the people.
כ-ש-בsheep and goatsכשב is the lamb, the same word as כבש with its letters turned: to a year old it is כשב or כבש, and older than a year it is איל.
כ-ת-בbook · writingTo write; and the nouns, כְּתָב, a writing or a script, and מִכְתָּב, the thing written, whether graven or a letter sent.
כ-ת-לwallThe wall. אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ (Shir HaShirim 2:9), behind our wall, and he glosses it in two words: הוא הקיר, it is the wall.
כ-ת-םgoldכֶּתֶם, the fine gold; Rabbi Yonah takes it for pearls, but its being tied to Ophir and to פָּז tells for gold.
כ-ת-ןlinenA tunic, the garment worn on the body; the noun appears in several patterns, and at times it and the robe are named together.
כ-ת-ףshoulderThe shoulder that carries a load; and from it a side or a flank, of a building or of a land.
כ-ת-רcrownCrown, כֶּתֶר; and because a crown goes round about, the verb is to encircle. In one place Radak takes it as waiting.
ל-א-טmagicTo cover over, as the king covered his face; and the words for the sorcerers' arts are set here, for those work by concealment.
ל-א-ךangel · workA messenger, one who is sent, between men or from Hashem, and so the navi too; and in the same root מְלָאכָה, a man's work and what he owns.
ל-ב-אlionThe lion. He glosses לָבִיא plainly as the lion, and settles its feminine and its two plurals against the forms he holds proper.
ל-ב-ןrock · sun and moon · whiteWhite; לְבֵנָה, a brick, perhaps so named because what is burnt whitens; הַלְּבָנָה, the moon; לִבְנֶה, a tree; and לְבוֹנָה, the resin of a tree.
ל-ה-בEgypt · fireA flame, and then the blade of a sword or spear, which is called a lahav because it flashes as a flame does.
ל-ה-טfire · magicTo burn and blaze; לַהַט הַחֶרֶב, the flame of the sword; and perhaps בְּלַֽהֲטֵיהֶם, the arts of the sorcerers.
ל-ו-זalmondTo turn aside, and so to be crooked; and separately the לוּז, a tree, which Rav Saadiah Gaon takes for the almond.
ל-ו-ןsleepTo lodge the night, and from there to abide and persist; a second sense is to murmur and complain, which comes with a dagesh in most places to keep the two apart.
ל-ו-ץadvocateTo scoff, the לֵץ being the scoffer; and in another sense to put a case, the מֵלִיץ being the one who sets out the matter and the plea for it.
ל-ח-םbread · warTo eat, and לֶחֶם, food of every sort, bread most of all; from the same, מִלְחָמָה, war, where the sword eats on this side and that.
ל-י-לdemon
ל-מ-דteachingTo learn, and in the doubled form to teach; ענינם הלמוד וההרגל, their sense is learning and habit.
ל-מ-הwhyThe question word for what a thing is; with a lamed it asks for what reason, and the word also magnifies, belittles, laments, and leaves a thing unsaid.
ל-ע-סchewing
ל-פ-דfireA torch, meaning the burning wood itself; torch and lightning are close in sense, and wood is called a torch only once it is alight.
ל-ק-הflogging
ל-ק-חspoils of warTo take, in every use of taking; and from it a purchase, booty carried off, and a teaching received.
ל-ק-קlicking · locustTo lap, as a dog laps water with its tongue; he glosses it as licking and says the word is plainly known.
ל-ק-שrainThe late rain and the late growth: יוֹרֶה is the rain that comes first in the season, מַלְקוֹשׁ the one that comes last, and לֶקֶשׁ the grass that comes up late.
ל-ש-ןlanguage · names of Mordechai and Estherלָשׁוֹן, the tongue, and so a language; and the verb, to inform against a man behind his back.
מ-א-ןrefusalTo refuse: מֵאֵן בִּלְעָם הֲלֹךְ עִמָּֽנוּ (Bamidbar 22:14), Bilam refused to go with them.
מ-א-רcurseHe glosses מַמְאִיר as מכאיב, causing pain: the pricking brier, and the tzaraas that is מַמְאֶרֶת.
מ-ה ד-עwhyWhy: it asks the reason of a thing, and some read it as two words, what knowledge, from the root for knowing. Knowing, and also feeling or noticing a thing; the word covers a man knowing his wife, making a thing known, and the kinsman the family knows.
מ-ה-הdelay
מ-ה-לcircumciserDiluted, mixed with water. Nothing in his entry here touches circumcision, which he files elsewhere.
מ-ו-טpoleTo totter, tilt and slip; and the noun מוֹט, the pole a load is carried on, with מוֹטָה the yoke or the strap it is tied with.
מ-ו-לcircumciser · cuttingTo circumcise, and more widely to cut off; and a second word מוּל, facing, over against.
מ-ו-תdeathTo die, and to be dead; the noun מָוֶת, death; and where the verb takes an object, to put a man to death.
מ-ח-לforgiveness
מ-ט-רrainRain, and the verb that rains a thing down; the one that rains can be Hashem or the cloud itself.
מ-י-ןheretic · speciesA kind: what resembles a thing and is of its own make, עֹשֶׂה פְּרִי לְמִינוֹ (Bereishis 1:11), making fruit after its kind.
מ-י-רexchangeTo exchange one thing for another, and the תמורה, what is given in its place; on one pasuk he adds a second sense, of magnifying.
מ-כ-ךpovertyTo sink low. He reckons with it the brother who grows poor and the roof that sags, all of them a sense of lowness.
מ-ל-ךking · synonyms · the Egyptian monarchTo reign; מֶלֶךְ, a king, with מְלוּכָה, מַמְלָכָה and מַלְכוּת for kingship; a second sense of taking counsel; and מֹלֶךְ, the idol served by fire.
מ-ל-לwordTo speak or utter, with מִלָּה, a word; and separately מְלִילֹת, ears of grain a man rubs out in his hand.
מ-ל-ץadvocateTo be sweet on the palate: he glosses נִּמְלְצוּ as sweetened and forceful at once, the sweetness at its full strength. The words for a spokesman may belong here too.
מ-נ-הcounting · moneyTo count, and to be counted; the מָנֶה, a weight of sixty shekels with a known number in it; and to appoint or assign, with מָנָה, a portion.
מ-נ-חgiftThe מִנְחָה. The entry is on whether its mem belongs to the root, and on the evening offering and the hour of prayer named from it.
מ-ס-ךmaskTo mix: a spirit of confusion poured into a people, and the mixing of water with wine; and מֶסֶךְ and מִמְסָךְ, mixed wine.
מ-צ-אchanceTo find and to be found; what befalls a man, since it finds him; to be enough; and, where the verb takes an object, to bring a thing to hand.
מ-צ-חforeheadThe forehead, עַל־מֵצַח אַֽהֲרֹן (Shemos 28:38), on Aharon's forehead; of the sense he says only that it is known.
מ-צ-רEgyptThe narrow place a man is hemmed into, and in the words of Chazal the boundary line of a field; he weighs whether the mem belongs to the root.
מ-ר-דrebellionTo rebel, to throw off the rule of a king or of Hashem; and in another sense, the wandering of a man in poverty and lowliness.
מ-ר-הrebellion · refusalTo defy a word or a command and refuse it; he sums them all as a matter of changing and altering what was said or commanded.
מ-ר-קwashingScouring clean and polishing: spears burnished, a vessel scoured and rinsed, the women's ointments, and the broth that scours the meat.
מ-ר-רrebellionBitter, and bitterness: of taste, of grief, and of a life made bitter; in another sense to alter or exchange, and in another a tall heap set up as a marker.
מ-ש-הnames of Moshe · pulling and drawingTo draw out of the water; and the entry gives also מֶשִׁי, silk.
מ-ש-ךpulling and drawingTo draw or pull, as a bow is drawn or a yoke is pulled; and from there to draw a thing out in time.
מ-ש-לking · synonymsTwo senses: to rule, with מֶמְשָׁלָה for dominion; and to speak a מָשָׁל, which is the likening of one thing to another and holds hidden matters in it.
