nature

river

At a glance

נהרnahar
river
the ordinary river, above its tributaries (Pappenheim); keeps within its banks (Malbim); a river whose ends cannot be seen (Chasam Sofer)
יאורyeor
irrigation canal, the River
an irrigation canal (Rashi); overflows its banks, mostly the Nile (Malbim); a river whose end is in sight (Chasam Sofer); first the Nile, then any river (Benamozegh)
נחלnachal
brook, wadi
river and valley at once; only a river flowing to the sea (Wertheimer)

In short

Nahar is the default river; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim explains it as the river into which smaller streams flow, which makes it stand out above them. Malbim explains yeor as a river that floods past its banks, and most of its appearances in Tanach are the Nile, the River, which behaves that way. Rashi (to Shemos 7:19) glosses yeor an irrigation canal. Rabbi Malkiel Tzvi Tannenbaum proposes that nahar and yeor are sharply distinguished only when they appear together: side by side, nahar is the natural river and yeor is Rashi's canal, while apart, either word can mean a river of any kind. Nachal is a brook or wadi, and the same word names the valley itself. Some explain it as the river that cuts a valley, others as the seasonal runoff, and Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer as only a river that runs to the sea.

Distinctions

Nahar (נהר)

  • Rashi (to Shemos 7:19): a river in the ordinary sense, as against the yeor that Aharon was also to stretch his staff over.
  • Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim (Cheshek Shlomo) derives it from the two-letter ה-ר, which he reads as protruding or standing out, the core also behind har, a mountain, herayon, pregnancy, and yuharah, haughtiness: a nahar is the river into which smaller streams flow, which makes the bigger river stick out vis-a-vis those tributaries.
  • Malbim (to Yirmiyahu 46:7): a nahar and a nachal alike keep their water within their banks, simply pushing it along a forward current and not past the banks, as against the yeor, which tends to overflow. In another discussion Malbim (to Yeshayahu 19:5) sizes the three: a nahar is shallow, short and narrow, a nachal is wider but also not deep, and a yeor denotes an even smaller stream. There Malbim again notes that the yeor differs from the other two in tending to overflow, so the two passages agree on that point.
  • Some also explain that a nachal is a seasonal river caused by rainwater flowing down from the mountains, while a nahar is a river that continues to flow the entire year.

Yeor (יאור)

Before the plague of blood Hashem tells Aharon to stretch his staff over the different bodies of water in Egypt, among them the neharos and the ye'orim (Shemos 7:19).

  • Rashi there: a nahar is the sort of river we are familiar with, while a yeor is a man-made irrigation canal that brings water to faraway fields. This implies, Rabbi Klein reasons, that a yeor is man-made and a nahar naturally occurring. But that assumption is belied by the fact that the Nile is called a yeor and is one of the four rivers that flowed from Gan Eden (Bereishis 2:11), which cannot possibly be man-made. Rabbi Malkiel Tzvi Tannenbaum of Lomzha (1847-1910), author of the responsa Divrei Malkiel, proposes a resolution by context: on their own, nahar and yeor can each mean a man-made river or a natural one; used together, as at the plague of blood, each takes one specific meaning the other does not, nahar the natural river and yeor the artificial one.
  • Malbim: the mark of a yeor is that it tends to overflow and flood the surrounding area, and most instances of yeor in Tanach refer specifically to the Nile, which behaved that way, though he concedes that in two or three places yeor refers to a different river.
  • Rabbi Pappenheim takes yeor from the letter reish itself, which he reads as throwing or shooting: the waters of a yeor shoot downstream as though thrown by the forces of nature, so a yeor is a river whose waters flow with especially violent force, and in Tanach it is used only of the Nile and the Tigris. Pappenheim admits that a borrowed sense of yeor, which also appears in Tanach, is a man-made irrigation duct, the river's artificial tributaries.

Rabbi Klein then bridges the two: in light of what Malbim wrote, he explains that yeor recalls the fact that its waters tend to overflow past the banks, giving the illusion of the river itself shooting its waters outwards.

Chasam Sofer (Toras Moshe to Bereishis 41:1): a yeor is a river whose end can be seen, a nahar one whose ends cannot.

