Hebrew
א׳ ועד ת׳
2,063 words
אבדוןdestructioneither the body's ruin and rotting after death, or the place where souls are lost for a time; in Midrash Konen the place of the lost souls of the wicked; the same as sheol (Rabbi Avraham bar Chiya)אבוקהmulti-wick torchpost-biblical; first a bundle of twigs for fuelling a fire, then any candle or torch with more than one wick; Havdalah calls for one, where bedikas chametz and neros Chanukah call for a nerאבי גדורAvigdorfrom geder, a fence, as father of all who made a fence for the Torah (Avos 1:1); he repaired Israel's breaches by fixing the boundaries of the law (Megillah 13a)אבי זנוחAvi-Zanoachfrom ז-נ-ח, to forsake, as father of those who forsook avodah zarah; the Vilna Gaon ties it to the atonement after the meraglimאבי סוכוAvi-Sochofrom socheh, one who sees, as father of the nevi'im; or a succah sheltering Israel by his merits (Megillah 13a)אביוןdestituteworse off than the ani and past the shame of asking; full of wants he cannot fill, from ta'av, so even a rich man who wants more is one (Bedersi); lazy, having brought it on himself (Kalatz); an Egyptian word (Lambdin)אבלprairie, empty plainbare of buildings and trees, bereft as a mourner (avel) is bereft (Ramban)אֶבֶןstonethe general word, any naturally occurring stone, against the man-made leveinah (Malbim); the umbrella term that includes sela (Pappenheim); detached, loose enough to pick up (Rabbi Immanuel Chai Ricci)אֶבֶןstonethe general term for any rock; the stones themselves, as against tzur, the source they are cut from (Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum)אבנטsasha belt worn for ritual purposes, which is why it is the belt of the kohanim (Malbim); the Torah's word for the belt all the kohanim wore; could refer to pants as well (Mishnah Berurah)אבעבועותin the boils group: boil, inflamed sore, scab, dry eruptionאבקdustfine powder from pulverizing, not burning; finer than run-of-the-mill afar (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); matter rubbed down to its core particles, light enough for the wind, always the product of a struggle (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); perhaps kin to chibbuk, clinging to something else (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel)אברpinion; limbthe outer wing with its flight feathers, for many the "pinion"; Bedersi makes it any limb, and the wing because it is the strongest, tied to avir, "strong"אברומאsmall fishan Aramaic word Rashi glosses as small fish; given as avdumah in Sefer HeAruchאברךfather to the king / young sagethree readings, av plus reich, father to the king (Onkelos, Rashi's first); av plus rach, a father in wisdom though young in years (Bereishis Rabbah); or from berech, one before whom all kneel (Sifrei)אגדהin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountאגודהbundle, bindinggathering, and fastening the gathered into one unit (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, from ג-ד, attaching); the three species bound for the lulav (Succah 11b)אגודלthumbmay be used interchangeably with gudal, with an added aleph at the front (Rabbi Baruch HaLevi Epstein)אגורAgurat Mishlei 30:1; from agar, gathered, for the Torah's wisdom he amassed (the Midrash); one of his three most precious names, all of which speak of gathering and peace (Midrash Agur §4)אגםin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeאגםmarsh, ponda marsh, and for Rashi also a standing pond; ground soaked and sponge-like to hold its water, from ג-ם, whence gome, the spongy reed (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); named for the gome growing in it (Wertheimer)אגמוןhooked reeda cane with a hooked top (Machberes Menachem); a kind of reed (Radak); a hook-topped marsh thistle used as a fishhook, and from there anything hooked or bent (Pappenheim)אגףwing (near the body); flank, outlying districtthe part of the wing closest to the body, branching off it (Rabbi Wertheimer), whence its sense of outlying towns branching off a city; only in Yechezkelאגרstockpilingcollecting bit by bit and storing for later (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Rabbi Avraham Bedersi restricts it to inanimate thingsאגרתletter, epistlea letter, only the later synonym of sefer (Avi Hurvitz); a decision read aloud by a herald with no copies (Rabbi Jose Faur); sent from one beis din to another (Rabbeinu Tam); not written to last (Ritva), though Wertheimer takes it from agur, a document preserved; a document between two parties (Malbim)אדrising vapor, mistclouds formed from water that evaporated out of a larger body (Pappenheim), water vapor (Rabbeinu Bachya); a smoky cloud (Ibn Ezra); the cloud that comes with thunder (Sefer HaChochmah); for Chazal, what breaks the price-gouger's festivalאדוםredthe general word for red; Radak (to Zecharyah 6:2-3) sets it against chamutz/amutz as the stronger red of the twoאדוןmasterthe usual Hebrew word for a slave's master, whose form Adonai is a Name of Hashem; a standing, all-encompassing title borne in every context (Rabbi Baruch Aryeh HaLevi Fischer); in the berachah, dominion over the spiritual realm, in Hebrew (Vilna Gaon); said of a slave's master, where baal is not (Tosafos Yom Tov)אדירmightythe most powerful of a whole group, where chazak is only stronger than another, from ד-ר, unconstrained motion (Pappenheim); related to hadar, glory, since Hashem's strength brings Him glory (Rabbi Edel); the Aramaic form of ezor, all-encompassing (Shadal); strength one with the thing's own being (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)אדםman, mankindthe species name and highest term, singular and plural, male and female (Zohar); behaves like a proper name, never plural or feminine (Malbim); from adamah (Maharal, Pappenheim), resemblance (Pappenheim) or hadom, footstool (Rav Hirsch); the child for Ibn Yachya; from adom, the bare red skin (Shadal); the four elements (Rabbi Yitzchak of Pira)אֲדָמָהgroundthe arable surface, uninhabited land set aside for agriculture (Vilna Gaon); only the thin top layer that is farmed (Malbim, Rabbi Moravsky); the ground cursed for Adam's sin (Pri Megadim); passive while plants grow on it (Pappenheim); for the Maharshal the broader word, taking in the depthsאֲדָמָהgroundfrom DALET-MEM, likeness and so incongruity, whence domem, inert, the ground staying passive while what grows in it is active (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); often the lands outside Eretz Yisrael; only the surface (Shadal)אדרin the beauty group: splendor, majesty, glory, inner gloryאדרתmantlethe biblical outer garment, furry, above all Eliyahu's; displays the wearer's importance, from adir (Radak); freedom from restraint, hanging loosely or worn only by the adirim (Pappenheim)אהבהlovethe general and widest word; true love gives itself to the beloved, from hav, to give (Rav Hirsch), which Rabbi Eliyahu Lopian teaches as mussar without the etymology; desire awakened in a positive direction, from א-ב (Pappenheim); embraces the whole person, faults included (Rabbi Yosef Zechariah Stern)אהובin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentאוהבin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentאוזןin the hearing group: hear, hearken, listen, give earאויבenemy, foethe enemy who acts, or has at least pictured himself causing harm, and rejoices at his victim's misfortune (Malbim); still hides his hatred beneath a show of empathy; injures body and money, where the soneh targets the soul (Vilna Gaon); the one who buries his enmity in his heart and holds the grudge forever (Rabbi Yaakov Emden); the stronger hatred (Shadal)אוירin the second month group: Ziv, radiance, splendor, Iyarאוכלfoodanything eaten, the widest word; its root covers consuming and destroying generally, traced to the biliteral of utter destruction (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אוליmaybe, perhapsa possibility the speaker desires (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur, Rabbi Immanuel Benevento), or thinks the likelier (Malbim); neutral, like English maybe (Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino); Yaakov's ulai (Bereishis 27:12) is the difficulty for the first view; the likelier possibility, against the remote pen (Rabbi Nissim of Marseilles)אומהnation under one crownpaired with leom against goy as a nation that does have a single king (Rabbi Yoel Ibn Shuaib); Rashi, citing Ibn Saruk, treats leomim, umim, and goyim as very close in meaningאומןpractitioner, bloodletterordinarily a craftsman; here a bloodletter or barber (Rashi to Bava Basra 21a), though Shabbos 133b uses umana of a circumciser outrightאופניםwheelsthe second rank; the word also means wheel, the wheel that carries the chariot of the Divine glory; the inside of the wheel, against the galgal its outside (the school of Rabbi Elazar Rokeach); synonymous with galgalim (Rabbi Dovid Luria)אורfirespelled like ohr, light, but pointed differently; a smaller fire than aish (Malbim); rare in Tanach but the preferred word in the Mishnahאוֹרֵחַguest, wayfarerthe biblical word, one who travels an orach, a road, and is put up along the way (Ibn Janach, Radak); the one who travels a wide road with space in it (Pappenheim)אוֹרַחpathshort, narrow, less commonly traveled (Vilna Gaon); the road reaching the outlying towns and villages (Malbim); a new road no one has trodden, tied to the righteous (Zohar); the same road as the derech, seen for its width (Pappenheim)אורחהin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingאורחותin the path group: way, road, path, streetאושפיזhost, guestAramaic, pointing both ways; in the Gemara usually the host (Rashi, Rabbeinu Chananel), never the guest (Rabbi Shmuel Krauss, Rabbi Yitzchak Avineri); in the Zohar usually the guest, as the Ushpizin; from Latin hospes (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), or from Middle Persian and not Latin (Sokoloff)אותsign, tokenthe general word, covering any sign, natural or otherwise, that points to or reminds of something (Radak; Malbim); Ramban connects it to asa, "come," a sign of what is to come; one thing with mofet, two terms for it (Sifrei, Naso 23)אותיוםimmediately thereafteronce in the Mishnah (Niddah 2:2), its identity disputed; a Hebrew abbreviation (Rabbi Emmanuel Chai Ricci), or the Greek eutheos (Rav Hai Gaon, Sefer HeAruch, Rashi, Rashba), which Rabbi Betzalel Ronsberg prefersאזהרהforewarningthe prohibition as forewarning, enlightening a man as to his duties, from zohar, light (Avraham Maimuni, Pappenheim); often the warning aspect against the punishment aspect; covers positive mitzvos too (Faur); or from zar, estranging oneself (Rabbeinu Efrayim)אזורgirdlespecifically the belt at the waist, generally drawn tight (Malbim); hence girding it is a figure for a feat of strength, and in Tanach only mighty men wear it; a belt worn on top of the clothing (Rashi and Tosafos, as they seem to understand it)אזחילin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingאזןin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardאזרחnative, citizenthe native whose identity and family are out in the open, as light makes all visible, from ז-ר-ח, shining (Radak); one born in the land, present where he first appeared, from zerichah as a thing's first appearance (Pappenheim); the easterner properly oriented within civilization, hence citizen (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche); the Jewish inhabitant of the land, against Reggio's native Canaanite (Benamozegh); from Eisan HaEzrachi (Zini)אחonenormally brother, but one at Yechezkel 18:10 (Rabbi Yonah Ibn Janach, Radak), where others keep brother (Targum, Rashi); Ibn Janach adds Tehillim 49:8, which Radak reads as brotherאחבוהin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntאחדone of, any one ofrarer, and in two forms (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim); in the construct, one of the important ones, as weighty as echad; in the absolute, usually followed by a mem, any ordinary one, the lesser; one comment of Malbim's