מ-ת-גmuzzleThe bit or the goad used on a beast; the same word names Meseg HaAmah that David took from the Pelishtim.
מ-ת-קsweetTo be sweet and to make sweet: sweetness of speech, sweeter than honey, the sleep of a labourer, and by a borrowing evil sweet in the mouth and sweet light.
נ-א-םspeechAn utterance, a saying pronounced: נְאֻם, a declaration, with the verb וַיִּנְאֲמוּ, to declare.
נ-א-ץangerSpurning and holding in contempt; and the intensive forms, he says, come close to provoking to anger.
נ-ב-אprophetA prophet, and the verb: to receive prophecy from Hashem and speak it. נְבִיאָה is a prophetess.
נ-ב-טseeingTo look and gaze at; the noun is the thing one looks to, and he gives the whole root the sense of watchful attention.
נ-ב-לclouds · corpseAll of it is falling: a leaf that withers, a man who is base, a vile deed, the carcass that falls; and, apart, נֵבֶל, a jar and a musical instrument.
נ-ג-בcompass directions · dryThe south; and dryness, a parched land, so that the Negev may be the wilderness and its drought or the south, which is named for its heat and waste.
נ-ג-חspringTo gore: thrusting and striking with the horn, with נַגָּח for the ox that is given to it.
נ-ג-עleprosyTo touch, and to touch so as to harm; to reach or arrive at; and נֶגַע, a plague, with נָגוּעַ, the man stricken.
נ-ג-ףplagueTo strike or thrust. All of these, he says, carry the sense of thrusting and striking, some of them bringing death and some not.
נ-ג-שapproach · pressureTo press, drive and exact: the נֹגֵשׂ is the one who drives the people at their work and wrings payment from them. All of it a sense of pressure. To draw near, and where the verb takes an object to bring near; the same word can tell a man to move off, since to leave one place is to come near another.
נ-ד-בvowTo give willingly, of a heart that moves a man to give; and the נָדִיב, the generous man, whose soul is broad to give of his own where it is fitting.
נ-ד-רvowTo vow. Of the sense he says only that it is known; the entry is five pesukim and a note that נֶדֶר, a vow, is pointed one way in five places and another in the rest.
נ-ה-לleadingTo lead along and bring on gently, a sense he groups with driving a flock; and to sustain, as Yosef sustained them with bread.
נ-ה-רriverTo stream toward a thing, and from it נָהָר, a river, the place where water runs. A second sense is to shine, and from it נְהָרָה, light.
נ-ו-בfoodTo bear fruit and to thrive; and so of wealth increasing, and of speech, which is the fruit of the tongue.
נ-ו-ןfish
נ-ו-סfleeingTo flee; in the causative to make others flee to safety, and the nouns are the flight itself and the refuge fled to.
נ-ו-ףwavingTo drip or sprinkle, and נֹפֶת, flowing honey; to wave a thing back and forth; and נוֹף, a district of the earth.
נ-ז-לfortuneTo flow. From it the מַזָּלוֹת, the constellations, named so because they flow in their course.
נ-ז-רcrownHolding back and keeping apart: the nazir who withholds himself from wine, and his unshorn hair; and נֵזֶר is also a crown.
נ-ח-הleadingTo lead, to guide along a road. The entry is a list of the pesukim that use it, all of them in the sense of conducting and leading.
נ-ח-לinheritance · riverTo take as a possession, and to give one; נַחֲלָה, an inheritance; and נַחַל, the valley the water runs down, named so even when dry.
נ-ח-םmixingConsolation and comforting through most of its forms, and in a second set of pesukim regret, a turn of heart over what was done.
נ-ח-רnose · slaughterThe nostrils, the two openings of the nose; and the snorting of a horse is named from them.
נ-ח-שsnakeDivining by omens; the snake; and copper, whether the burnished vessel, the fetter, or a forehead of brass for hardness.
נ-ט-הbed · staff and tribeTo turn aside or incline, to turn another aside, and to stretch a thing out; and from it מִטָּה, a bed, and מַטֶּה, a staff and a tribe.
נ-ט-ףbalsamDripping and flowing: hands that drip myrrh and mountains that drip wine; by transfer, speech that drops, and so to preach.
נ-ט-רguardingTo keep and to guard, and so to keep a grudge; and from it the מַטָּרָה, the mark set up to be shot at, and the court of the guard.
נ-י-םhair
נ-י-ןfishנין is a descendant: he glosses the word as בן, a son, and pairs it with נכד as the line that comes after a man.
נ-כ-אwaxA thing to be desired: he reads נכאת, one of the goods of Bereishis 37:25, as something precious; others say carob fruit, and Bereishis Rabbah says wax.
נ-כ-הfloggingTo strike, whether a man, a thing, or one hand against the other; and by extension to lay a place waste. Near it, נְכֵה רַגְלָיִם, lame in the feet.
נ-כ-לmiserCunning: the evil thought hidden away in the heart, and the deed done by guile that comes out of it.
נ-כ-רdig · strangerTo recognize; and in the same letters its opposite, to disown and make oneself strange, with נֵכָר and נָכְרִי for the foreign and the foreigner.
נ-מ-סlaw
נ-נ-סshortness of stature
נ-ס-ךidols · mask · princessThree senses: to cover over, and from it מַסֵּכָה, a covering and an overlaid idol; to pour or to cast, and from it נֶסֶךְ, a libation; and to install as a prince.
נ-ס-סpoleThe נֵס, the banner carried high for a whole army to see and follow; the root's core is height and being raised, and a sail is a נֵס too.
נ-ס-עfleeingTo set out and to pull a thing up from its place; in the causative to move it from where it stood, and the noun is the march.
נ-ע-םgood · sweetTo be pleasant or lovely: words that please, ways of pleasantness, the sweet singer of Israel. The sense, he says, is known, and belongs to beauty.
נ-ע-רanimal sounds · youthTo roar or bray; to shake out; and נַעַר, a youth, and so also a servant, whatever his years, since the young serve the older.
נ-פ-לchickTo fall, in all its uses: falling in war, going over to the enemy, being less than another; and the miscarried child, the refuse of grain, and the giants.
נ-פ-שsoul · tombstoneThe soul; and from it the body, a person counted, the will and the desire, the dead, and the breath of the mouth; and to be refreshed.
נ-צ-בaltar · idols · standing · tombstoneSomething set up: נְצִיב, a pillar of salt or a governor, and הַנִּצָּב, the haft of a knife.
נ-צ-חforever · praiseThe text here breaks off after מְנַצְּחִים לְהַעֲבִיד אֶת הָעָם, overseers set over the people at their work, and runs on into words of reaching.
נ-צ-לsalvationTo be rescued and to rescue; underneath it is taking away, since a rescue takes a man out of the hand of the one who had hold of him.
נ-צ-רguardingTo guard and to keep; the נוֹצְרִים are watchmen; in a second sense, laid waste; and נֵצֶר, a shoot or a branch.
נ-ק-בhammerTo bore through, to pierce a hole; and in a second sense to name a thing in so many words, and so to curse by spelling out the Name.
נ-ק-ףaroundTo strike off, to break and to cut: the beating down of olives, and the cutting off of a head.
נ-ר-ק-סrose
נ-ש-אbetrothal · cloudsTo carry, to bear, to lift, and to take; from it נָשִׂיא, a prince, and מַשָּׂא, a burden and also a prophecy; and the forgiving of sin. To entice and to lead astray; and a second sense, ruin and desolation.
נ-ש-בwindowOf the wind, to blow; and where the verb takes an object, to drive a thing off, a sense of making it fly away and hover.
נ-ש-הforgetting · manForgetting; and a second word, lending and claiming a debt, which names the creditor and the debtor alike.
נ-ש-לslipping offTo slip off and drop away; and of a person taking a thing off: the shoe from the foot, nations from their land.
נ-ש-םsoulBreath, the breathing that is life and the movement that goes with it; and the תִּנְשֶׁמֶת, a bird and also a creeping thing, that carries the name.
נ-ת-חcuttingTo cut a carcass into its pieces: ונתח אתו לנתחיו (Vayikra 1:12), he shall cut it into its pieces; the nesachim are limbs.