Rabbi Eliyahu Benamozegh (Eim LaMikra to Bereishis 41:1): yeor first meant the Nile specifically and later any river, so that in Daniel (10:4, 12:5) it can mean the Chidekel.

Nachal (נחל)

Means both a river and a valley.

  • There are two anonymous accounts of the connection: some explain that a nachal is the type of river that causes erosion, thereby creating a valley in the manner of the Grand Canyon, which in English we call a wadi, a word borrowed from Arabic; others explain that a nachal is the seasonal runoff from the mountains after rain, as against the year-round nahar.
  • Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer (1866-1935) restricts the word further: nachal applies only to a river that flows into a sea, as it says, "All the nechalim go to the sea" (Koheles 1:7), and not to any type of river. Indeed, Rabbi Pappenheim in Yerios Shlomo gives the root as ח-ל, circular motion, which aptly describes that same cycle: the nachal empties into the ocean, and the waters of the ocean in turn flow back into the river.

Also discussed in

  • Inheritanceנחל / nachal, נחלה / nachalah (נ-ח-ל)

Radak on these roots

Sefer HaShorashim

י-א-ר

Water drawn off from a river in channels onto the fields; the Nilus is called so, its waters running over the fields, and so is the Chidekel. For Onkelos, the river.

River, or channel from a river

עַל־שְׂפַת הַיְאֹֽר (Shemos 2:3), on the bank of the יאור, כָּל־הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר־ בַּיְאֹר (Shemos 7:20), all the water in the יאור, and עַל־ יְאֹֽרֵיהֶם וְעַל־אַגְמֵיהֶם (Shemos 7:19), over their channels and over their pools. By Onkelos the יאור is the river itself, since he renders יְאֹר as נַהֲרָא, river; but יְאֹֽרֵיהֶם he renders with another word, because in that pasuk it stands next to their rivers; and the יאור is the water that flows and is drawn off in channels from the river to the fields.

The Nilus, and the Chidekel

Because the waters of the Nilus are drawn off and run over the fields to water them, it is called a יאור; and so the Chidekel is called a יאור, אֶחָד הֵנָּה לִשְׂפַת הַיְאֹר וְאֶחָד הֵנָּה לִשְׂפַת הַיְאֹֽר (Daniel 12:5), one on this side at the bank of the יאור and one on that side at the bank of the יאור. In וְעָֽלְתָה כָאֹר כֻּלָּהּ (Amos 8:8), and all of it shall rise like the יאור, the yud is hidden, and the word stands for כיאור, like the יאור.

עַל־שְׂפַת הַיְאֹֽר (שמות ב, ג), כָּל־הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר־בַּיְאֹר (שמות ז, כ), עַל־יְאֹֽרֵיהֶם וְעַל־אַגְמֵיהֶם (שמות ז, יט), על דעת אנקלוס כי היאור הוא הנהר שתרגם יְאֹר נַהֲרָא אבל יְאֹֽרֵיהֶם תרגם בלשון אחר לפי שהוא סמוך לנהרותם, והיאור הם המים הנגרים והנמשכים פלגים מן הנהר אל השדות. ולפי שנילוס הוא שנמשכים מימיו ונגרים על השדות להשקות נקרא יאור וכן חדקל נקרא יאור, אֶחָד הֵנָּה לִשְׂפַת הַיְאֹר וְאֶחָד הֵנָּה לִשְׂפַת הַיְאֹֽר (דניאל יב, ה). וְעָֽלְתָה כָאֹר כֻּלָּהּ (עמוס ח, ה), היו"ד נעלמת ומשפטו כיאור.

נ-ה-ר

To run toward the thing desired; from this the river, נָהָר, is named, as the place where water runs. A second sense is light, with the noun נְהָרָה.

Running toward

וְנָהֲרוּ אֵלָיו כָּל הַגּוֹיִם (Yeshayahu 2:2), and all the nations shall run to it, and וְלֹא יִנְהֲרוּ אֵלָיו עוֹד גּוֹיִם (Yirmiyahu 51:44), and nations shall no longer run to it. Their sense is running toward the thing desired.