seems to reject the ruleאחד עשרeleveneleven as a number in its own right, one plus ten; it takes the definite article as other numbers do (Rabbi Meir Mintzberg), and appears where the preceding numbers are counted with it (Peirush HaRokeach)אחוmarsh, riverbank growthdisputed; a marsh, the same as agam (Rashi); the reeds and grasses on a riverbank, not the place, from ach, brother (Ramban, Rav Hirsch); the marsh where that growth grows (Rabbi Moshe ben Shem Tov Gabbai); both grass and ground (Ibn Janach, Radak)אחוזהholdinginherited property the heir has already taken possession of and holds, as against property far off or still disputed (Malbim)אחרוןwestliterally last, because the west is the last place along the horizon where the sun is found before setting in the eveningאחשתרניםmules (or, government steeds)Megillah 18a says we do not know the word; many read mules born of a male donkey and a mare (Rav Saadia Gaon, Ibn Ezra, Radak, Ralbag), Rashi fast camels, Rabbi Ernest Klein an adjective, "government-owned"אחתonethe feminine, echadet with its dalet dropped (Ibn Janach), or the feminine of ach, echad having none (Radak); achat the standard form and echat its positional variantאחת עשרהin the eleven group: eleven, eleventhאטדthornthe Targum's Aramaic for dardar; Goren HaAtad expounded from the thorn fence ringing a granary (Sotah 13a)אטוןcord of fine linenonce only (Mishlei 7:16); Radak reads cords of high-grade Egyptian linen, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim reads not rope at all but openwork cloth, sewn full of holes like a tene, a wicker basketאטיםsoothsayersa separate root א-ט, "slow"; magicians who moved deliberately slowly for dramatic effect (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), or a class of kishuf (Menachem, Radak) or astrologers (Ibn Janach)איin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereאיהwhere isasks after a thing's present location; Rabbi Shapira-Frankfurter and Rabbi Mecklenburg read it as the question of a searcher surprised that the thing is not in its expected place, closer to "why is it not here?"איחורbeing lateneutral, only that a point in time has passed (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); anything past a pre-set time (Malbim); an acceptable, fashionably late lateness (Shapira-Frankfurter); for Weisel, quoted by Mecklenburg, lateness that is willing and deliberateאיירIyarthe current name, absent from Tanach, brought up from Bavel by prophetic revelation (Yerushalmi Rosh HaShanah 1:2); its spelling, one yud or two, is a live halachic question in a getאיכהin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereאֵילplain (fertile)three readings, a common noun for plain (Onkelos), the proper name of a particular plain (Rashi), or wooded land before a city (Ramban); Mecklenburg makes it the fecund plain against mishor, which may be bareאַיִלramthe ram, the rachel's counterpart, a male sheep more than a month into its second year; the strongest of a flimsy species, from aleph-lamed, power (Pappenheim)אילןliving treeseemingly Aramaic in origin, appearing in Tanach only in the Aramaic of Daniel 4; Chazal Hebraized it and reserved it for a tree still standing, leaving eitz for wood (Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn)אילנאin the tree group: tree, wood, timberאימהdread, terrorthe felt emotion of being afraid, as against pachad, its outward manifestation (Ibn Ezra); for Rashi, eimah and pachad differ as fear of a distant threat and of a near one, the versions disagreeing on which is which; graver than pachad, felt only by the loftier creations (Abudarham)אִיסּוּרprohibition, bindingthe prohibition as a binding that ties one's hands, from assur, tied; the substantive forbidden status; one's actions precluded against his will (Malbim); freedom of movement removed, from ס-ר (Pappenheim)אִיסּוּרin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downאיפהwherethe workaday word; Rashi (to Iyov 38:4) parses it as ey plus poh, "which here"; also carries senses of "now" and "what, who" (Rashi, Radak)איצטלאceremonial cloakan outer garment worn as a mark of status, as in itztala d'rabbanan; a loanword from Latin stola and Greek stole; glossed tallis (Rashi); the word that took on the figurative sense of mantle, the duties of the role (Rabbi Klein)אירוסיןbetrothalthe Biblical term for the first stage of marriage, after which adultery applies though the couple may not yet live together; an expression of tying (Rabbi Mansoura); from eres, poison (Rabbi Vana); not the modern engagement (Rav Hirsch)אירועevent, incidentpost-biblical, a plain event, the verb Mishnaic; from the root of ar'a, land, so something landing on the ground (Rabbi Shaul Goldman)אישhusbandconjugality and marriage (Rashi), the two joined as one flesh and as equals (Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Chaver, Maharal); a formal union that expects fidelity (Rabbi Yosef Dov Soloveitchik)אישa manone individual, physically mature, man against woman or child; a single specimen of any species, even an angel or a curtain; one who has all he needs (Pappenheim); a less material existence, so it can name angels (Mecklenburg); the adult for Ibn Yachyaאיש תככיםstrickenlisted in only some midrashic lists; the dispute is in the root: from the kaf element, stricken like mach, or from toch, a man of means or of middling circumstances, not poor at all (Wertheimer)אישיםmenthe lowest rank (Rambam), the angels who speak with human nevi'im, literally men because their level is close to that of the nevi'im; they sometimes act like men (Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo Movshovitz); ish implies a more abstract, immaterial existence (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)איתיאלIsiel (Itiel)at Mishlei 30:1; read as iti, with me, plus el, power, "with me is the power" not to be harmed by the horses, silver and wives a king is warned against (the Midrash on Devarim 17:16-17)איתןsteadfaststrength that holds back, as a river bank holds the waters (Rabbi Edel); something strong and durable that has lasted, like bedrock (Rav Hirsch); inherent, qualitative strength compressed from connected parts, or a Divine gift of strength (Pappenheim); ever giving without tiring, from tan (Shadal)אכסנאיguestthe rabbinic word for the guest lodging temporarily, as against achsanyah, the inn or host (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); the two words sometimes get mixed upאכסניהlodging, hostthe inn or the host who provides it (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), the host at Arachin 16b; from Greek xenos, stranger (Rabbi Ernest Klein), or a Hebrew root of gathering in (Rabbi Avi Kobernick)אלdo notalways a negative imperative about something one might yet do, never about a past act, with one exception at Shmuel I 27:10 (Rabbi Ber Oppenheimer); do not, never did notאלהoath-curse, imprecationa curse expressly invoking Hashem (Radak); a conditional curse laid down with a stipulation (Rabbi Mecklenburg); a conflict in which one wishes ill on another, kin to elach (Rav Hirsch); an oath with a curse, from Eloah (Shadal)אלהיםrank of angels (no settled English)the seventh rank; names any entity in a position of power or authority, and is used of an angel, a judge, a navi, and of Hashem Himselfאלונקיlancea rabbinic word, from Greek lonche, the ancestor of English "lance" (Rabbi Shmuel Krauss); the Persian version was poison-tipped, which is why Shmuel says its victim will not live (Gittin 70a)אלוףin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingאלחtainted, sulliednot soiling by something disgusting but the spoiling of an otherwise uniform substance by an incompatible admixture, an unwanted liquid sullying something else (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a clash of one party against another (Rav Hirsch)אליבאin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartאליוןthumbthe Targumim's word for bohen; related by linguists to alyah, tail fat, the thumb being the fattest fingerאליליםnothings, hollow thingshollow, with no holy spirit within (Malbim); or nothings, from al, not, their power sheer nothingness (Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Ramban); the printed Rashi to Shabbos 149a links them to chalalim, lifeless corpsesאלמןwidowerthe masculine, once in Tanach (Yirmiyahu 51:5); its existence is the Chasam Sofer's objection to deriving almanah from the widow's kesubahאלמנהwidowfrom א-ל-ם, muteness, since she is left with nobody to speak up for her (Ibn Janach, adopted by Radak, Ibn Parchon and Rav Hirsch); in Mishnaic usage it widens to any previously married woman, divorced or widowedאלמנותwidowhoodthe abstract state (Bereishis 38:14, 38:19, Shmuel II 20:3, Yeshayahu 54:4); the masculine equivalent almon appears once (Yeshayahu 47:9)אלמניאAlemannia, Germanyfrom the Alamanni, seemingly a Germanic confederacy, behind French Allemagne and Spanish Alemania; used mainly by the meforshim of Spain and France, Radak among themאֶלֶףoxthe poetic word, eight appearances in Tanach; the strongest sort of ox, from a strong hold (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); from yalif, to learn (the Vilna Gaon), a trained ox that has learned to work the land (Malbim)אַלֵּףtrain, schooldisputed: teaching done inadvertently, a person or thing serving as the example from which a lesson is drawn (Malbim), against the learner's firm grasp of material won by repeated instruction, from lamed-peh, a strong hold (Pappenheim)אָלַץpressing with wordsa hapax, Delilah pressing Shimshon; cajoling with words, from ל-ץ as in melitzah (Pappenheim); tied to lachatz (Ramban, Radak); making a man angry (Ibn Janach); Chazal read it as Delilah slipping away from beneath him (Sotah 9b)אָלַץpressing, urgingDelilah's pressure on Shimshon (Shoftim 16:16); Ramban ties it through chalatz to lachatz by metathesis, while Sefer HaShoham and Ben Yehoyada tie it directly to chalatz, slipping awayאלקיםin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastאמהmaidservant, handmaidthe dignified position, a nursemaid to her master's children, from eim, "mother" (Bedersi), or a housekeeper who oversees the household rather than doing menial work (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אמוץchestnut, burgundychamutz with aleph for ches (Ibn Janach, Radak); a weaker red than adom (Radak), chestnut-colored (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi)אמירהsay, tellgentle speech (Rashi); communication aimed at a hearer who takes in the meaning (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rav Hirsch); speech that switches reality (Mecklenburg); absolute (Malbim), or the short headline (Rabbi Shmuel Jaffa-Ashkenazi); the Oral Torah (Rabbeinu Bachya); the Vilna Gaon seems to reverse the pair; intimate and quiet (Kedushas Levi)אמןcraftsman, expertOnkelos's rendering of choshev, common in Mishnah but not in Tanach; any craftsman (Machberes Menachem) or only an expert (Radak); in the Gemara a bloodletter or barber (Rashi), and a circumciserאמץfortitude, resolvestrength above the normal measure (Bedersi, Wertheimer); strength of the heart (Vilna Gaon, Malbim); resilient strength that recharges and never falters (Malbim to Yeshayahu 28:2); spiritual resolve to stay in the battle (Shapira-Frankfurter); squeezing out every last ounce of energy, from מ-ץ (Pappenheim)אמצעmiddlethe middle of Mishnaic Hebrew, absent from Tanach; root מ-צ-ע (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), a root the classical lexicographers deny; from the Greek mesos (Avraham Even-Shoshan); Aramaic metzia, as in Bava Metziaאמתin the falsehood group: falsehood, lie, deceit, fabricationאןin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereאנהto where, whitherasks after a destination rather than a present place (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), and by extension after a target time, "until when" (Bamidbar 14:11)אנושmortal, frail manman in his weakness and degradation; a root meaning weak and sickly (Radak); powers