נ-ת-ןgift · placingTo give. He sets out the forms and at the end says only ענינם ידוע, their sense is known.
נ-ת-קcornerTo tear a thing loose from what holds it, to pull away and uproot; and נֶתֶק, a nega in a place of hair.
ס-ב-אdrunkenness · wineTo drink deep and be drunk; from it wine itself is named, and the man who sells it; and by the same letters a nation of the sons of Kush.
ס-ב-בaround · mealTo go round a thing and encircle it; and the turning of a thing about, which he brings back to this one sense.
ס-ב-רexplanation
ס-ג-דbowingTo bow down before an idol; the word is the Targum's for prostrating oneself, and his entry gives no gloss of its own.
ס-ה-דwitness
ס-ה-רsun and moonThe moon: the Targum of יָרֵחַ is סִיהֲרָא. From it the round ornaments of the women are named, and the round prison.
ס-ו-ףmarshTo come to an end and be finished off; from it סוֹף, the end of a thing, and the סוּפָה, the storm wind; and separately סוּף, the reed.
ס-ח-רmerchantTo go round about. A trader is called socher because he travels the lands and returns, and from it come trade, wares, a round shield and a stone.
ס-י-ףsword and knife
ס-כ-הprincess
ס-כ-ךcanopy · names of MosheTo cover over and to screen; from it the סֻכָּה, a booth, and the מָסָךְ, the screen of an entrance; and separately סָךְ, a count.
ס-כ-ןpoverty · sword and knifeTo be of use, to profit; and separately being accustomed to a thing, an officer set over stores, warming, and מִסְכֵּן, a poor man.
ס-ל-חforgivenessTo forgive; he gives the word no gloss at all, only its forms, down to סַלָּח, forgiving, and סְלִיחָה, forgiveness.
ס-ל-לpath · pathsTo raise up: lifting the stones off a road, which gives both the mesillah and the siege mound; and exalting a man or Hashem.
ס-ל-עcoins · rock · rockA rock; and by transfer a stronghold, since strongholds are built upon rock.
ס-מ-אblindness
ס-מ-ךtrustLeaning and holding up: hands laid on a man, a heart propped steady, a people leaning on a king's word; and a second sense of drawing near.
ס-מ-פ-ןblemish
ס-מ-קred
ס-ע-דmeal · trustTo support and sustain; the bread that stays a man's heart, and the hand that holds him up.
ס-פ-ןboats · hiddenTo roof a house over and cover it in; close to it, to lie hidden. The סְפִינָה, a ship, is filed here too.
ס-פ-רblue · book · border · counting · haircut · scribe · tellingTo count; in the intensive, to recount or tell; and the written word, סֵפֶר a book and סוֹפֵר a scribe. Separately, סַפִּיר, a precious stone.
ס-ר-בrefusalTo refuse and to be obstinate; he reads סָֽרָבִים as men who refuse and rebel, and says the word is common in the language of Chazal.
ס-ר-ףuncleA man's mother's brother, where the דּוֹד is his father's brother; others take the word from burning instead.
ס-ר-קgrapevine
ס-ת-רhidden · names of Mordechai and Esther · secretTo be hidden, and to hide; the noun סֵתֶר, a hiding place or secrecy.
ע-ב-דhandmaid · workTo serve: service done for men, the service of Heaven, and the working of the land. עֶבֶד is the servant and עֲבֹדָה the work itself.
ע-ב-טcollateralA pledge is a thing seized and held back in a man's hand; from it, being held back, and lending on a pledge.
ע-ב-רanger · because · boats · names of the Jewish people · sinTo pass or cross over; and by further senses to surpass, to be angry, עֵבֶר a side, עִבְרִי a Hebrew, and בַּעֲבוּר, because of.
ע-ג-בloveDoting love and words of desire, said of harlotry; the same letters also give עוגב, a pipe played in song.
ע-ג-לcattle · path · pathsRound, and from it מַעְגָּל, a track or an encampment, עָגִיל, an earring, עֵגֶל, a calf, and עֲגָלָה, a wagon.
ע-ד-ןnow · pleasureDelight: וַיִּתְעַדְּנוּ בְּטֽוּבְךָ הַגָּדֽוֹל (Nechemiah 9:25), they took their delight in Your great goodness.
ע-ו-דgatheringThree things under one root: to plunder, and the spoil taken; to testify, a witness and his testimony; and duration, still, while, again and for ever.
ע-ו-הsinTo be twisted or bent out of true, and so to do wrong; from it עָוֹן, iniquity, and at times the punishment for it.
ע-ו-ףaround · birdTo fly; a second sense of darkness, which most read the other way as brightness; and a third, pointed differently, to grow weary, and so to thirst.
ע-ו-רblindness · wakingTo wake and to rouse; and by other senses an enemy, uncovering, עוֹר, skin, and עִוֵּר, blind.
ע-ז-זstrengthTo be strong and to prevail; oz, might, and maoz, a stronghold; az as a describing word, fierce or bold.
ע-ט-הclothingTo wrap oneself in a covering, to put a garment about one; and in a second sense, to turn aside.
ע-ט-רcrownCrown, עֲטָרָה; the plain verb is to ring a man round, and the heavier forms are to crown someone or to give him a crown.
ע-י-ןcolorThe eye, and looking; a look of hatred or of hope, the look or colour a thing has, a spring of water, and the sense of the like of a thing.
ע-י-ףtiredWeary: he gives two pesukim, faint and weary and my soul faints, and says he has already set the word down under the root עוף, so nothing is explained here.
ע-י-רangel classes · donkeyA city, its plural sometimes showing the yud and sometimes hiding it; and a second matter in these letters, עַיִר, the donkey while it is still young.
ע-כ-סpoisonThe anklet, an ornament women wear on the foot that rattles as they walk; and the fetter, called by the same word because it rattles too.
ע-כ-שsnake
ע-ל-הclothing · level · praiseTo go up and to rise; by a second sense, to be cut off and to cease; and from it עֹלָה, the offering that goes up whole, עֲלִיָּה, an upper room, and עָלֶה, a leaf.
ע-ל-םforever · hidden · youthTo be hidden, and to hide; עֶלֶם and עַלְמָה, a youth and a young woman; and עוֹלָם, a long or an everlasting time.
ע-ל-קnames of Shlomo HaMelechThe leech, the worm that breeds in rivers and sucks the blood of man and beast until it is full, and never says enough.
ע-מ-דstandingTo stand, and from it to stop, to last and to hold firm; עַמּוּד, a pillar, is what a house stands on; and עִמָּדִי, with me.
ע-מ-םnationTo cover over and hide; and the noun עַם, a people, which is said of locusts, ants and other creatures that come in numbers.
ע-מ-רpileTo use a man as merchandise; and, in a second sense, the עֹמֶר, both a measure and a sheaf of cut grain.
ע-נ-גpleasureTo take delight; its sense, he says, is a man delighting himself, and pleasantness in the enjoyment of the soul.
ע-נ-הfastingTo answer; and by further senses to bear witness, to raise the voice in song, and to afflict, from which come עָנִי, the poor man, and עָנָו, the humble.
ע-ס-קcommunal activist
ע-פ-לexcrement
ע-פ-רdustDust, and any finely ground thing; Radak sets it beside אֲדָמָה, אֶרֶץ and תֵּבֵל, and the same letters carry lead and the young of a deer.
ע-צ-בanger · idolsVexation and grief; then the toil that wearies a man; and idols, called עצבים, since a man vexes himself with them and vexes Hashem by them.
ע-צ-דcutting toolsThe מַֽעֲצָד, a craftsman's cutting tool; he leaves it between a large axe and a smaller implement.
ע-צ-הkidneysTo shut the eyes, and as a noun the end of the spine. Chazal put the word instead under the root of counsel.
ע-צ-םbone · strength · treeTo be strong, which he sums as strength, force and greatness; עֶצֶם, a bone, and from it the body itself or a thing's very self; and to shut the eyes.
ע-צ-רnames of ShavuosTo restrain, shut up or hold back, and so to detain; from it rule, which holds the people in check, and עֲצָרָה, an assembly held in one place.