The river

From this sense the river is named, since it is the place where the water runs: נָהָר פְּלָגָיו (Tehillim 46:5), a river, its streams, and בְּעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר (Yehoshua 24:2), beyond the river. The plural is נְהָרִים, and the feminine plural נַהֲרוֹת, as in עַל נַהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל (Tehillim 137:1), by the rivers of Bavel.

Light

Another sense: הִבִּיטוּ אֵלָיו וְנָהָרוּ (Tehillim 34:6), they looked to Him and were lit up, and אָז תִּרְאִי וְנָהַרְתְּ (Yeshayahu 60:5), then you will see and be lit up; the noun is in וְאַל תּוֹפַע עָלָיו נְהָרָה (Iyov 3:4), and let no light shine upon it. Their sense is light, and the Targum of אוֹר (Bereishis 1:3), light, is נְהוֹרָא. Some take וְנָהֲרוּ אֵלָיו (Yeshayahu 2:2) from this sense rather than the first.

The caves

From this sense, הַמִּנְהָרוֹת אֲשֶׁר בֶּהָרִים (Shoftim 6:2), the מִנְהָרוֹת that are in the mountains, are caves. They are called by a word of light because of the window through which the light comes in, just as the viper's den is called by the same kind of word in מְאוּרַת צִפְעוֹנִי (Yeshayahu 11:8), the viper's den.

וְנָֽהֲרוּ אֶל־טוּב י"י (ירמיה לא, יא), וְנָֽהֲרוּ אֵלָיו כָּל־הַגּוֹיִֽם (ישעיה ב, ב), וְלֹֽא־יִנְהֲרוּ אֵלָיו עֹוד גּוֹיִם (ירמיה נא, מד), ענינם ענין מרוצה אל החפץ. ומזה הענין נקרא הנהר לפי שהוא מקום מרוצת המים נָהָר פְּלָגָיו (תהלים מו, ה), בְּעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר (יהושע כד, ב). והקבוץ מְקוֹם־נְהָרִים יְאֹרִים (ישעיה לג, כא). נַֽהֲרֵי נַֽחֲלֵי דְּבַשׁ וְחֶמְאָֽה (איוב כ, יז), סמוך על סמוך. וכבר כתבנו הדומים לו בשרש בָּאַר. ובקבוץ הנקבות וְעַל־נְהָרוֹת יְכוֹנְנֶֽהָ (תהלים כד, ב), וַיּוֹרֶד כַּנְּהָרוֹת מָֽיִם (תהלים עח, טז) עַֽל־נַֽהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל (תהלים קלז, א), עַל־נַֽהֲרֹתָם (שמות ז, יט). וענין אחר הִבִּיטוּ אֵלָיו וְנָהָרוּ (תהלים לד, ו), אָז תִּרְאִי וְנָהַרְתְּ (ישעיה ס, ה). ויש מפרשים מזה וְנָֽהֲרוּ אֵלָיו (ישעיה ב, ב). והשם וְאַֽל־תּוֹפַע עָלָיו נְהָרָֽה (איוב ג, ד), ענינם ענין אורה. ותרגום אוֹר (בראשית א, ג) נְהוֹרָא. ומזה הענין הַמִּנְהָרוֹת אֲשֶׁר בֶּֽהָרִים (שופטים ו, ב), והם המערות. וכנה אותם בלשון אורה מפני החלון שיכנס ממנו שמה האורה, כמו שכנה גם כן בזה הענין ועל מְאוּרַת צִפְעוֹנִי (ישעיה יא, ח).

נ-ח-ל

To take as a possession, and to give one; נַחֲלָה, an inheritance. In another sense, נַחַל, the valley the water runs in, called so even when it is dry.

Taking a possession

וְאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר נָחֲלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yehoshua 14:1), and these are what the children of Yisrael took as a possession, כִּי לֹא נִנְחַל אִתָּם (Bamidbar 32:19), for we will not take a possession with them, and לִנְחֹל אֶת הָאָרֶץ (Bamidbar 34:18), to take the land as a possession. The simple verb, he says, takes one object only, the inheritance itself, so that יִנְחֲלוּ לָכֶם אֶת הָאָרֶץ (Bamidbar 34:17) is that they take the land as a possession on your behalf.