weak beside greater spiritual beings (Pappenheim); ish with a diminutive nun (Wertheimer); the plural anashim means men of importance (Rashi); the elder for Ibn YachyaאניIthe plain first person, without stress (Maharal); the news is in the predicate (Malbim, Pappenheim); marks the speaker off from the one addressed (Rav Hirsch); speaks for the soul (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel); from Hashem, it can be a Name (Mecklenburg)אניהshipthe general Biblical word, modified for type (oniyos Tarshish, oni shayit); from the root of an, "where," since a ship's course does not show its destination (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אנךin the first person group: I, I myself, plumb lineאנכיI myselfthe emphatic, weightier and rarer form, one stressing himself (Maharal); the news is in the subject, I and no other (Malbim, Pappenheim), or rather nearness to the one addressed (Rav Hirsch); kabbalistic weight (Rabbeinu Bachya); the body, from anach, a plumb line (Edel)אָנַףangerthe same word as af with an extra nun (Rabbeinu Efrayim), or the true root of af, whose nun sometimes drops out (Radak); anger that spurs one to immediate revenge (Rokeach); from נ-ף, the body convulsing with anger (Pappenheim)אָנַףin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingאנקליותhookthe Mishnaic word, especially the barbed part of a hook; apparently a Greek loanword from a root meaning to bend, kin to anchor and angle; Targum's word for shfataim and, at Iyov 40:26, agmon; from ע-ק-ל with a nun added (Hoil Moshe)אנשיםin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalאסורin the prohibition group: prohibition, warning, forewarning, forbiddenאסיפהgathering ingathering scattered things to bring them where they belong, and indoors (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel, Rashi, Malbim); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, gathering all at onceאסירהtie down, detaintying down without the consent of what is tied, as a captive, and so related to yissurin and issur (Malbim); from samech-reish, removal, the freedom of movement taken away (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אסםin the placing group: place, put, set, layאסתןnorththe Gemara's Aramaic word for north (Kesubos 23a); perhaps related to Aramaic asuta, health, alluding to the healing properties of the north wind (Rabbeinu Bachya)אסתרEstherfrom nistar, hidden, since she concealed her people (Rabbi Yehuda, Megillah 13a); or the gentiles' name for her after Istahar (Rabbi Nechemiah; the Vilna Gaon)אַףangernose or face; anger physically visible in the face, typically born of emotion and at times roused spontaneously (Malbim); the nose emitting smoke (Rabbeinu Efrayim); the beginning of anger and anger in thought, against cheimah (Vilna Gaon)אַףnose, angerthe biblical word, meaning nose in only 22 of its 414 appearances and otherwise anger or even, also, with the dual apayim the face (Kutscher); anger shows in the flaring nose (Rashi); the face-nose link runs from the nose as the face's outstanding feature (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim) or from face as the core sense (Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras)אפדנאpalacethe luxury sense, a palace in Daniel and in the Gemara a grand room, a royal triclinium (Rashi); the luxurious home of a free man, from פ-ד (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Persian (Rabbi Ernest Klein) or Akkadian (Dr. Chaim Tawil) in originאפופלסמוןbalsama third Rabbinic term, in Bereishis Rabbah, for balsam with a strong smell, most likely from Greek opobalsamum, flowing fragrant, and so bound up in the end with balsamonאפותיקיdesignated property, hypothecnever held by the creditor, but a specific asset earmarked for collection on default, "from here you shall collect" (Rashi; Sefer HeAruch)אפילהthick darknessdarker than choshech (Radak), with no sun, and no moon or stars either (Malbim); or a covering, something tangible that blocks the light from reaching the eye (Ibn Parchon, Edel)אפיםin the nose group: nose, nostril, face, angerאפיקורוסscofferdenies prophecy, Moshe Rabbeinu's prophecy, or that Hashem knows man's deeds (Rambam); in settled usage one who insults the Torah and talmidei chachamim (Sanhedrin 99b); tied to hefker (Rambam) or to Epicurusאפלהin the darkness group: darkness, thick darkness, utter darkness, gloomאפסnothing, non-existentnothing or non-existent, the edge of existence, and also but, however; that sense is distinct (Menachem Ibn Saruk) or all its meanings interrelate (Radak); what has reached its end, from פ-ס (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אפסרreinsthe bit or reins, from Persian; taking hold of an animal's afsar acquires the animal, so in the Bavli it names the legal mechanism by which anything is acquiredאפעהcompletely evil snakea completely evil snake that portends only bad (Rashi), though Radak makes it one with tzifoni; only a male and a female exist (Rashi, Mahari Kara); the shorter, thicker, more venomous female saraph-nachash (Ibn Parchon); a rattlesnake, from פ-ע (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אפרasheswhat fire leaves, matter broken down into particles by burning (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); grows nothing (Zohar); ashes have no fruitful future, as in Avraham's afar va'eifer (Netziv); burnt through with no fire left, against deshen (Rabbi Eliezer Lipman Lichtenstein); hot and dry (Rabbeinu Efrayim)אפרוחhatchlingthe bird that has just flowered out of its egg, from the root of perach (Ibn Janach, Radak); where contrasted with gozal, the younger stage, still needing its mother and unable to fly (Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetsky, Rabbi Shmuel Ashkenazi)אפריוןpalanquina hapax in Shir HaShirim; glossed as a chuppah (Parenzo, the Maharsha); a mobile enclosure a woman travels in, per the Mishnah (Rabbi Klein); on the paryanka reading a palanquin, the chuppah gloss stating its halachic role, not its meaning, as Rashi to Yevamos 110a makes it a sedan; a bed for bringing forth children, from pri (Pappenheim); a crown, as some explain (Machberes Menachem); grace, in the Gemara's apiryon nimtayei (Rashi to Niddah 20b)אפרסמוןbalsam oilthe commonest Rabbinic word for balsam oil, absent from the Mishnah, used to anoint kings without the shemen hamishchah; the foremost oil (Rashi); from Old Persian, or from pirsum, publicized (Rabbi Yosef Teomim-Frankel); in Modern Hebrew persimmonאץhurryingpressing a man to move faster, from צ, going out (Pappenheim); or, at Bereishis 19:15, physically pushing Lot, since Onkelos there renders it d'chak (Posen)אצטבאplatform, colonnadea raised platform, mostly in the Beis HaMikdash; Rashi seemingly takes it as synonymous with duchan, while Rabbi Ernest Klein gives it five senses, colonnade to wall bench, from Greek stoaאראליםrank of angels (no settled English)the third rank; something strong or important, as the Mikdash and the Mizbeach are called Ariel and Harel (the anonymous commentator); those who tell the other angels Hashem's decrees (the school of the Rokeach); in Kesubos 104a, those charged with carrying out the decreeארבהlocustnamed for its multitudes, from harbeh (Radak); both one species and the umbrella word for every kind; heads the four permitted species of Vayikra 11:22; Aramaic govai (Chullin 65a)ארגוןargaman (variant)the same word with vav for mem (Divrei HaYamim II 2:6), and the Aramaic argevana of Targum and Daniel 5:7ארגמןred-dyed wool (conventionally "purple")wool dyed a certain color rather than a color word, on which all commentators agree; Rambam (Klei HaMikdash 8:13) makes the shade red, and none of the traditional sources makes it the red-blue mixture English now calls purple; a darker red, standing for man (Rav Hirsch)ארוחהin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingארוןark, chest, coffinthe Aron HaBris and Yosef's coffin, neither afloat nor holding a living person; in the Yerushalmi built of three teivos; in Modern Hebrew a closet, against teivah the storage chestאֲרוּסָהin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationאֲרוּסָהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughארורcursed, a cursethe true, intense curse, used for cursing a king (Vilna Gaon); broad and all-inclusive, able to stand alone (Rabbi Mecklenburg); narrowly, the working-out of a curse in one specific thing (Malbim), and so arah is a limited curse against the all-embracing kavah (Rabbeinu Efrayim); said not to a man's face (Shadal)ארזפתאin the hammer group: mallet, hammer, sledgehammer, smith's hammerארחin the path group: way, road, path, streetאריin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessאריהlionnamed for yirah, since everyone fears it (Rabbi Levi); a large lion (Rashi); the middle stage, when its roar frightens (Vilna Gaon); after kfir and before lavi and layish (Radak); an older lion, one with layish and lavi (Abarbanel)אריסטוןgreat feasta great feast (Ohr Zarua), as the ariston Hashem will make for the tzaddikim (Vayikra Rabbah 13:3)ארמוןpalace, castlethe general and most common word, 32 times, covering both a king's residence and a fortified stronghold; from ר-ו-ם, height (Ibn Janach, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), or a root of its own (Radak)ארמלתאwidow (Aramaic)the Targumic and Talmudic standard, and the Mishnah already has the verb nisarmelah; for Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein the same word as almanah in Aramaic dressארנונאcrop taxa crop tax, a tenth of one's animals and grain every year (Rashi); or the meal each city owed a king or army passing through (Rabbi Nosson of Rome), Greek for a meal or meaning partnership (Rabbeinu Nissim); in Modern Hebrew property taxארסvenomvenom, most often a snake's, Talmudic and not Biblical, and not the general word for poison; derived from Latin virus (Kohut, Ernest Klein, Even-Shoshan), which the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon calls highly dubiousאֶרֶץlandland as territory, a nation's settled land or country (Vilna Gaon); the whole planet down to its core (Malbim); reaches what lies underground, so bread comes from it (Rabbi Moravsky); land in its unblemished state (Pri Megadim); the Maharshal inverts it, confining eretz to the surfaceאֶרֶץlandfrom REISH-TZADI, running, the ALEPH not being a root letter; the land that ran to do Hashem's ratzon (Bereishis Rabbah 5:8), or that never stops moving (Radak), and so the active land, often Eretz Yisrael specificallyארץ חםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsארץ תחתיתin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionארקאeartha hapax, in the one Aramaic pasuk of Yirmiyahu (10:11), though Rabbi Shmuel Yaffe-Ashkenazi holds the word itself Hebrew, beside the Aramaic ara there; Midrash Mishlei reads it from fleeingאשfirethe general, ordinary word for fire; the Targumim usually render it aisha, sometimes nura, the latter tending where a fire burns or roasts something (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)אשכולEshkolanother name of the city per the Midrash, from Avraham's ally Eshkol; spelled without a vav at first and with one afterwards, for the cluster of grapes (Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky)אשכנזAshkenaz; later, Germanyin Tanach a son of Gomer and a kingdom (Bereishis 10:3; Yirmiyahu 51:27), which Shadal insists has nothing to do with Germany; by Rashi's day it already means Germany, and leshon Ashkenaz means Germanאשכרgift (no settled English)obscure and disputed; the root four letters or the last three, ש-כ-ר (Radak); choice fruits, as against a minchah of gold and silver (Ibn Ramoch); a gift of aesthetic worth that leaves the receiver as though drunk, shikur (Wertheimer); from sachar, reward (Malbim)אשנבsmall window, latticetwice in Tanach; a small window (Rabbi Yosef Kara, Meiri), a peephole narrow outside and wide within (Rid), or a latticed one (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Rabbi Moshe David Valle)אשרin the place