ע-ק-בnames of YaakovThe heel, and the tracks a foot leaves; from it the end of a thing, and the reward that comes at a deed's end; and separately deceit.
ע-ק-דtyingTo bind, to tie; and the marked sheep called עֲקֻדִּים, named from the place where foreleg is bound to hind leg.
ע-ר-בcompass directions · mixing · sweet · wildernessTo mingle, and from it עֶרֶב, evening, and מַעֲרָב, the west. Also to be sweet or pleasing, to stand surety, עֲרָבָה a desert plain, and עַרְבֵי נָחַל, willows.
ע-ר-הrazorPouring out and emptying; uncovering, and the nakedness that may not be uncovered; joining one thing fast to another; and the moist green of grasses.
ע-ר-םpileThree senses under one set of letters: to be shrewd, to be naked, and a heap of piled grain.
ע-ר-סbed · doughDough: רֵאשִׁית עֲרִסֹתֵכֶם, the first of your dough. Of the sense he says only that it is known.
ע-ר-קfleeingThose who flee, which is how the Targum renders fleeing; and by a second sense the sinews.
ע-ש-ןangerSmoke, and what gives off smoke; and since anger is heat, he shows Scripture calling anger smoke as it calls it fire.
ע-ש-קcommunal activistContention: the well named עֵשֶׂק, and הִתְעַשְּׂקוּ, which he glosses טרידה וערעור, harassing and contesting a claim. To withhold what is another's: money in your hand by deposit, loan or wage owed, which you will not give back. Robbery is taking by force; the two are not one.
ע-ש-תelevenBright and burnished, as of iron; and separately thought, from which eleven takes its name.
ע-ת-דsheep and goats · timeReady and prepared, and what is made ready or laid up for someone; and the noun עַתּוּד, the full grown he-goat.
ע-ת-קold ageThick and strong, so also much and great; in another sense to move off and be uprooted from a place, which is how a copyist copies.
פ-א-רpraiseGlory: to take glory or to give it, תפארת being splendour; a פאר is a headdress that adorns, and a פארה a bough, which is the tree's own glory.
פ-ג-םblemish
פ-ג-רcorpseA corpse, which he defines as the body without its spirit; and as a verb, to be too faint to go on.
פ-ד-הredemptionTo ransom, to redeem by payment; and the nouns of the ransom and of the one ransomed.
פ-ד-חforehead
פ-ד-ןplainאַפַּדְנוֹ is his palace; and פדן means a pair, so that פדן ארם is named for the two Arams, though some make פדן a field.
פ-ז-זdancingGrowing strong: וַיָּפֹזּוּ is 'they grew strong', a dancer braces himself, and פָּז is refined gold, which is the stronger for being refined.
פ-ח-דfearFear and trembling; the Fear of Yitzchak is the One whom Yitzchak feared, and in one place the word is of a limb of the body.
פ-ט-רdeathTo let go: to release, to dismiss, to open; and the firstborn is פֶּטֶר כָּל־רֶחֶם, the opening of every womb.
פ-י-לelephant
פ-י-סlottery
פ-כ-הvesselWater flowing out; and from it the flask called פך, since the oil is brought out and poured from it.
פ-ל-אsignWondrous, and too wondrous for a man to reach; the nouns are a wonder and wonders, and a nearby sense is setting apart, as in a vow.
פ-ל-חcuttingSplitting and cleaving, and the noun פֶּלַח, a piece split off: a millstone, a slice of pressed fig, a segment of pomegranate.
פ-ל-טsurvivorGetting out alive: to escape and to bring out to safety, a פליט being one who got away; in a nearby sense it is a casting off, even a miscarriage.
פ-ל-לphylacteries · prayerTo judge, to give a ruling and to carry one out; prayer is called תְּפִלָּה because the one who prays asks to be judged in mercy.
פ-ל-םwetness
פ-נ-גbalsamPannag, a food named beside wheat and honey; some take it for a place name, the Targum for a field herb, and Yosef ben Gurion for balsam.
פ-נ-הanger · compass directions · corner · maybe · unmarried manTo turn and to face; from it פִּנָּה, a corner, and פָּנִים, the face, which also carries anger; before, earlier and within; and, with an object, to clear away.
פ-נ-קpleasureTo pamper: מְפַנֵּק מִנֹּעַר עַבְדּוֹ (Mishlei 29:21), one who pampers his servant from his youth.
פ-ס-גmountain
פ-ס-חjumpingLame, and in a sense near it to skip over: Hashem passing over the doorways in Mitzrayim, and the korban named for that passing over.
פ-ס-לidols · writingTo hew and carve: the verb of cutting the second luchos, and pesel and pesilim, the carved image, mostly of stone but of wood too.
פ-ס-קstopping
פ-ע-םfootA time, an occurrence; and separately a striking and breaking, from which the bell is named; and the foot, and a corner.
פ-צ-הwoundTo open, and chiefly the mouth; and near to it, a second sense of redeeming, which is the opening of a man's prison.
פ-צ-עwoundTo wound, which is a splitting: a blow that brings out blood. The noun is פֶּצַע, the wound itself.
פ-צ-רpushingTo press a man hard and urge him past his will; the whole of it is the overriding of a man's will, and compulsion.
פ-ק-דcounting · rememberTo remember and watch over, for good or to visit sin; to be missing; to muster and number; to command; to put in deposit; and to set a man in charge.
פ-ר-ג-דcurtain
פ-ר-ד-סgardenAn orchard: פַּרְדֵּס רִמּוֹנִים (Shir HaShirim 4:13), an orchard of pomegranates. He glosses it as a garden of fruit trees.
פ-ר-חchickTo blossom, and the blossom; a plague breaking out and spreading on the skin; the young of birds and of men; and to fly.
פ-ר-ךcurtain · hardHardship and crushing; and separately the פָרֹכֶת, the curtain that screened the Aron from the Ohel Moed.
פ-ר-םcuttingTearing a garment, and by the distinction he draws from Chazal, tearing it open at the seam rather than through the cloth.
פ-ר-סpublicTo break bread with the hands and hand it out; a second sense, the פַּרְסָה, the cloven hoof; and the פֶּרֶס, a large bird of the wilderness.
פ-ר-עthe Egyptian monarchThree senses: rebelling, holding off and setting aside; uncovering, of the head and its hair; and vengeance.
פ-ר-ע-שliceThe flea, whose sense he calls known; David names himself one before the king, for how slight and weak he is.
פ-ר-קsalvationTo break off and tear away: a yoke from the neck, rings from the ear; and a rescue too, which tears a man out of his enemy's hand.
פ-ר-רnullifyUnder these letters his entry is the cooking pot alone: פָּרוּר is the cauldron in which food is boiled.
פ-ר-שexcrement · explanationSpreading a thing out flat: a cloud spread for a covering, hands spread in tefillah, a net spread; and from there, scattering to the winds. To make a thing plain, and so a full account of it; also the horseman, named for pricking his horse on, and separately the dung of an animal.
פ-ש-עrebellion · sinTo stride, to take a step; and the noun פֶּשַׂע, a pace, and so a very small distance. Rebellion: breaking out from under the hand of a master, or of whoever gave the command.
פ-ש-רexplanationThe solving of a matter, which he glosses as pisron, the interpreting of it; the word itself stands in Koheles alone.
פ-ש-תlinenFlax, and the linen made of it; the word is feminine, yet its suffix and its plural both come in masculine form.
פ-ת-הsuddenlyBeing drawn aside: the heart leaning off the way of truth and sense; the fool is a פתי for leaning at anything, and פתאום is what is on you before you feel it.
פ-ת-חnames of Mordechai and Esther · writingTo open; from it the doorway and the key. Also to loosen and set free, to engrave, and the drawing of a sword.
פ-ת-לfringes · phylacteriesTurning and twisting: crooked in conduct, a thread twisted double, and the פְּתִיל, a strip of cloth.
פ-ת-ןsnakeThe venomous snake; and under the same letters the מפתן, the lower threshold that is trodden on.