Yisrael as His inheritance

וְסָלַחְתָּ לַעֲוֹנֵנוּ וּלְחַטָּאתֵנוּ וּנְחַלְתָּנוּ (Shemos 34:9), and pardon our iniquity and our sin and take us as a possession, means take us for Your own, that we be Your inheritance, as וְהֵם עַמְּךָ וְנַחֲלָתֶךָ (Devarim 9:29), they are Your people and Your inheritance. So of Yehudah, אֶת־יְהֹוּדָה חֶלְקוֹ (Zecharyah 2:16), Yehudah His portion: Yehudah will be Hashem's inheritance forever on the holy soil. כִּי אַתָּה תִנְחַל בְּכָל הַגּוֹיִם (Tehillim 82:8), for You take possession among all the nations, he reads with what the mizmor says at its opening, עַד מָתַי תִּשְׁפְּטוּ עָוֶל, how long will you judge wrongly, and with קוּמָה אֱלֹהִים שָׁפְטָה הָאָרֶץ, arise, Elokim, judge the land: take the judgment of the poor and of those who cry out against violence from the hands of the wicked, the unjust judges, for You take the poor as Your possession among all the nations. In whatever nation the poor and the robbed are found, they are Your people and Your inheritance, and You will take them for Your own and save them from the hand of their oppressors.

Where it takes two objects

אֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר נִחַל מֹשֶׁה בְּעַרְבוֹת מוֹאָב (Yehoshua 13:32), these are what Moshe gave as inheritances in the plains of Moav, and כִּי אַתָּה תַּנְחִיל אֶת הָעָם הַזֶּה (Yehoshua 1:6), for you will give this people its inheritance; so בְּיוֹם הַנְחִילוֹ אֶת בָּנָיו (Devarim 21:16), on the day he gives his sons their inheritance, and בְּהַנְחֵל עֶלְיוֹן גּוֹיִם (Devarim 32:8), when the Most High gave the nations their inheritance. In the passive, כֵּן הָנְחַלְתִּי לִי יַרְחֵי שָׁוְא (Iyov 7:3), so months of emptiness were given me for a portion; and turned back on itself, וְהִתְנַחַלְתֶּם אֹתָם (Vayikra 25:46), where he reads אֹתָם as מהם: you shall take a possession from them, like הֵם יָצְאוּ אֶת הָעִיר (Bereishis 44:4), they had gone out from the city.

וְנִחַלְתְּ בָּךְ

וְנִחַלְתְּ בָּךְ לְעֵינֵי גוֹיִם (Yechezkel 22:16) may be taken from this root, though he explained it at חָלַל; its proper form would then be וְנִנְחַלְתְּ, and but for the ches it would carry a dagesh. Taken so, it means: until now you were My inheritance, but since you have sinned you are not; you will be inherited by yourself and not by Me, in the sight of the nations.

נַחַל, the water-course

פָּרַץ נַחַל (Iyov 28:4), a stream breaks out, וְהָיָה מֵהַנַּחַל תִּשְׁתֶּה (Melachim I 17:4), you will drink from the נַחַל, with the dual אֶל כָּל אֲשֶׁר יָבוֹא שָׁם נַחֲלַיִם יִחְיֶה (Yechezkel 47:9), everything to which the two streams come will live, and the plural כָּל הַנְּחָלִים הֹלְכִים אֶל הַיָּם (Koheles 1:7), all the streams go to the sea. The valley in which the waters run is called a נַחַל, and even when there is no water in it, it is still called so, since the place is what bears the name, as וְהָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בַּנַּחַל (Devarim 2:36), and the city that is in the valley. אֶל נַחַל אֵיתָן (Devarim 21:4), to a strong נַחַל, had water in it, since it is written there that they wash their hands; and so וּצְדָקָה כְּנַחַל אֵיתָן (Amos 5:24), and righteousness like a strong נַחַל, is one whose waters sweep down with force. In נַהֲרֵי נַחֲלֵי דְּבַשׁ וְחֶמְאָה (Iyov 20:17), rivers of streams of honey and butter, one construct comes upon another.