group: place, site, location, spotאשריםcultic postsfrom ishur, validation, praised only by others and with no powers of its own; of moon worship, borrowing its light (Malbim); from yashar, straightening, since a fallen idol must be set up again by others (Pirush HaRaavad)אתwithusually the untranslatable object marker, sometimes to, from, or with; an unequal pair, one active and one passive (the Vilna Gaon, Malbim), or the stronger, deliberate, more equal with (Pappenheim, Rabbi Mecklenburg); the same as im, both setting the parties as equals (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah to Devarim 5:4)אָתָהarrivelike bo faces the destination but names only the arrival, never the way there, a coming with more finality (Rabbi Pappenheim, cited by Malbim); at Devarim 33:2 the Aramaic synonym of baאתוin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withאתוןjenny, she-assspecifically the female (Radak); for Shadal first the female of the wild pere, later widened to the domestic; for Pappenheim not a feminine at all but the donkey at its full strengthאתיin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withאַתִּיקcornera biblical rarity (Yechezkel 41:15, 42:3); of a quadriliteral root of its own (Ibn Saruk), from the root of disengaging (Ibn Janach, Radak), or static, a panel holding a wall in place (Pappenheim)אתרplacethe standard Aramaic word, the Targumim's regular rendering of makom (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); in Hebrew only in derech ha'atarim, which most read from spying; related to Arabic and Ethiopic verbs of tracing or tracking (Ernest Klein, Greenblatt)אתרוגcitronthe Mishnaic and Targumic name of the fruit; for the Ramban it is the Aramaic equivalent of hadar, a cognate of arag/ragig, "desirable"אתרונגאcitron (affected form)for Shmuel, one who says etronga is to be suspected of haughtiness; say etrog with the chachamim or etroga with the common folk (Kiddushin 70a)באin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingבארin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationבבאgate, doorway; sectionTalmudic Aramaic, absent from Biblical Aramaic and never used by the Targumim to render a Hebrew word, though it appears in Targum to Esther in an addition to the text; Rashi renders it shaar, petach, or deles, and it also means a set or a section of a text (Rabbi Yitzchak Frank)בגדgarmentthe hypernym, covering every kind of clothing (Malbim); Maharik narrows it to an unfitted piece of cloth like a tallis; kin to begidah, treachery, the facade a man puts up (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)בגללon account of, because ofthe backward-looking because: a reason that already exists before the act and justifies it (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim, Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg, Malbim)בַּדlinena single-fiber linen thread, from bad, alone (Ralbag, Abarbanel); a linen garment, called alone because linen was never blended with another material (Pappenheim); the word for the Kohen Gadol's white garments on Yom Kippur; linen, as Egyptian priests wore (Benamozegh)בַּדstavethe carrying staves of the Mishkan vessels; from ב-ד-ד, alone, the branch singled out among its peers, or the thick low branch that looks like a tree standing alone (Pappenheim)בהוvoidemptiness, rendered reikanya (Targum Onkelos, Rashi); form (Ramban) or matter (Ralbag); bad, beyond useless (Shadal); some minimal tangibility (Sefer HaBahir); an external structure whose interior is not yet filled (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)בְּהֵמָהdomesticated animalthe domesticated animal that lives among people and has a use for them, for meat or burden (Ibn Ezra, Radak); against that, the herbivore that feeds only on plants (Ramban); named for the sounds animals make (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg, Rabbi Aharon Marcus)בְּהֵמָהdomesticated animalthe standard word, near two hundred occurrences; the animal subservient to man, a platform (bamah) for his elevation (Rav Hirsch); alternatively named for its confused, meaningless noise (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)בהמותin the animal group: animal, beast, domesticated animal, wild animalבהןthumb, big toethe Torah's word; the same as gudal (Rashi to Vayikra 14:14), or the middle joint of the gudal (Toras Kohanim); spelled as bahen, on them, for the thumb's role over the other fingers (Abarbanel)בואcomelooks at the destination and covers both arriving and being on the way (Rabbi Pappenheim); implies going inside (Tosafists, Zohar); coming repeatedly and willingly (Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk)בוכהin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingבולBulthe older name of the eighth month, used once in Tanach (Melachim I 6:38); the Yerushalmi (Rosh Hashanah 1:2) hears in it novel, leaves falling, bul, clods of wet earth, and bolel, fodder mixed indoorsבוסtrample down, crush underfoottreading on what was not necessarily destined to be trodden on, so the act itself registers that the walker thinks it unimportant (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); tied to boz and bizayon (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi), though Rashi simply equates it with romesבוסתןgardenthe ordinary word for a garden in the Aramaic of the Gemara; defined by pardes (Rashi) and by gan (Rashbam); an orchard (Rashi to Bava Metzia 39b); a loanword from Middle Persian bostan (Rabbi Ernest Klein)בּוּץfine linenfine linen as a material (Ralbag, Abarbanel), the later Hebrew and Aramaic word, on one view rendering the Egyptian sheish (Daas Zekeinim); linen already worked, against kitna (Rabbi Yaakov Zev Lev); a flax that grows in watery soil (Pappenheim); later than sheish and bahd (Hurvitz)בּוֹץin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondבּוֹקֵרin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferבּוֹקֶרmorningthe whole morning, a stretch from sunrise until four hours into the day or midday, not a moment (Malbim, Wertheimer), though Wertheimer hesitates over Bereishis 22:3; from a root meaning to seek out and discern, since only daylight tells things apart (Ibn Ezra, Radak); boke'a ohr, light breaking through (Shadal)בורuncultured man, ignoramusMishnaic; either an uncultivated field left desolate (Rashi, Tashbetz, Bartenura to Avos 2:5), a mind empty as a pit, bor (Rabbi Dr. Asher Weiser), or simply a form of ba'ar (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); a farmer (Pri Megadim)בור שאוןPit of Noiseliterally the Pit of Noise, perhaps the Pit of Silence, since shaon and sha'anan are related (Rabbi Klein, after Ibn Janach); or from shoah, destruction, like avadon and shachat (Rashi, Radak)בורחrun awayrunning from a feared future threat with nobody in pursuit (Sforno); clandestine, from a danger not yet immediate, and from an intelligent being (Malbim); attends only to the place fled from (Wertheimer), or, the reverse, the end of flight, toward a place prepared (Pappenheim); to somewhere far (Sefer HaChochmah)בּוּשָׁהin the delay group: delay, lateness, tarry, lingerבּוּשָׁהshamethe general, milder word, and the one written first when it stands beside another (Radak); covers shame for a good reason as well as a bad one, and can be merely social, the thief ashamed at being seen (Edel); in private (Vilna Gaon)בושםfragrance, spicesthe wide word for fragrant goods, never balsam in particular in Tanach, though Greek balsamon seems to derive from it; bo plus sam, an elixir in it (Ramban); from ס-ם, a thing put in its designated place (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)בוששlong overduean excessive delay, hours upon hours (Shapira-Frankfurter), a lateness beyond the lateness (Malbim); the delay one ought to be ashamed of, tied to bushah (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); for Weisel, being held up by forces beyond one's controlבזin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootבזהplunderthe lesser loot taken after the valuables, akin to bizayon (the Vilna Gaon); movable property other than jewelry (Rashi); property already taken as loot (Malbim); from ב-ז, considered unimportant (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)בזיוןcontempt, disparagementholding something utterly worthless, a stronger disparagement than kalon, the object treated as valueless where kalon only undervalues it (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); perhaps a cognate of bushah (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche)בחורyoung mana young man, especially of military age, never exclusively unmarried in Tanach, though colloquially and at Taanis 4:8 unmarried; from ב-ח-ר, choice, the choicest in strength (Radak, Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras)בטחin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeבטחוןtrustan emotional state, confidence about a good future and serenity in turmoil, saying nothing of what one does about it (Malbim); trust that Hashem will do what He promised (Vilna Gaon)בטלvoidthe Rabbinic verb for nullification, as in bitul chametz and bitul b'rov, extending to idleness and futility; apparently Aramaic in origin, seven times in Tanach; perhaps tied to tal, dew, which is soon gone (Rabbi Klein)בטלהin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainביאהin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingביאורelucidationgoes beneath the surface to bring up what is hidden (Malbim); a clear manner of writing, expanding on an idea with words (Shadal); separates the correct explanation from mistaken ones (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); answers what is said (Rabbi Reuven Subar)ביכוריםDay of the First FruitsBamidbar 28:26; the first day on which bikkurim may be brought (Bikkurim 1:3)בימהstage, daisthe Mishnaic stage or dais, as the king's at Hakhel, and the shul's reading table; from Greek bema, and unrelated to the native Biblical bamah (Kutscher)בינהunderstandingunderstanding one matter from within another; telling one datum from another, from bein (Bedersi); building on an idea, from ב-ן (Pappenheim); the abstract counterpart of chochmah (Malbim); the big picture against tevunah's parts (Pappenheim); the Oral Torah (the Vilna Gaon); weighing what one has learned against what one knows (Chasam Sofer)בינתאa hairone single strand (Rabbi Klein), as a hair drawn out of milk; only three times in Targum (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); the strand that comes loose from the maziaביצהmiremuddy, swampy ground, from botz, mud; matter of a mucus-like consistency, neither pourable nor solid, as in beitzah, an egg (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Rashi renders it maresc, as he does achu and agamביתhouseholdthe people under one roof rather than the building (Radak, Rashi); in some places specifically one's wife (Ibn Janach), as Rabbi Yose called his wife baisiבית המקדשin the sanctuary group: Mishkan, Tabernacle, Mikdash, Templeבכרyoung camelthe newborn, male becher and female bichrah, before it can bear loads (Sefer HeAruch); the young she-camel runs wilder because she is not used to a burden (Rashi to Sanhedrin 52a)בכרהin the camel group: camel, she-camel, young camel, dromedaryבלshall not, the prohibition ofin Tanach the same as lo (Rashi), mostly stating a fact rather than a command; Chazal use it to name a prohibition the Torah issued with lo, and why they switched is disputed (Rabbi Meir HaMeili, Rabbi Reuven Margolios, Rabbi Ber Oppenheimer, Rabbi Eliyahu Gutmacher)בלוfood tax, head taxan expression of wearing out, a tax on food, which is digested (Rabbi Toledano); for the Gemara the same as gulgalta moneyבְּלִיin the negation group: not, do not, shall not, withoutבְּלִיin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtבלימהnothingonce in Tanach (Iyov 26:7), the nothing on which Hashem hangs the earth; bli plus mah, without anything (Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Ibn Ezra, Radak); Chazal read it from