פ-ת-רexplanationTo interpret a dream: the verb and its noun pisron are the explaining and clarifying of what a dream holds.
פ-ת-ר-סEgypt
צ-ב-אroot צ-ב (splendor, desire, consent, army)To make war against a place, and צָבָא for an army; also a fixed term of service and the end of it.
צ-ב-הroot צ-ב (splendor, desire, consent, army) · willThe belly swells; and of the same root the צְבִי, the gazelle, and צְבִי for desire and will, which is why Eretz Yisrael is called so.
צ-ב-עcolorDyeing, and so a colour; and from the same root he takes the many-coloured bird of prey, the beast named for its colours, and the finger.
צ-ב-רpublicTo heap up, to pile in heaps; and the noun צִבּוּר, a heap, which he glosses as a gathering.
צ-ה-רoilNoon, when the light is strong; צֹהַר, a window; and יִצְהָר, fresh oil, called by a word of light for its clearness.
צ-ו-םfastingTo fast, and צוֹם, a fast; though where a fast is called and teshuvah is not the matter, his father wrote that צוֹם is a gathering.
צ-ו-רrockTo lay siege, and to be in straits; and separately צוּר, a rock, the sharpness of a flint, the shaping of a form, and the צַוָּאר, the neck.
צ-ח-קlaughterTo laugh; and in the intensive, to make sport, whether in play and rejoicing, in mockery, or in abuse.
צ-ח-רwhiteWhite: אֲתֹנוֹת צְחֹרוֹת (Shoftim 5:10), white she-donkeys, and וְצֶמֶר צָֽחַר (Yechezkel 27:18), white wool.
צ-י-הwildernessTwo things under one root: צִי, a ship, and צִיָּה, parched ground and wilderness; and צִיִּים, which are the beasts or the men that dwell there.
צ-י-ןJerusalem · tombstoneA marker, like a מצבה, a standing stone, set over a grave or for a sign on the roads.
צ-י-ץfringesTo blossom and to show itself; the blossom צִיץ, the golden plate of the Kohen Gadol, and the fringe צִיצִת.
צ-י-רangelצִיר נֶאֱמָן לְשֹֽׁלְחָיו (Mishlei 25:13), a faithful envoy to those who send him. He gives no gloss here, saying he has written the matter at the root צוּר.
צ-ל-לlocustShade, and the shadow that passes; and in other senses a ringing in the ears, cymbals and bells, and sinking down like lead.
צ-נ-ןcoldColdness, as the cold of snow in harvest; and in other senses a thorn, and the צִנָּה, a weapon of war he likens to a shield.
צ-נ-ףhat and beltTo wind round about; the turban wound on the head, and the headwrap the women wore.
צ-ע-קcrying outTo cry out, to shout aloud, and the cry itself; he holds the sense is the same as that of זעקה spelled with a zayin.
צ-פ-הseeingTo look out and keep watch, and so to wait for; and a second sense, overlaying a thing with metal.
צ-פ-ןcompass directions · hidden · locust · names of YosefTo hide, and to store away; and צָפוֹן, the north.
צ-פ-עsnakeThe viper that comes out of the snake's root; and in the same letters cattle dung, and the offshoots of a house, its sons and daughters.
צ-פ-צ-ףwhistleTo chirp; chirping in birds stands where speech stands in man. And separately the צַפְצָפָה, a poor kind of willow.
צ-פ-רbird · morningTo rise early, and so the morning; a winding round; צִפּוֹר, a bird; צָפִיר, a he-goat; and צִפֹּרֶן, a nail, and an iron stylus.
צ-פ-ר-ד-עplagueThe frog. He says the word is well known, and that the singular הַצְּפַרְדֵּעַ may name the whole kind rather than one of them.
צ-ר-יbalsamTzori, the balm of Gilad: a resin that drips from the ketaf tree, and one of the spices of the ketores.
צ-ר-עleprosyTo be stricken with צָרַעַת, which he calls known; and the צִרְעָה, which some take as a stinging creature and some from צרעת itself.
צ-ר-רenemy · tyingTo harass and be an enemy, and the straits that come of it; and a second sense, to bind up: a bundle of silver, and צְרוֹר, a pebble.
ק-ב-בcurseTo curse; and under the same letters הַקֻּבָּה, which is a tent or chamber, and קֳבָתָהּ, which he ties to the maw of a beast.
ק-ב-ץgatheringTo gather together. His father's rule is that this word is said only of what is scattered, while the word for taking in is said even of what is not.
ק-ד-דbowingTo bow the head low; and from it קָדְקֹד, the crown of the head, whose first letter is doubled. Another word under these letters is the spice קִדָּה.
ק-ד-םbeginning · compass directionsBefore, in time and in place: קֶדֶם, ancient time, and the east; and to go before a thing, or to meet it.
ק-ד-שbetrothal · sanctuary · witnessTo be holy, and so to be set apart and forbidden to common use; and a second sense, to appoint or designate for a purpose.
ק-ה-לgathering · names of Shavuos · names of Shlomo HaMelechTo gather, and to be gathered; the noun קָהָל, an assembly, with קְהִלָּה and מַקְהֵלִים for a gathering.
ק-ו-הnames of Moshe · trustTo hope and wait; a second sense of gathering, as waters gather to one place; and a third, the measuring line and the cord.
ק-ו-םplaceTo rise and to stand; to stand fast and be confirmed; קוֹמָה, height; קָמָה, standing grain; יְקוּם, all that lives; and מָקוֹם, a place.
ק-ו-רcoldTo come to the source of water: מְקוֹר מַֽיִם־חַיִּים, a spring of living water; and from the same root the spider's web.
ק-ט-בcuttingDestruction, and with it the sense of cutting off; the sickness that comes upon a man suddenly and kills him.
ק-ט-לmurderTo kill, in two pesukim; the noun from it is slaughter, and he says plainly that their matter is killing.
ק-ט-ןlinenTo be small, and to count for little in someone's eyes; as a noun, the small one, whether in size, in age, or in what it is worth.
ק-ט-רtyingTo burn incense, and to send an offering up in smoke; and in Aramaic, in these same letters, to tie a knot.
ק-י-אnames of Shlomo HaMelechVomiting, and the vomit itself; the land too is said to vomit out those in it.
ק-י-רwaxA wall: the wall of the mizbeach or of a house, and by borrowing the walls of the heart; the doubled verb from it is tearing a wall down.
ק-ל-טsurvivorTaking in and holding fast: the cities of refuge take in whoever flees there, a hoof called קלוט is closed up, and dye is taken up and held by the wool.
ק-ל-לcurseLight and swift, and from lightness both contempt and cursing; under the same letters קלל of burnished copper and קלקל of what is spoiled.
ק-ל-םlice
ק-ל-ןdisgraceTo parch or roast in fire; and in another sense to be held cheap, with the noun קלון, disgrace.
ק-ל-סpraiseMockery: derision and contempt, a thing made a byword; sometimes the same word is praise, which is why Kaddish says ויתקלס and one Gaon objected to it.
ק-מ-חflourFlour; he notes that it is named for what it will become, since what a man grinds is not yet flour.
ק-מ-ץmiserTo close the hand on something: to gather the fingers in to the palm and take a fistful, and so to gather in and heap up.
ק-נ-הproperty · vesselTo acquire and to buy, and from it מִקְנֶה, cattle, a man's own possession. A second sense is קָנֶה, a reed, and the many things shaped like one.
ק-נ-חwashing
ק-נ-ק-ןvessel
ק-ס-סchewingTo be plucked off; he glosses it as קטף, plucking, and takes it as יְקוֹצֵץ with a tzadi, cutting off.
ק-פ-ץjumpingTo shut and hold back: a closed hand, a shut mouth. In a second use it is springing, leaping over the hills.
ק-צ-עcornerTo scrape a surface clean, as plaster off a wall; and the מִקְצוֹעַ, a corner of a building.
ק-צ-ףangerWrath, and the sense of it is a boiling over in anger; from that it is said of water churned up by a strong wind.
ק-צ-ץcuttingCutting and severing; and from the same root קֵץ, an end, the place where time is cut, which may be the close of a span or its start.