הַנְּחִילוֹת

לַמְנַצֵּחַ אֶל הַנְּחִילוֹת (Tehillim 5:1), for the conductor, on the נְחִילוֹת, is the name of a tune they knew. Rabbeinu Hai explained the word from נחיל של דבורים (Bava Kamma 10:2), a swarm of bees; that is, its tune was like the whistling of bees.

וְאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נָֽחֲלוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל (יהושע יד, א), וְנָֽחֲלוּ לְעֹלָֽם (שמות לב, יג), כִּי לֹא נִנְחַל אִתָּם (במדבר לב, יט), יִנְחֲלוּ לָכֶם אֶת־הָאָרֶץ (במדבר לד, יז), וְסָֽלַחְתָּ לַֽעֲוֹנֵנוּ וּלְחַטָּאתֵנוּ וּנְחַלְתָּֽנוּ (שמות לד, ט), כִּֽי־אַתָּה תִנְחַל בְּכָל־הַגּוֹיִֽם (תהלים פב, ח), לִנְחֹל אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ (במדבר לד, יח), וְנָחַל י"י אֶת־יְהֹוּדָה חֶלְקוֹ (זכריה ב, טז), כלם שהם מפעל הקל הם פעלים יוצאים אל פעול אחד לבד והוא הנחלה, כי פירוש יִנְחֲלוּ לָכֶם ינחלו בעבורכם, ופירוש וְסָֽלַחְתָּ לַֽעֲוֹנֵנוּ וּלְחַטָּאתֵנוּ וּנְחַלְתָּֽנוּ, תנחל אותנו שנהיה נחלתך כמו שאמר כִּי חֵלֶק י"י עַמּוֹ יַֽעֲקֹב חֶבֶל נַֽחֲלָתֽוֹ (דברים לב, ט), וְהֵם עַמְּךָ וְנַֽחֲלָתֶךָ (דברים ט, כט). וכן וְנָחַל י"י אֶת־יְהֹוּדָה חֶלְקוֹ, כלומר יהודה יהיה נחלת השם לעולם על אדמת הקדש. ופירוש כִּֽי־אַתָּה תִנְחַל בְּכָל־הַגּוֹיִֽם אמר בתחלת המזמור עַד־מָתַי תִּשְׁפְּטוּ־עָוֶל, ואמר קוּמָה אֱלֹהִים שָׁפְטָה הָאָרֶץ, כלומר קח משפט העניים והצועקים חמס מידי הרשעים שופטי עול כי אתה תִנְחַל העניים בכל הגוים, כלומר באיזה גוי שיהיו העניים והעשוקים הם עמך ונחלתך ואתה תנחל אותם והצילם מיד העושקים. והשם וְנַֽחֲלָה לֹא־יִֽהְיֶה־לּוֹ בְּקֶרֶב אֶחָיו י"י הוּא נַֽחֲלָתוֹ (דברים יח, ב). והנפעל יתכן לפרש מזה וְנִחַלְתְּ בָּךְ לְעֵינֵי גוֹיִם (יחזקאל כב, טז), אף על פי שפירשתיו בשרש חָלַל. ויתכן להיות מזה ומשפטו וְנִנְחַלְתְּ ולולי החי"ת היה דגש וְנִחַלְתְּ בך. ופירושו שקודם לכן היית נחלתי אבל כיון שחטאת אין את נחלתי אלא תהי ננחלת בך ולא בי. והכבד [פִּעֵל] יוצא לשנים פעולים אֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נִחַל מֹשֶׁה בְּעַרְבוֹת מוֹאָב (יהושע יג, לב), אֵלֶּה הַנְּחָלֹת אֲשֶׁר נִֽחֲלוּ אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן וִֽיהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּן־נוּן (יהושע יט, נא) וכבד אחר [הִפְעִיל] יוצא גם כן לשנים פעולים כִּי אַתָּה תַּנְחִיל אֶת־הָעָם הַזֶּה (יהושע א, ו) בְּיוֹם הַנְחִילוֹ אֶת־בָּנָיו (דברים כא, טז), בְּהַנְחֵל עֶלְיוֹן גּוֹיִם (דברים לב, ח) ושלא נזכר פעלו ממנו [הָפְעַל] כֵּן הָנְחַלְתִּי לִי יַרְחֵי־שָׁוְא (איוב ז, ג). וההתפעל