ב-ל-ם, holding back (Chullin 89a)בלסםbalsamthe Rabbinic Hebrew word by which Bereishis Rabbah identifies the tzari Yaakov sent, from Greek balsamon and Latin balsamum; seemingly borrowed straight from Greek, where afarsemon came through Old PersianבלשןBilshanread by Megillah 16b and Menachos 65a as a title of Mordechai, bayil lishni v'darish, one who blends languages and expounds; Ibn Ezra takes it as a second man's nameבלתיin the negation group: not, do not, shall not, withoutבָּמָהhigh place, private altarliterally a high place, a private altar outside the central place of worship; related to the bimah, the raised platform, and permitted only while the central sanctuary was temporary (Zevachim 14:6)בָּמָהin the platform group: base, pedestal, stand, postבמהin the sibling-in-law group: brother-in-law, sister-in-law, levirate marriage, father-in-lawבןsonthe Hebrew word and the word of Tanach, written in a get (Rabbi Yaakov Margolis); from ב-ן, building and producing, the child as the product of his parents' marriage (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rabbi Meir Mintzberg)בנותin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבני אלהיםrank of angels (no settled English)the eighth rank, just below the elohim in Rambam's count; so called because they are secondary to the elohimבני ישראלin the names of the Jewish people group: Hebrew, Israelite, Jew, the other sideבסיסbasea loanword, once in the Mishnah for the base of a candelabrum, and in halachah the base of a forbidden object; from Latin and Greek basis (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein), against ב-ס, to trample (Pappenheim)בעבורin order that, so thatthe forward-looking because: the reason does not yet exist and is the intended outcome (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim, Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg, Malbim); hence baavur zos of Pharaoh, who had no standing merit to justify sparing himבעירbeast, livestockrare (six times in Tanach in the sense of animal); a wholly subdued creature, even more subject to man than a behemah, driven only by instinct, and cognate with ba'ar, the boor (Rav Hirsch)בעלhusband, masterlording and awe (Rashi), bare ownership as of the *baal hashor* (Maharsha); from *bo'el*, the active party in intimacy (Maharal, the Vilna Gaon); kin to *paal*, the one who initiates over a subdued vassal (Rav Hirsch); short for ba al (Benamozegh)בערbrute, boora man so devoid of intelligence that he is sub-human, as though a be'ir (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel, Malbim); Ibn Saruk files be'ir under this sense, not under grazingבצורתfaminethe rabbinic term, from the Biblical shnas batzores, a year of famine (Rashi); closest to the root's sense of withholding, people pressed into narrow straits (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)בצקrisen doughthe ordinary biblical word for dough; dough already kneaded into one batch and beginning to rise, the root also meaning swollen (Mecklenburg); simply synonymous with arisah (Ibn Janach, Radak)בצרgold oregold (Ibn Janach, Radak, Ralbag), silver (Ibn Ezra), a stronghold (Menachem, Rashi), or the crude ore that yields gold when refined (Rabbi Yeshayah of Trani)בקיעהsplit opensplitting from the inside outward, as a hatchling bursts out of its egg; the Written Torah's verb for the sea, split from within at Hashem's word (Rabbi Shmuel Borenstein of Sochatchov); kin to betza, kuf and tzadi interchanging (Shadal)בקעhalf-shekelfrom ב-ק-ע, "to split"; half a shekel (Rashi, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, Radak), meaning the Biblical shekel, which is why Onkelos can render it tikla, a shekel in the Rabbinic sense (Rabbi Yaakov Zev Lev)בקרcattlethe collective; from probing and seeking (Radak); domesticated cattle that need watching and defending, the work of the boker (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg)בקשהrequestthe unscripted request for one's needs in one's own words; Yaakov's bow, powerful through the urgency behind it rather than its words (Rabbi Simcha Maimon), reaching Heaven from afar (Rabbi Shmuel Laniado); asking for one's needs (Rashi to Berachos 31a)בָּרgrain cleaned of its chaffgrain already separated from its chaff, from ב-ר, separating (Pappenheim); chosen or refined grain, stored that way for room (Rabbi Yitzchok of Volozhin)בַּרsonthe Aramaic equivalent, Targum's rendering of every ben; also means outside or separate, the child separated from his mother at birth (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), which is why a get avoids it (Rabbi Yaakov Margolis); in Mishlei 31:2 Hebrew for choicest (Malbim)בריחהin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightברכהin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyברקןthorntwice, both beside kotz; from ב-ר-ק with barak, lightning, the sharp thorn named for a sword's glow, whose power is its sharpness (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg)ברתin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבשבילbecausenot in Tanach, entering with Chazal; usually does the work of biglal, though once with the sense of baavur; from shvil, the road of ankles, as eikev is both ankle and because (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)בשםin the placing group: place, put, set, layבשמיםin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceבששin the delay group: delay, lateness, tarry, lingerבתin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבתרcut in halfcutting an animal in two for a covenant, the parties passing between the halves; kin to bris, with the same three consonants (Pappenheim); whence bris, by metathesis (Shadal)גאולהredemption, deliveranceby sheer force, with no payment (Vilna Gaon); a change of ownership (Rabbi Chaim of Brisk); positive, raised above one's circumstances (Chatam Sofer); born of closeness, as goel hadam (Malbim); the profane brought into holiness, or the nation (Stern); the release itself, the aim of the act (Pappenheim)גאלin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemגבin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackגבולborder, territorythe Biblical word, at its core the whole territory the borders enclose (Rav Hirsch); the point of convergence that both separates and merges (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah); the border that unites a land as one (Rabbi Rivlin); cognate with Arabic jabal, mountain (Gesenius)גבורהmight, heroismthe act that actualizes potential koach, an outward show of strength (Pappenheim); koach used proactively to defeat opposition (Rabbi Mecklenburg); heroism given to man alone to transcend the survival instinct (Rabbi Soloveitchik); physical strength (Shapira-Frankfurter); power within nature, against oz (Wessely); from gavah, the higher overpowering (Shadal)גבינהcheesethe ordinary word and the one Chazal use, once in Tanach; from a bulge, cheese heaping up (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); something integral removed, liquid from curds (Rabbi Avi Kobernick); possibly Aramaic in originגבירהin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalגבליםin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitגבןin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackגבנוניםin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackגבעהhillraised ground whose top does not come to a point but stays flat, a plateau (the Vilna Gaon); or one of the ring of lower hills surrounding the mountain (Malbim); kin to *gaviah*, a goblet, and so a vessel that receives (Rabbi Eliyahu Margules)גֶּבֶרstrong manman as strength, from gevurah, usually the male (Malbim); always male as against female (Ibn Ezra), against which Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel cites gender-neutral uses; the adolescent for Ibn Yachyaגֶּבֶרroosterusually "man" or "male," and seemingly a cognate of gevurah, strength; called a rooster because its voice stands out among birds as a man's does among women's (Rabbeinu Efrayim); hence the rooster for kaparos, standing in for a man (Abudarham)גברתin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalגַּדcorianderthe seed the man resembled; coriander (Targum Yonasan, Menachem Ibn Saruk, Radak, Rashi); mustard seed (Rav Hai Gaon), with Ibn Ezra leaving it open and Onkelos not translating; the seed itself is not white (Rashi, Rashbam, Radak), though the Ralbag holds it wasגַּדfortunetwice in Tanach (Bereishis 30:11; Yeshayahu 65:11); the spiritual force attached to a particular thing or person, from the biliteral ג-ד, "attaching" (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a grouping of stars acting on the world (Benamozegh)גדיkida young goat, a kid, up to a year old; with tleh, an animal still nursing (Rabbi Meir Mazuz)גדילin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentגדיליםbraided cordsthe same strings named for the braided third (Radak, Rav Hirsch), thickened by twisting so it seems to have grown (Rav Hirsch); or the strings expanding the garment's edge (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi)גדישstacka stack of grain still in the sheaf; for Pappenheim unthreshed grain, against threshed areimah, while Rambam defines it as an areimah of sheaves and seems to equate the twoגדםin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedגדעtruncatetruncating in order to destroy or render uselessגדפאin the wing group: wing, pinion, edge, peripheryגואלin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemגודגדניותa Talmudic fooda Talmudic food that Rashi renders with his Old French word for coriander, suggesting a tie to gad; a clover or a cherry (Jastrow)גודלthumbthe rabbinic word, not in Tanach; from gadol, as the thickest finger (Rabbi Shimshon of Shantz, Rabbeinu Bachya) or the most important (Abarbanel)גווןcolor, shadethe Aramaic word, absent from Tanach and seemingly from the Mishnah, apart from one possible case; Rabbi Meir Hellman makes it the abstract color as perceived, against tzeva the concrete colorantגוזלfledglingprimarily a young dove, widened to any young bird (Ibn Janach, Radak); in Biblical Hebrew simply a dove (Rabbi Yehonasan HaKohen of Lunel); the older stage, able to fly a little (Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetsky, Rabbi Shmuel Ashkenazi); tied to gezel, the young bird stealing itself away from its mother (Rav Hirsch)גוזמאoverstatementthe Gemara's word, absent from Tanach and Mishnah; a rhetorical device adding to a matter to press it home (Rashi); literally true, only its plain implication overshooting (Rabbi Yaakov Emden); a truth with its numbers swelled, from gazam, the locust (Rav Hirsch)גוזרcutterliterally "cutter," Targum Onkelos's word for milah; a Talmudic title for a circumciser (Rashi; Rabbeinu Chananel), revived in medieval Ashkenaz as an honorific that also meant halachic decisor (Rabbi Yissachar Tamar)גויnation (in the loose sense)a mass of people held together by nothing stronger than land, language, descent, or a political bargain, with no single king over them (Rabbi Yoel Ibn Shuaib, Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim, Malbim); from gviah, a collection of bodies (Malbim); a multitude of one language (the Rokeach)גולגלתאhead taxthe same poll tax as karga, an Aramaicization of gulgoles, skull, since the tax fell on each headגולםin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapגומאin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondגומדmeasurea unit of length, the same as an amah (Rashbam, Radak), or a truncated amah (Rashi, Mahari Kara, Sefer HeAruch), which Rashi reads as a metathesis of gidem, cut off (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg)גומרGomerYefes's son and Ashkenaz's father (Bereishis 10:2); Chazal identify his descendants as Germamia, and Radak reads both Gomer and Ashkenaz as Alemaniaגועלdefilement, befoulingdirtying by a pollutant disgusting in its own right, excrement or blood (Pappenheim); what one distances oneself from, against geulah, the drawing near (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg)גוץstunteda