ק-צ-רnames of ShavuosTo be short, the opposite of long; קָצִיר, a bough; and to reap, with קָצִיר for the harvest.
ק-ר-בapproach · thorns · warTo draw near, and from it קָרוֹב, near or a kinsman, קָרְבָּן, an offering, קֶרֶב, the inward part, and קְרָב, battle.
ק-ר-הchanceThree senses: to roof a house with beams, and the beam itself; the city, קִרְיָה; and to happen or befall, with מִקְרֶה, a chance happening.
ק-ר-ןcorner · hornA horn; and by figure, strength. The same word is a corner of the mizbeach, and in another sense a shining of light.
ק-ר-עcuttingTo tear and rend, of garments and of a kingdom torn away; the sense in all of them is splitting and cutting, and at times opening up.
ק-ר-ץmorningTo cut off; and from it the winking of an eye or a lip in mockery, as though one were cutting them.
ק-ש-הhardTo be hard or severe, and to make hard: a hard master, a stiff neck, a hardened heart, a hard birth; and the מִקְשָׁה, hammered work, of the Menorah. He gives no sense here. The entry sets out the forms of the word, and says he has explained these vessels at two other roots.
ק-ש-חhardTo be cruel and hard of heart: dealing hardly with one's young, and a heart hardened away from the fear of Hashem.
ק-ש-רtyingTo tie one thing to another, to bind and join; and of men, to bind themselves together in a conspiracy.
ק-ש-שold ageTo gather up small things, straw or thin sticks; and from that, to search out faults and collect them.
ק-ת-ד-רchair
ר-א-הcolor · prophet · seeingTo see, and so to perceive and understand; with מַרְאֶה, a sight or a vision, and רֹאֶה, a seeing, which he takes for prophecy and calls the right reading.
ר-א-שbeginningA head; and so the top of a hill, the chief of men, the choicest of spices, the principal of a debt, the sum of a count, and the beginning.
ר-ב-בthumbMany, much, great. From it come the number ten thousand, the great man called rav, the heavy rain, and in one place the shooting of arrows.
ר-ב-הfat · locustTo grow many or great; from it הַרְבֵּה for quantity, the rearing of a child, the archer, and the locust.
ר-ב-עhebronTo be four-square; and the number four, with רֶבַע and רְבִיעִית for a fourth part and רְבִיעִי for fourth.
ר-ג-גcitron
ר-ג-זanger · tremblingTo tremble and shake, whether out of fear or out of anger; and where the verb takes an object, to set another trembling.
ר-ג-לfoot · spyingThe foot, and from it going on foot, רְגָלִים for times, and being habituated; and separately to slander, and to spy out a land.
ר-ג-םpurple · stoningTo stone, to pelt with stones; the מַרְגֵּמָה is a gathering of stones, and רִגְמָה a gathered company.
ר-ד-דveilSpreading and beating flat, as gold is beaten into plate, and so beating a people down under one; the redid is a wrap of the same word.
ר-ה-בEgyptTo be strong and haughty: insolence toward an elder, the strength called Rahav, which is Egypt, and putting courage into a man.
ר-ה-ןcollateral
ר-ו-חdemon · soulRelief, the opposite of distress; and רוּחַ, which is wind, air, breath, a quarter of the sky, will, spirit and soul.
ר-ו-םpalace · praise · wavingTo be high, and to raise up; רָם, high; מָרוֹם, a height; תְּרוּמָה, what is set apart; and raising a hand against a king is rebelling.
ר-ו-עdivine judgmentEvil, and what is bad to look upon; under other senses a shout, thunder, a friend, and the breaking of a thing.
ר-ז-םsecretTo signal with the eyes; he takes it as the letters of רמז, to hint, turned about, as the Chachamim use the word.
ר-ח-בpath · pathsTo be wide or broad, and to widen and give room; rochav, breadth; rechov, an open square; and merchav, open ground.
ר-ח-םdivine judgment · love · mercyTo show mercy, and רַחֲמִים, mercies; רֶחֶם, the womb; and הָרָחָמָה, a bird said to pity its young greatly.
ר-ח-ץwashingWashing, of the body above all: Aharon and his sons wash, a daughter of Pharaoh bathes at the river, and Moav is called a washing pot.
ר-ח-שthe eighth monthTo stir or set moving; and from it the marcheshes, the deep pan whose contents stir about in it.
ר-י-חJerichoTo smell; and by extension to sense a thing. He allows that רֵחַיִם, the millstones, may be of this root as well.
ר-י-קnothing · unmarried manTo empty out, said of the vessel and of what comes out of it alike; empty, and for nothing; and to draw a sword out for battle.
ר-כ-זmiddle
ר-כ-ךnames of YosefSoft or tender: a soft heart, words softer than oil, a tender child, weak eyes; and the noun morech, faintness.
ר-כ-לmerchantA merchant who travels about with his goods; the noun from it is the merchandise, and the word for a talebearer is filed here too.
ר-כ-סmiddle · propertyHeight: the רְכָסִים are the high mountains, and the verb is raising a thing up to join it to what is above it.
ר-כ-שhorse · propertyרֶכֶשׁ, swift beasts that are ridden; and רְכוּשׁ, everything a man owns, with the verb רָכָשׁ for acquiring it.
ר-מ-חspearA spear: וַיִּקַּח רֹמַח בְּיָדֽוֹ (Bamidbar 25:7), he took a spear in his hand. He says the meaning of the word is known.
ר-מ-ךhorseThe mares: בְּנֵי הָרַמָּכִים (Esther 8:10), sons of the mares, as his father takes it, Arabic calling a mare רמכה.
ר-מ-םwormTo be high and to rise; and where the verb takes an object, to exalt and magnify. Separately רִמָּה, the worm, and to breed worms.
ר-נ-ןjoyCrying out aloud: song and gladness, or proclamation, or prayer, or weeping and wailing, each one according to its place.
ר-ס-ןmuzzleThe bridle put in a beast's mouth to guide it; a bridle thrown off is a figure for fear and shame cast away.
ר-ע-בfamineTo be hungry, and the noun ra'av, famine; and in the causative form, to leave a man hungry.
ר-ע-דtremblingTrembling. He brings the verb, the noun and the causative, and says the word is known, without glossing it further.
ר-ע-הthoughtTo graze and to shepherd; to keep company, and from it רֵעַ, a friend; רַעְיוֹן, a thought or a will; and a fourth sense, to break.
ר-ע-לpoisonרַעַל, the thing that makes a man reel; the authorities differ whether that is bewilderment, trembling, or deadly poison.
ר-ע-םangerTwo senses under one set of letters: a face darkened with rage, and thundering, whose sense is a loud shaking.
ר-ע-שtremblingTo quake and shake, of earth, sea and walls, and the noun רַעַשׁ, a quaking; he glosses the sense as movement and trembling.
ר-פ-אcircumciserTo heal and to be healed; by extension to mend what is broken, and to forgive. Separately רְפָאִים, the giant warriors, and רְפָאִים, the dead.
ר-צ-דdancingתְּרַצְּדוּן of Tehillim 68:17: some read it as skipping, some as lowering yourselves, and Rabbeinu Hai as looking out and hoping.
ר-צ-הland (running versus passive) · willTo be pleased with a thing and take it as acceptable; to pay off in full, as the land pays off her sabbaths; and, in a third sense, to run.
ר-ק-דdancingSkipping and dancing: the mountains skip like rams, and the heavier form is to make another skip.
ר-ק-םartisanEmbroidery: a garment worked in many colours, whether in the weaving or with the needle.
ר-ש-םwritingRashum, written down and set on record; the word is of the sense of a mark and a sign, and the Aramaic carries it.
ר-ת-תtremblingTrembling, known from the Targum's word for רעד; at Hoshea 13:1 it is the trembling Yeravam's calves brought on Israel.
ש-א-בdrawing water · pulling and drawingTo draw water, with מַשְׁאַבִּים for the places where water is drawn.
ש-א-גanimal soundsThe lion's roar; and carried over to a man crying out and raising his voice over his troubles.