וְהִתְנַֽחַלְתֶּם אֹתָם (ויקרא כה, מו) לְמַטּוֹת אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶם תִּתְנֶחָֽלוּ (במדבר לג, נד). ופירוש והתנחלתם אותם מהם כמו הֵם יָֽצְאוּ אֶת־הָעִיר (בראשית מד, ד) וענין אחר פָּרַץ נַחַל מֵֽעִם־גָּר (איוב כח, ד) וְהָיָה מֵֽהַנַּחַל תִּשְׁתֶּה (מלכים א' יז, ד) נַחְלָה עָבַר עַל־נַפְשֵֽׁנוּ (תהלים קכד, ד). ובלשון שנים אֶל כָּל־אֲשֶׁר יָבוֹא שָׁם נַֽחֲלַיִם יִֽחְיֶה (יחזקאל מז, ט) והקבוץ כָּל־הַנְּחָלִים הֹֽלְכִים אֶל־הַיָּם (קהלת א, ז), וְֽנַֽחֲלֵי בְלִיַּעַל יְבַֽעֲתֽוּנִי (תהלים ח, ה). נַֽהֲרֵי נַֽחֲלֵי דְּבַשׁ וְחֶמְאָֽה (איוב כ, יז) בא סמוך על סמוך וכן אֶת־מִסְפַּר מִפְקַד־הָעָם (שמואל ב' כד, ט), וּמִבְצַר מִשְׂגַּב חֽוֹמֹתֶיךָ (ישעיה כה, יב), מִבְחַר וְטֽוֹב־לְבָנוֹן (יחזקאל לח, טו), חַכְמֵי יֹֽעֲצֵי פַרְעֹה (ישעיה יט, יא), וּשְׂפֻנֵי טְמוּנֵי חֽוֹל (דברים לג, יט). וַיַּחְפְּרוּ עַבְדֵֽי־יִצְחָק בַּנָּחַל (בראשית כו, יט), בְּחַלְּקֵי־נַחַל חֶלְקֵךְ (ישעיה נז, ו), העמק שנגרים בו המים יקרא נחל ואף על פי שאין בו מים יקרא גם כן נחל, כי המקום הוא הנקרא נחל. וכן וְהִשְׁקָה אֶת־נַחַל הַשִּׁטִּֽים (יואל ד, יח), וְהָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בַּנַּחַל (דברים ב, לו). וכן בדברי רבותינו ז"ל (מגילה ג, ע"ב) ביושבת בנחל. אֶל־נַחַל אֵיתָן (דברים כא, ד), היה בו מים כי כתוב יִרְחֲצוּ אֶת־יְדֵיהֶם (שם). וכן וּצְדָקָה כְּנַחַל אֵיתָֽן (עמוס ה, כד), ששוטפים בו המים בכח. לַֽמְנַצֵּחַ אֶל־הַנְּחִילוֹת (תהלים ה, א), שם ניגון היה ידוע אצלם. ורבינו האיי ז"ל פירש המלה מלשון נחיל של דבורים (בבא קמא פרק עשירי משנה ב. דף קיד, ע"א), רוצה לומר כי ניגונו היה דומה לשריקת דבורים.

Radak, Sefer HaShorashim, Berlin 1847. Public domain, digitised by Sefaria from the National Library of Israel.

Sources

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "Down by the River," What's in a Word?, Ohr Somayach, 5 January 2019.

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "Down by the River," What's in a Word? Synonyms in the Hebrew Language (book manuscript).

Cited in the essay: Bereishis 2:11; Shemos 7:19 with Rashi; Yeshayahu 19:5 and Yirmiyahu 46:7 with Malbim; Koheles 1:7; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Cheshek Shlomo and Yerios Shlomo; Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer, Beiurei Shemos Nirdafim s.v. ים\נהר\נחל; Rabbi Malkiel Tzvi Tannenbaum of Lomzha, Divrei Malkiel; Chasam Sofer, Toras Moshe to Bereishis 41:1; Benamozegh, Eim LaMikra to Bereishis 41:1; Daniel 10:4, 12:5.