Gemara word, neither Biblical nor Mishnaic; from Greek (Mussafia), akin to French court (Kohut), or more plausibly Aramaic cutting off, height cut short (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, Sokoloff)גורlion cubthe cub still nursing (Radak); a synonym of kfir for a young lion (Abarbanel); allied to ger, the agile cub always on the move (Rabbi Yosef Ibn Kaspi); faster and stronger than a grown lion (Rashbam); an expression of fear (Rabbi Chaim Palagi)גורלlot, portionthe general word for a lot, both the drawing and the thing drawn, and for the portion allotted to a man; a positive connotation, a lottery held for a beneficial purpose (Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa)גזיזהshearingtypically an animal's wool, of a human only in a borrowed sense (Pappenheim, Yerios Shlomo); a cut that leaves a remnant standing, stubble (Pappenheim, Cheshek Shlomo)גזילהrobberytaking openly, in public or by force (Bereishis Rabbah 54:3, Rambam), before ten people or face to face by the two opinions; exempt from the fines; a violent cutting off (Ernest Klein), or taking one thing and leaving the rest (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)גזירהcut, decreeprecision cutting with a blade, sawing back and forth through something thick, whence gezeirah, a decree (Pappenheim); chosen for the sea because it means deciding as well as cutting (Rav Hirsch)גזלןin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderגזםin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechגָּזָםcutter locustthe cutter, from gozez, because it cuts the grain (Radak); first in Yoel's sequence; eats some produce and leaves the rest, from the biliteral ג-ז (Pappenheim); a crawling thing (Targum)גזמאin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechגחוןin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springגטdocument, bill of divorceany document, but unmodified a bill of divorce (Rashi, Rambam); the broader word, every shtar a gett but not every gett a shtar (Rabbi Yisrael Yaakov Algazi); scholarly consensus makes it a loanword from Akkadian gittu; called sefer in Tanach (Devarim 24:1)גידאin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedגיהנוםGehinnoma valley south of Yerushalayim where the Baal was served, its name borrowed for the sinner's afterlife; for the Gemara not a name of the place but an allusion to those who occupy themselves with what is chinam, pointlessגיחוןGichon springthe spring by Yerushalayim, from ג-ו-ח, going forth (Ibn Janach, Radak); one water with the Shiloach (Rashi, Radak), or its fountain (Gesenius); a different river from Eden's Gichon (Rashi, Rabbi Avraham Maimuni), or the same (Rav Saadia Gaon, Ibn Ezra)גיחורin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkגיטיןin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedגילin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationגילדנאsmall fishelsewhere small fish (Rashi), elsewhere a particular fish (Rashi, Rabbeinu Gershom, Rashbam); identified with the flathead grey mullet or gilt-head bream by ichthyologists that Dr. Moshe Raanan mentionsגילהexultation, a burst of joya fleeting stroke of happiness that does not continue (Malbim); a nostalgic joy recalling past joys (Vilna Gaon); the joy of a man who fathers a son (Bereishis Rabbah 63:1)גילוחshavinga person's hair cut down to the skin (Pappenheim); exposing the skin the hair had covered (Rav Hirsch), with the circular motion of cutting too (Rabbi David Golumb); the Torah's word for the metzora and the Nazirגיסbrother-in-lawMishnaic, not Biblical; a man's word, for his wife's brother or his wife's sister's husband (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim, Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi), though the Nimukei Yosef admits a sister's husband tooגיסהin the sibling-in-law group: brother-in-law, sister-in-law, levirate marriage, father-in-lawגישהapproach, come right up toapproaching in awe or across a gap in standing (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter, Malbim), or wherever there is difficulty in approaching (Malbim to Shemos 19:15), and closing the distance completely, as near as one can get (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); used of people only (Rav Hirsch)גלבbarberone appearance only, a barber (Radak); perhaps Aramaic; from Greek (Rashi, Mahari Kara); a loanword from Akkadian gallabu (Dr. Chaim Tawil); tied to peeling (Rav Hirsch) or to gvul, border (Rabbi David Golumb)גלגליםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsגלוליםdung-idolsfrom megual, defiled, and glalim, excrement; the disgust is at the idols' filthy physical state, moldy or rusted, not at the sin (Rabbeinu Shimshon of Shantz, Pirush HaRaavad); at their insect-like faces (Malbim)גלוסקאfine roll, sweet cakeRabbinic; the choice baked good one would be tempted by on Pesach (Pesachim 6b); Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia glosses it "an ugah, a small round bread"גליוןsheet, glossa single sheet written on and rolled, whence the margins and then the glosses in them (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); against that, written to be revealed (gilui), not rolled or folded (Malbim)גלימאunfitted robethe Gemara's Aramaic outer garment, often formal; made like a golem, a flat unfitted sheet (Rashi), or keeping the wrapped man from moving freely (Rabbi Nosson of Rome); linked to klimah, humiliation (Rav Hirsch, Rabbi David Golumb)גליףin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseגללdung pelletfrom the biliteral ג-ל, roundness, as in *galgal* and *gulgoles*, so named for the round cylindrical shape (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)גללtoothtooth only as Bava Kamma 2b reads Melachim I 14:10, the tort of tooth damage; teeth are rock hard (Rabbeinu Chananel), sometimes revealed and sometimes hidden (Rashi), or turn food to dung (Rashi)גמאin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeגמאpapyrus, reedpapyrus (Shadal to Shemos 2:3); the spongy reed of wetlands, from the root of agam (Pappenheim)גמדdwarfthe gamadim of Yechezkel 27:11, sounders of the sea's depth (Mahari Kara) or short people an amah tall (Radak), both in Rashi; a nation of dwarfs (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); in Talmudic Hebrew, contracting or shrinkingגמלcamelthe grown camel able to carry loads, and always masculine in form though it can include females (Sefer HeAruch; Rabbi Yitzchak Avineri); Rav Hirsch suggests perhaps it is named for weaning, the camel drinking its fill and then needing no moreגןgardenthe general word, an enclosed plot fenced and guarded so its growth is not trampled (Radak, Pappenheim); for vegetables and flowers (Rabbi Yosef Kara, Metzudas Tzion) or of several species (Ibn Ezra); the only common one in Tanachגנאיdisgrace, discreditpost-biblical, living in the Targumim and Mishnaic Hebrew; simply the opposite of praise (Rambam); from an Aramaic root of shade (Rabbi Ernest Klein), or a four-letter root of its own (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)גנבin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderגנהin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureגנוזstored away, put in the treasurythe treasure word, from the royal storehouse where a king hid his most treasured things; in the Mishnah the verb of hiding precious or holy things, and genizah the honorable disposal of holy writingsגנותin the disgrace group: disparagement, disgrace, dishonor, cheapeningגניבהstealing, thefttheft by stealth, the ganav concealing himself from his victim (Bava Kamma 79b, Rambam); trying to hide is enough even if he is seen (S'ma); he alone pays the extra fines, for respecting man more than Hashemגניזהin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedגניסרGinosarthe same city under its later name (Megillah 6a); the Targumim render Yam Kinneres as Yam Ginosar, and the Midrash reads it ganei sarim, gardens of officers (Bereishis Rabbah 98:17)געשin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringגףin the wing group: wing, pinion, edge, peripheryגפןgrapevinethe ordinary, unmarked word for a vine, 55 times in Tanach; the early grammarians (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak) take the root as ג-פ-ן, while Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim derives it from ג-ף, outward protrusion, for the vine's wing-like shoots; any vine, laden or bare (Sechel Tov); gefen while attached, zemorah once cut (Rabbeinu Bachya)גרsojournercut off from his place of origin and living somewhere temporarily, the opposite of both ezrach and toshav (Wertheimer); detachment from one's roots (Rav Hirsch, Ibn Ezra); not born there, and with no fixed dwelling to settle in all his life (Pappenheim); primarily one who repudiates avodah zarah (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)גרבmoist boils (dry, when it stands alone)paired with cheres it is the moist kind and cheres the dry; standing without cheres it means the dry kind (Rashi, from Bechoros 41a)גרגרןin the throat group: throat, neck, windpipe, tracheaגרגרתwindpipe, neckin Tanach the neck one hangs a necklace on, always plural for the trachea's rings (Rashi to Mishlei 1:9); in the Mishnah the windpipe set against the veshetגרוןthroat, windpipethe Biblical word, chiefly the pipe speech comes through (Malbim), stretched to the visible neck and once even to the food pipe; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim reverses this and makes the food pipe primaryגרזןaxe; pickthe Biblical word covering both the woodsman's axe and the stonecutter's pick, from ג-ר-ז, cutting and carving (Radak); Menachem Ibn Saruk reads it as a quadriliteral instead, and it never appears in Rabbinic Hebrew except when a pasuk is being quotedגרםbone, itselfthe bone as one part within a larger frame, whence a single step of a staircase (Metzudas Tzion to Melachim II 9:13) and causation (Rav Hirsch); for the Vilna Gaon the hollow interior where the marrow sitsגרמאin the bone group: bone, self, itself, strengthגרממיאGermaniaChazal's identification of Gomer (Yoma 10a; Yerushalmi Megillah 1:9); the Vilna Gaon emends to Germania, and Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia (Mussaf HeAruch) says plainly it is what we call the Land of Ashkenazגרמניin the bone group: bone, self, itself, strengthגרמניאin the names for Germany group: Ashkenaz, Germany, Germania, Lotharגרשgroatsfor barley what soles is for wheat (Rashi); defined with the word soles (Ibn Janach); from a root of breaking or grinding (Menachem, Ibn Janach, Radak)גשםin the the eighth month group: Bul, Marcheshvan, Cheshvan, floodגֶּשֶׁםrainthe commonest word; on one reading the general term for rain of every kind, on another the heavy or blessed rain specifically; on a third, rain by the ordinary course of nature, whence the later gashmiyus, materialityדאגin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanדאגהworry, anxietyfear of losing what one has, or of a frightening situation arriving (Rashi); worry over what is foreseen as certain (Beis HaLevi); the despondency of one steeped in anxious fright (Wertheimer); an apprehension on slight grounds, from dag (Pappenheim)דבורהin the plague group: pestilence, plague, epidemic, smitingדֶּבֶרpestilencea deadly contagious sickness passing from person to person, sudden death with no visible wound (Bachrach); named from devorah for lesions like a bee sting (Pappenheim); for Rabbi Klein an especially deadly plagueדָּבָרword, thingboth word and thing, the double sense alluding to Hashem creating the world by Divine words (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); all things are Divine words crystallized (Rabbi Akiva Tatz)דבר סתרhidden matterthe true Biblical word for a secret, Ehud's hidden matter for Eglon, from ס-ת-ר, hiding (Pappenheim)דגa fishthe plain singular; from the biliteral ד-ג, fecundity, fish being famously prolific (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); for Chazal a big fish, as against dagah; for