ש-א-הthornsDesolation and ruin, with a second use for a man struck dumb with wonder, and a further sense of roaring and tumult.
ש-א-ןpeace · underworldTo be at ease; the sense of all of them is השקט ושלוה, quiet and tranquillity.
ש-א-ףpulling and drawingTo draw in air, to snuff or to gasp; from there to swallow up greedily, and to look eagerly toward a thing.
ש-א-רfamilyשְׂאֹר, the leaven, the sourdough with which the dough is leavened. To remain and be left over, and the remnant שְׁאֵרִית; in a second sense שְׁאֵר, flesh, and from it a near relative.
ש-ב-חpraisePraising: to laud and to be lauded, a sense he calls known; in a second sense the same verb is stilling, the quieting of a raging sea.
ש-ב-טfish · staff and tribeThe tribe, which is larger than the family; and the rod, for striking or for chastening, and so the ruler's staff and the ruler himself.
ש-ב-לbecause · path · pathsשְׁבִיל, a path; שִׁבֹּלֶת, an ear of grain and also a rushing stream; and שַׁבְּלוּל, the snail.
ש-ב-עnames of Shavuos · seven · vowTo eat one's fill and be sated, of food and of anything else; to give another his fill; and the nouns שָׂבְעָה and שֹׂבַע, fullness and plenty. Seven and the seventh; seven standing for a number simply large; the week; and, in another sense, to swear and to put another under oath.
ש-ב-רexplanation · food · trustTo consider a thing and weigh it; and a second sense, to hope, with שֵׂבֶר for hope. To break, and from it שֵׁבֶר; מִשְׁבָּר, a breaker of the sea, and מַשְׁבֵּר, the womb; a dream's breaking open, which is its meaning; and שֶׁבֶר, grain.
ש-ב-תsevenTo cease and stop; and from it the שַׁבָּת, and שַׁבָּתוֹת for weeks, each week named from the Shabbos that falls in it.
ש-ג-חseeingTo gaze with close attention: three places only, looking out from a dwelling, in through windows, and at a fallen king.
ש-ג-רangelSending forth. שְׁגַר ־אֲלָפֶיךָ (Devarim 7:13) and שֶׁגֶר בְּהֵמָה (Shemos 13:12), which he points בשש נקודות, with six dots.
ש-ד-ךbetrothal
ש-ד-לcommunal activist
ש-ד-םgrapevineVineyards, and perhaps a field of grain; in the Kidron pesukim the Targum makes it the valley plain, and in one pasuk the word is blight.
ש-ד-רangel · communal activistOne citation only, וּשְׂדֵרֹת בָּֽאֲרָזִֽים (Melachim I 6:9), and a note that he has already explained the word in the section of samech.
ש-ו-בreturnThree senses: turning back, and so turning from sin; שָׁב שְׁבוּת, returning a captivity, which is quieting and rest; and מְשׁוּבָה, backsliding, rebellion. To grow grey; and שֵׂיבָה, grey hair, which is further on in a man's years than old age.
ש-ו-חspeechTo speak and muse aloud; and the noun שִׂיחַ, a man's talk, and in places his business. A pit dug in the ground; and שַׁחַת, the pit a man goes down to, whose sense he says is that of a grave.
ש-ו-ךthornsTo hedge a way about with thorns, and the nouns for the thorn hedge itself; in a separate sense, a bough.
ש-ו-עcrying out · salvationTo cry out for help, and the cry itself; in other senses, to shut the eyes or to smear over, and a man of standing open handed with his money.
ש-ו-קanimal soundsSeveral words carry these letters: longing and desire, a vat brimming over, the street, and the leg.
ש-ו-רcattle · gift · seeingTo sing; to look or to watch; תְּשׁוּרָה, a gift; שׁוּר, a wall; and שׁוֹר, an ox. To rule, and from it שָׂרִים, princes; and מְשׂוּרָה, a very small measure.
ש-ו-שjoyTo rejoice and take delight, said both of Hashem rejoicing over Israel and of a man rejoicing in what he has been given.
ש-ח-טslaughterTo slaughter; and because slaughtering is a drawing of the knife, the word also describes gold drawn out fine. To press or squeeze out; he glosses it ענין עצור, a sense of pressing.
ש-ח-לlionThe lion; and under the same letters שְׁחֵלֶת, the spice the language of the Mishnah calls צפורן, a fingernail.
ש-ח-ץlionPride. His entry under these letters is about pride, בְּנֵי־שָׁחַץ (Iyov 41:26), and says nothing of a beast.
ש-ח-קlaughterTo laugh and to make merry; the word runs both to rejoicing and to derision. To grind fine, which he says is more than treading down; and the noun שַׁחַק, the dust on the scales.
ש-ח-רmorningBlack, which he says is charcoal; and separately the dawn, from which youth is named, and seeking early, and brightness.
ש-ט-ףwashingRinsing with force and sweeping away: hands rinsed in water, a chariot washed down, a river that floods the land and carries it off.
ש-ט-רdocumentAn officer set over others, שֹׁטֵר וּמֹשֵׁל (Mishlei 6:7), an officer and a ruler; of the sense itself he says only that it is known.
ש-י-בold ageTo grow grey; and שֵׂיבָה, grey hair, which is further on in a man's years than old age.
ש-י-םplacingTo put or set, and so to set the heart to a thing, to set ranks against a city, and to put paint on the eyes.
ש-כ-םshoulderTo rise early and set out at dawn; and שְׁכֶם, the shoulder at the neck, which stretches to mean a side, a quarter, a portion.
ש-כ-ןcollateral · sanctuaryTo dwell, and to settle a thing in a place; שָׁכֵן, a neighbour, and מִשְׁכָּן, a dwelling. Said of the mighty, it is the rest of death. One pasuk, וְשַׂמְתָּ שַׂכִּין בְּלֹעֶךָ (Mishlei 23:2), of which he says only ידוע, its sense is known.
ש-כ-רdrunkenness · gift · wineTo hire, with שָׂכִיר, a hired man, and שָׂכָר, a wage; and a second sense he takes as stopping water up, or else as making nets. To be drunk, with שִׁכָּרוֹן, drunkenness, and שִׁכּוֹר, a drunkard; שֵׁכָר for wine and for anything else that intoxicates; and אֶשְׁכָּר, a gift.
ש-ל-הpeaceTo be at ease and untroubled, with שַׁלְוָה for that quiet; a second sense of error and misleading; and the שליא, the sac the child lies in.
ש-ל-ה-בfireA blaze, the flame at full strength; where Scripture attaches the Name to a word it magnifies it, and shalheves-yah is a great flame.
ש-ל-חangel · spring · sword and knife · tableTo send; to let loose or set free; to stretch out the hand; and the nouns שֶׁלַח, a weapon, and שֻׁלְחָן, a table.
ש-ל-םcompleteness · names of Shlomo HaMelech · peaceשַׂלְמָה, a garment: the letters of שִֹמְלָה turned about. To repay and requite; also to be complete and finished; and to be at peace, with שָׁלוֹם for peace.
ש-ל-ףslipping offTo draw out: a sword from its sheath, a shoe from the foot; and of a shoot, to come up.
ש-מ-א-לcompass directions
ש-מ-דhereticTo be destroyed, and where the verb takes an object, to destroy; of the sense itself he says only that it is known.
ש-מ-טslipping offTo let go, to release, to let a thing drop; and of the oxen at the aron, to slip out from under it.
ש-מ-לclothingThe left hand and the left side; and from these same letters, he says without doubt, שִׂמְלָה, a garment.
ש-מ-םdestructionTo lie waste, and to be appalled; all of it, he ends, is one sense of שממה, desolation, part of it ruin and part of it astonishment. The שְׂמָמִית of Mishlei, which he does not settle: the swallow, or a creature kept in palaces for sport, or the spider.
ש-מ-ןfat · oilOil; and to grow fat, שָׁמֵן being fat and, of ground, rich; and in the same letters שְׁמֹנֶה, eight.
ש-מ-עhearingTo hear. He parts three: hearing alone, hearing that is acceptance and obedience, and hearing that is understanding.
ש-מ-רguarding · remember · thornsTo keep, to guard and to watch over; and by other senses the watches of the night, the lees of wine, שָׁמִיר, a hard stone, and שָׁמִיר, a thorn.
ש-נ-אenemy · Mount SinaiTo hate; of the sense itself he says only that it is known. Some of the uses are not real hate at all, but being loved the less.
ש-נ-יredChange; and from it second, doing a thing again, and the year that comes round a second time. Scarlet he sends to the root shen.
ש-ע-הtimeTo turn toward, and so to regard or rely on; in other senses, to be alarmed, and to leave off.
ש-ע-לpath · pathsThe hollow of the hand and what it holds, a fistful; from it a narrow vineyard path; and under the same letters, the fox.
ש-ע-ןstaff and tribe · trustTo lean on a thing, and so to rely on it; the nouns are the stay or support a man leans upon.
ש-ע-רgate · hair · sheep and goatsTo dread, and from it שְׂעָרָה, the storm; the שָׂעִיר, a he-goat, and the שְׂעִירִם; fine rain; hair, and a hairy man; and barley. To reckon and estimate; שַׁעַר, a gate, and so the entrance of a whole land; and a second sense in שַׁעֲרוּרָה, which he leaves unglossed.
ש-פ-הlanguageשָׂפָה, the lip; from it the edge or brim of a thing; and שָׂפָה אֶחָת, one language. To rub down and wear away, so that a thing is crushed smooth; and a second sense, the bare high places.
ש-פ-חfamily · handmaidThe שִׁפְחָה, a maidservant, with no masculine formed from it; and in a second sense the מִשְׁפָּחָה, a family, and so a tribe, and so a whole nation. He gives no sense here. The entry is one pasuk of Yeshayahu, with a note that the word is treated at the letter samech.
ש-פ-טlawTo judge and to pass sentence; the noun is both the judgment given and the settled rule, the law and the proper order of a thing.
ש-פ-ףsnakeOne line: שְׁפִיפֹן עֲלֵי־אֹרַח (Bereishis 49:17), a shefifon on the path, with no meaning given, only the word's form.
ש-פ-רgood · hornTo be fair and pleasing; the שׁוֹפָר, of which he says only that it is known; and אֶשְׁפָּר, which he takes as a portion of meat.
ש-פ-תhookTo set a pot on the fire, and so to set a thing in place; the שְׁפַתַּיִם are what a pot stands on.
ש-צ-ףangerHe reads בְּשֶׁצֶף קֶצֶף (Yeshayahu 54:8), in a שֶׁצֶף of wrath, from its place as meaning with a little wrath.
ש-ק-דalmondTo be quick and constant at a thing, to watch over it; the שָׁקֵד, the almond, carries the name because its tree is the first to blossom. Bound or joined: so he takes נִשְׂקַד עֹל פְּשָׁעַי (Eichah 1:14), the yoke of my transgressions is bound fast, from what its place requires.
ש-ק-טpeaceTo be quiet and still; the sense of all of them is rest and repose, with שֶׁקֶט for that quiet.
ש-ק-לcoinsTo weigh, chiefly the weighing out of silver; the entry is largely the forms, מִשְׁקָל, מִשְׁקוֹל and the rest, and how each is pointed.
ש-ק-ףseeingTo look out from above, and so to watch over; from it the lintel, and windows framed in a wall.
ש-ק-ץidolsTo hold a thing in abomination, and the abomination itself: the detestable things of idolatry, and what a man must not eat.
ש-ק-רfalsehoodTo deal falsely, to break faith; the noun שֶׁקֶר, a falsehood, which in some pesukim means without cause. Of the eyes: to ogle, sharpening them and signalling with them.
ש-ר-גgrapevineA tendril or shoot of the vine; the verb from it is to be twined and tangled together.
ש-ר-דsurvivorA survivor: those of them left over, a sense he calls plain and known; the same letters also carry a carpenter's marking line and the בִּגְדֵי הַשְּׂרָד.
ש-ר-הnames of the Jewish people · plain · princessOne line. He gives שָׂרִיתָ עִם־אֱלֹהִים, you contended with Elokim, and the noun הַמִּשְׂרָה, the dominion, and says the sense is known. מִשְׁרַת עֲנָבִים, a steeping of grapes; שִׁרְיָן, a coat of mail; and הַשָּׁרוֹן, which they explain as a land of plain and a fat place.
ש-ר-ףangel classes · snake · uncleTo burn, and from it שָׂרָף, the fiery serpent, and שְׂרָפִים, angels of fire.
ש-ר-קgrapevine · red · whistleשׂוֹרֵק, the choicest kind of vine; and שְׂרֻקִּים, of horses, patterned or combed. To whistle or hiss, which he glosses as the moving of the lips in sound.
ש-ר-רnames of Yaakov · princessTo rule and to be master; and in the reflexive, to set oneself up as a prince over others. The navel: שָׁרְרֵךְ and שָׁרֵךְ. A second sense is שְׁרִרוּת לֵב, which he glosses as the looking of the heart and its thoughts.
ש-ר-תworkTo minister and attend upon another; of the sense itself he says nothing at all, the entry being the citations and their forms. מַשְׂרֵת, a pan: the Targum renders מַחֲבַת, a griddle, by מַסְרִיתָא, and he gives the name in the vernacular.
ש-ת-הdrinking · mealTo drink, with מִשְׁתֶּה for a feast and שְׁתִיָּה for the drinking; and in the same letters שְׁתִי, the warp thread of a garment.
ת-ב-הark · wordThe ark, תֵּבָה, a word whose meaning is plain; where its root lies he and Rabbi Yonah differ.
ת-ג-רmerchant
ת-ה-הnothingDesolation: הָֽיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ (Bereishis 1:2) is waste, and Radak says he has already explained the word at his root בָּהָה.
ת-ו-רspying · teachingTo search out and explore; also the turtledove, a turn or a time, and the sense of תכונה, the measure or condition of a thing.
ת-ח-םborder
ת-י-שsheep and goatsThe he-goat, which he calls a known thing; his one point of grammar is whether או in Mishlei means "and" or a plain "or".
ת-כ-ךpovertyA sense of breaking, of the man who breaks whoever trusts in him and cheats him with his mouth; Rav Saadiah Gaon makes him a man of middling means.
ת-כ-ףimmediately
ת-ל-עteeth · wormA worm, and Israel likened to one in exile; the crimson dye called by its name; and, by a transposition of letters, the great teeth of a lion.
ת-מ-םcompletenessTo come to an end and be used up; and, in a sense he calls close to it, to be whole in body with no limb lacking, or whole in mind and in good traits.
ת-מ-רJerichoThe palm, which he describes as even and straight, with no branches until its crown; and so anything tall and straight, smoke included.
ת-נ-ןfish · snakeThe tannin: on dry land a kind of snake, in the water a kind of great fish shaped like a snake; תנים is the same word with a mem.
ת-ע-הstraying and errorTo stray, to wander off the way, of a man lost in a field, of a heart, and of one gone astray in drink; and to lead another astray.
ת-ע-רrazorתַּעַר, a razor, of which he says only that it is known; and תַּעַר again for the scabbard, the sheath a sword sits in.
ת-פ-לphylacteriesSomething with nothing in it: plaster that will not hold, food without salt, and by extension empty prophecy and words of no worth.
ת-ק-עdivine judgmentTo sound a shofar; also to drive a thing in so that it stands fast, and to strike the palm in pledge or in joy.
ת-ק-ףstrengthTo overpower and prevail over; tokef, force; takif, strong, which is what the Targum gives for chazak.
ת-ר-נ-ג-לrooster
ת-ר-עgateExplained as gatekeepers, since the Targum of a gate is תַרְעָא; and it may instead be the name of a family.
ת-ר-ףidolsTerafim: images through which people looked to be shown what was coming, set against the eifod as idolatry is set against the service of Hashem.
Radak, Sefer HaShorashim, Berlin 1847. Public domain, digitised by Sefaria from the National Library of Israel. The pesukim he cites are from Sefaria: Miqra according to the Masorah (CC-BY-SA); Torat Emet 357 (Public Domain).