others a male fish (Rashi) or a living one (Zohar)דגהfishdisputed: big and small fish alike (Chazal); a female fish (Rashi, Yalkut Shimoni); a dead fish (Zohar, Rabbeinu Bachya, Rabbi Avraham bar Chiya HaNasi); fish as a collective species (Ibn Ezra); one particular Egyptian fish (Rabbi Mordechai Gimpel Yaffe)דגלתTigristhe Aramaic and Rabbinic name for the same river, used by Targum Onkelos and throughout Shas; Rashi states outright that Diglat is Chidekelדגןgrainthe five grains once ripened, reaped and heaped into a smooth pile (Wertheimer); from ד-ג, fecundity, like dag (Pappenheim), though Menachem Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach and Radak give it its own root; grain threshed and winnowed (Seder Berachos)דדin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderדדיםbreastsrarer, four times in Tanach, meaning exactly what shadayim means (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Radak), though Malbim and Rabbeinu Chananel read the lower parts; unambiguously breasts in Rabbinic Hebrew; synonymous but from an infant's own sound (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi)דוברהin the boats group: ship, boat, raft, ferryדוגיתfishing skiffthe small fisherman's boat, from dag, "fish" (Rabbi Dr. Daniel Sperber); the Mishnaic equivalent (Bava Basra 73a) of siros dugah (Rashi and Radak to Amos 4:2)דּוּדbasket, pota basket in Yirmiyahu 24:1-2 but a pot in Shmuel I 2:14 and Divrei HaYamim II 35:13, the vessels being much the same shape; which one goes by contextדּוֹדfather's brother, belovedin Biblical Hebrew primarily the father's brother, never found in Scripture for a mother's brother (Rashi), rendered achvuhi by Onkelos; in Shir HaShirim it seems to mean beloved, a later expansion of its range (Rabbi Klein)דודהin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntדוחהpushes away, sets asidepushing a thing out of its place, hence for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim nidach (a refugee) and hadachah (rinsing away filth); halachically, one law overriding anotherדוחףhurries, presses onpushed into doing something faster than planned; five occurrences, usually urgent (Esther 3:15, 8:14, 6:12)דוכןplatformMishnaic, the platform the Leviim sang from and, in the Gemara, the one the Kohanim bless from; a noun, not a verb (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); kin to Aramaic duchta, place (Rabbi Yaakov Emden), or from ד-ו-ך, flattening (Ferber)דוכתאplacean Aramaic word common in the Bavli, glossed by Rashi as makom; perhaps borrowed from Old Persian dahyu, country (Perles, Kohut), which would leave atar as Aramaic's only native word for placeדוםfalling silent, stoppingthe speechlessness of one overwhelmed, a state rather than an act (Bedersi), or deliberate refusal to comment (Mecklenburg); for others simply stoppage, as the sun stopped at Givon (Yehoshua 10:12)דונגwaxthe Biblical word, always for wax as the thing that melts in fire; named for its pliability like an ear lobe (Rav Hirsch), for dei-nogah, "enough light" (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg), or from Akkadian dumqu, "shiny" (Avraham Even-Shoshan)דופקknocks, drivesa repeated beat against something; driving livestock too hard (Bereishis 33:13), knocking at a door, and later a pulse (Ramban)דורוןgiftnot in Tanach and not Hebrew or Aramaic but the Greek word for gift (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); Targum Yonasan's rendering of the minchah Yaakov sent Esavדורךtread, step, pressneutral treading, kin to derech (a path); carries no damage, and covers constructive treading such as pressing olives and grapes (Malbim)דורמיטאsleep, in the Zoharthe Zohar's word, associated there with misah, death; Rabbi Chaim Vital took it for Zoharic Aramaic, but it is not Aramaic at all (Aderet); likely from Latin dormire (Rabbi Klein, with Rabbi Yitzchak Greenblatt)דחילfearsome, dreadthe Aramaic word, Targum's usual rendering of yirah, nora and pachad; either simply the Aramaic of chil, or the general term for all fear against chil's specific one, Rav Hirsch's or Shadal's (Rabbi Klein)דחקcrowding, squeezing outpressure strong enough to force the other's hand (Schwab); the malevolent word (Ashkenazi), against pressuring for one's own benefit, shoving a man from his place for another (Pappenheim); Onkelos's word for physical pressure (Posen)דיבורspeak, addressharsh speech (Rashi), limited to intensity or boldness (Mecklenburg); a forceful announcement with raised voice (Zohar); the act of speaking, complete with no hearer (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rav Hirsch); a proposition, not absolute (Malbim); the Written Torah (Rabbeinu Bachya); out in the open (Kedushas Levi); the general term for speech (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah to Devarim 4:13)דיברותsayings, Decaloguethe Aseres HaDibros at Sinai, spoken to an assembled audience (Rabbi Klein); Hashem's absolute will, standing whether or not anyone follows it (Rav Hirsch); expectations that feel demanding (Rabbi Klein); better Ten Sayings than Ten Commandmentsדילוגskippingone foot still on the ground as the other springs (Vilna Gaon, Rambam, Rosh); the higher leap (Wertheimer); its focus is what is skipped (Lorberbaum); for an animal, not a person (Rabbi Shimshon of Shantz), a view Bartenura rejectsדימועcomminglingthe Mishnaic term for mixing, above all terumah fallen into chullin; Shemos 22:28's dimah read as terumah, for its one-in-a-hundred rule (Rashi) or as something wet (Tosafos); its root shared with dimah, tear, and with the dimah of Shemos 22:28, which most connect with the tear and Ibn Janach does notדִּיןjudgmentfocus on the receiver, so the flow is measured out by what he deserves and can be curtailed, delayed or portioned; not punishment, since Hashem gives under din too; its Name is Elokim (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)דִּיןjudgment, lawthe dispute between two litigants, whence baal din (Bedersi); the penal system that metes out punishment (Wertheimer); judicial decision and its execution, whence dayan and medinah (Pappenheim); law the intellect presumes true, or civil law (Maharal); the letter of the law (Rabbi Yosef Nechemias)דיסקאdocumentthe Bavli's word, probably Middle Persian desag, form, shape, not yet attested there as an official document (Sokoloff)דיצהmirthon many commentators' account an Aramaic form of the word for joy; beside chedvah in the wedding berachah it signals the all-inclusive joy wished on the coupleדירהin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenדךemaciatedphysically crushed, sharing a root with medochah, a pestle, gaunt from want of food; even a rich man made thin by illness (Bedersi)דלin the drawing water group: draw, draw up, draw out, lift upדַּלreducedone who lost money, even if not poor enough for charity (Malbim), specifically a rich man who lost his wealth (Kalatz); a well emptied of its water, from deli, a pail (Pappenheim)דלהdraw up, draw outdrawing from a deep well, the effortful kind, lowering a pail and hauling it up (Malbim); shares a root with "lift up" (Radak, Ibn Janach)דליin the drawing water group: draw, draw up, draw out, lift upדליותin the drawing water group: draw, draw up, draw out, lift upדלמאmaybethe Aramaic maybe, paired with shema; neutral on all accounts, as English maybe is neutral (Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino), with no leaning toward or against the outcomeדמיםprice, valuethe price or value of a thing, always plural, and a homonym of blood; property whose value is still to be assessed (Pri Megadim); from ד-מ-ה, resembling (Rabbi Ernest Klein), or from blood, as a man lives off his money (Rabbi Chaim of Friedberg, Rabbi Yaakov Emden)דמעin the wine group: wine, new wine, unfermented grape juice, red wineדמעהin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingדמשקcorner of a beda hapax (Amos 3:12); the corner of a bed, taken from the context (Radak); explained as though it meant Damesek, the city (Rashi)דעתknowledgegrasping the reason behind a lesson (Rashi, Bartenura); ruach hakodesh or reconciliation (Rashi), united as connection (Rabbi Burnstein); intellect joined to emotion (Rabbi Friedlander); new ideas thought independently (Rabbeinu Yonah); certainty (Malbim); the synthesis (Ramchal); above binah (some sources, see Maharsha) or below it (Maharal); the power to set it before others and teach them (Chasam Sofer)דקלin the tigris group: Tigris, palm treeדרגאin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentדרדרthistlea second kind of thorn beside kotz; an edible thorn of open, ownerless ground, from ד-ר, freedom (Pappenheim); its fruit peeled and eaten (Rabbi Avraham ben Shlomo); rendered atad by the Targumדרוםsoutha portmanteau of derech yom, the path of the day, because the sun generally remains in the southern hemisphere of the celestial map during the dayדרורreleasefreedom from being owned by another, from subjugation to a particular person who lords over him (Wertheimer); the Yovel word, tied to dar, the freed man dwelling in his own domain (Rashi)דרךway, roadwide and open to the public (Vilna Gaon); runs from major city to major city (Malbim); the same road as the orach, seen for its length (Pappenheim); from dorech, to tread, the path of life whose trials a man treads down (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)דרכמוןdarkemon (a coin)a named coin worth two selaim (Rambam to Shekalim 2:1), so Rabbi Klein presumes that Targum Yonasan uses it for beka loosely, "a coin"דשןashes, fatty asha narrower word for ashes, and disputed; burnt with fire still glowing inside, like an ember (Rabbi Eliezer Lipman Lichtenstein); the ashes of the avodah in the Mikdash (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter); animal ash only, named for its residual fat (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)דתlaw, edictthe king's law or edict in Megillas Esther, not religion (Rabbi Klein); against din, what was done in practice (Rabbi Yosef Nechemias), the law of the land (Ibn Ezra), or the ruler's fiat beyond reason (Rabbi Tzadok HaKohen); practice by force of custom (Pappenheim); perhaps a Persian loanword (Gesenius); the Torah has no word for religion at all (Rav Hirsch)האזיןgive earfrom ozen, the ear's own physical act, saying nothing of grasp; listening of any kind, or inferring what is implicit (Rokeach); listening from near (Sifrei), though Chizkuni, Abarbanel and Rabbi Yitzchak Arama reverse itהאידנאnowan Aramaic now outside Tanach, read as a portmanteau of ha idana, this time (Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia), though idana begins with an ayin and ha'idna with an aleph (Rabbi Klein)הבאיhyperbolethe older word, already in the Mishnah; the way plain people speak, overstated but not lying (Rashi); still something to be taken seriously and studied (Rabbi Menachem Azariah of Fano); from the Aramaic for a thorn (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur) or from habaim, foolishness (Rabbeinu Tam)הביטlookseeing what a glance would miss, so deliberate looking (Vilna Gaon); the look of one above at what is below (Bereishis Rabbah), both accepted (Malbim); turning the head toward, not deliberate in itself (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)הבלfutilitythe less intense word, something that exists but has no purpose (Bedersi); what looks valuable but proves worthless (Shadal); against these, total nothingness (Malbim); somewhat substantial but mostly useless, from ב-ל, negation (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)הבריקהwent blindthe Mishnah's verb, of a hired donkey (Bava Metzia 6:3); another reading has hivdikahהגדהtellingtelling in the strong sense, forceful (Rashi) and new (Ibn Ezra, Radak); a drawn-out narrative (Netziv); giving a past event present relevance (Rabbi Bergmann); relaying what one experienced directly (Wertheimer); an expression of thanks (Abudraham)הגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountהגמיאיניlet me drinkthe servant's own request, used once in the parashah; the early lexicographers give the root ג-מ-א; Rashi ties it to Mishnaic ג-מ-ע, swallowing (Rashi); Pappenheim to ג-ם, drinking the way a reed soaks up water (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)הדחהrinsingfrom ד-ח, pushing away what water can carry (Ibn Saruk, Pappenheim); exterior with a minimum of water (Wertheimer); a plain rinse (Bedersi); for blood, against rechitzah for filth (Sefer HaShem)הדיוטcommoner, laymana Greek loanword; the commoner against the leadership, the ordinary non-professional against the craftsman, and the Kohen hedyot against the Kohen Gadol (Mishnah)הדסהHadassahfrom hadas, myrtle, to which the righteous are likened (Rabbi Meir, from Zecharyah 1:8); named once only, at Esther 2:7הדףthrusts away, dislodgespushing away what is not firmly rooted, and so pushed away easily (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim; Malbim)הדקלTigristhe Samaritan reading of Bereishis 2:14, with a hei in place of the ches; not a Masoretic formהָדָרgloryoutward, visible, reflected beauty, the moon's light (Vilna Gaon); the esrog's fruit, beautiful to the eye (Malbim); kingship's trappings without its essence (Rabbi Simcha Maimon); from Aramaic for returning (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); of Hashem, His role in the world (Rav Hirsch)הָדָרbeautiful, splendidin Tanach the word means glory or beauty, and identifies the citron only through the Oral Torah, the derashos of Chazal being asmachta (Ibn Ezra; Rambam)הדרin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyהדרכהguidance, counselcounsel in the practical application of what the student already knows, laying out a derech, and not necessarily new information, Malbim's contrast to the teaching words (Malbim)הואיin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechהודsplendor, majestyinner, owned beauty not seen with the eye, the sun's own light (Vilna Gaon); beauty of character that only the intellect beholds (Malbim); the full sovereignty of kingship (Sifrei); of Hashem, His essence (Rav Hirsch); written first in hod v'hadarהודאהin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyהוןin the money group: money, funds, price, valueהוראהinstructioninstruction given once in the expectation that the pupil will retain it (Shadal, cited by Malbim); one step in the learning process that limmud completes (Rav Hirsch); in Mishnaic Hebrew a halachic ruling; one-way, where limmud runs both ways (Rabbi Klein)הזיהsprinklethe same kind of throwing as zerikah, only over a longer distance (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); or by hand, where zerikah is throwing or sprinkling with a vessel (Malbim)הטמנהin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedהידוסin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceהיקףcircuit, circumferencealways a complete circuit, the circumference of a circle, hence the hakafos; kin to kafui, congealed, closed within the bounds of its present state (Pappenheim)הכרהin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughהלוםhither, to heremotion up to this point, a single step forward in space, not static location (Rav Hirsch, following Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter); Chazal read it as marking a place of royal consequence (Zevachim 102a)הליכהin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingהָלַךְgogoing somewhere without the sense of entering (Tosafists); a single occasion, the bare physical act, even against one's will (Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk); perhaps fixing on the place of departure, or naming the act of walking (Rabbi Klein)הֵלֶךְitinerantfrom going, once in Tanach in this sense (Shmuel II 12:4); the door-to-door beggar, or one whose assets have all gone, or any itinerant peddler whatever his meansהֲלָךְroad taxrelated to holech, travelling, taxes for the upkeep of roads and bridges (Rabbi Toledano); for the Gemara the same as arnonaהללin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyהלמותmalletthe poetic word for the same tool as makeves, both used of Yael (Shoftim 5:26 against 4:21); from ה-ל-ם, "to break" (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak)המר ימירin the exchange group: substitution, exchange, replacement, swapהנאהpleasurethe commonest word for pleasure in rabbinic literature, its root disputed; at core to profit, spelled with a hei to keep it apart from onaah, hence the ה-נ-י of Sefer HeAruch (Kohut); perhaps from naveh, desirable or beautiful (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg, who then defers to Rabbi Mecklenburg); from ה-נ, what agrees with one's senses and is willed (Rabbi Mecklenburg, and similarly Rabbi Ernest Klein)הנהhere (as a destination)the "here" of an end point reached from elsewhere (Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto); unlike poh and halom, often borrowed for time as well, "until now" (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi)הניאrestrain, hold backworks on what has not yet come about, stopping a plan before it is carried out (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); for Malbim, drawing the same line the other way round, forcing something out of existence; its core sense to break (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Ibn Ezra) or to deny and withhold (Dunash Ibn Labrat, Rashi)הסto hush, to shushthe only transitive one, quieting others, and normally so that they will listen to someone else or show him honor (Pappenheim, Mecklenburg)הסבהin the meal group: meal, feast, banquet, drinking-feastהסברexplanation of the reasoninglays out the svara behind a matter, answering why where beiur answers what, and lifts the idea by supplying its rational support (Rabbi Reuven Subar); clearest from the Aramaic svar, to think or hold a positionהפרannul, breakcancels what already exists, crumbling it like pur, a crumb, as one tears up a binding contract (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); for Malbim, the other way round, simply ensuring something will not come to fruition, without forceהפרהin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainהצלהrescuebeing pulled out of danger, separated from what endangers one (Rav Hirsch, Pappenheim); a partial or temporary respite (Peirush HaRokeach), or the saving plus protection from future troubles (Malbim); from any threat (Heilpern); separating from harm, as every hatzalah in Mikra (Rashi)הקדשin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationהקשin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultהרmountaina mountain whose slope climbs to a point and climaxes at its tip (the Vilna Gaon, and Radak much the same); or simply the overly tall one, against the lesser hills around it (Malbim); like harah, holding metals within (Ibn Ezra); tied to horaah (Benamozegh)הר בשןMount Bashanread as ba sham, He came there, or as bi-shinav, with his teeth, all material plenty coming in the merit of the Torahהר גבנניםMount Gavnunimfrom giben, a Kohen's disqualifying blemish, Sinai's freedom from idolatry disqualifying the other mountains; or, in the Midrash, from gevinah, cheese, every Jew healed there of every blemishהר האלהיםMountain of Godwhere Yisrael accepted the Godhood of the Creator; Elokim, the attribute of judgment, alludes to Hashem as Judge giving the civil laws thereהר חמדMount Chemedthe mountain Hashem desired (chemdah) for His Presence to rest uponהר ציוןin the Jerusalem group: Tziyon, Zion, Yerushalayim, Jerusalemהרהורmusing, stirringthought already formulated into possible words, or thought of the heart rather than the brain (Vilna Gaon); the conception of speech, from herayon, pregnancy (Rabbi Pinchas HaLevi Horowitz); in Rabbi Klein's synthesis the last stage, at the threshold of speechהריגהkilling, slayingthe neutral word, lawful or not (Rashbam, Rabbi Pappenheim); reaches indirect killing (Bedersi) and the killing of animals and plantsהשבהin the return group: return, repentance, revert, turn backהשלכהthrow away, dropcareless, disparaging throwing that does not show whether the thrower means to hit anything, usually downward, though some uses are purposeful (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); implies no force (Maharal), so Rashbam may read Moshe as dropping the Luchos (Rabbi Yehoshua Hartman); abandoning or sending away (Ramban)השקאהgive to drink, waterproviding drink rather than drinking, hence almost always hifil; reaches the ground and plants as well as people and beasts; tied to the sound of liquid not yet drunk, so everything before the act (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)השקטin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeהשקיףin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerהשתאnowan Aramaic now outside Tanach, read as a contraction of ha shaata, this hour (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim); over the Haggadah authorities disagree whether to say hashta or ha shaataהשתדלותin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingהשתחוויהprostrationprostrating oneself with hands and feet stretched out (Megillah 22b, Berachos 34b); bowing to give honor (Malbim)התיצבin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingהתמהמהtarrying, dawdlingmoving slower than one should, dawdling where speed was called for (Shapira-Frankfurter); for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim a positive delay, at times the right thing, standing about while still asking what one ought to doוהגדתin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountווhookthe most basic word, only the fittings of the Mishkan's pillars and nowhere else in Tanach; perhaps no root-word at all but named for the hook-shaped letter (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); glossed ankliyot (Rashi)וויםin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeויאמרin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeוידברin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeויירקmustereda verb where the others are adjectives, Avraham mustering his men, listed beside chalutz and chamush (Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino); rendered zariz by Onkelos; from ר-ק, emptying, as drawing a sword empties its sheath (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)וילוןcurtaina later Rabbinic word for a plain curtain, four times in the Mishnah; a Latin loanword, velum, related to English veil; also the name of the first heaven, the curtain over the entrance to the heavensויקץin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirועדfor all eternityinfinite duration, ad being until left hanging with no object (Wertheimer); linked to adi'im, the soul's eternal adornments (Mecklenburg); forever everywhere (Maharsha) or only beside olam (Rabbi Avraham ben Ezriel of Vienna)ורדroseabsent from Tanach, Mishnaic and Aramaic, and the Targumic rendering of shoshanah; a general term with shoshanah as one kind under it (Rabbi Yirmiyahu Low), or, as Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein suggests, the plant against shoshanah the bloomושטfood pipe, esophagusthe other pipe, the one that carries food; it is the fixed contrast term for gargeres in the Mishnah and for kaneh in the Gemaraותיקveteran, seniorstanding and reliability rather than age, from Arabic wathuqa, firm, seniority being earned by dependability (Rabbi Ernest Klein, judged more plausible by Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein); one is only tempted to hear oldזבולlofty abodea lofty abode set in a high place (Rabbi Dovid Tzvi Hoffmann); a home that fully answers the purpose of the one it is meant for, hence the Beis HaMikdash (Rav Hirsch); where it sits against the other four is left openזביחהsacrificial slaughterslaughter with a stated purpose, a korban or meat for a festive gathering (Malbim); a species of shechitah, killing for sacrifice (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Ralbag to Devarim 12:21 lets it include nechirah, yet to Vayikra 1:1 calls it a synonym of shechitah, as the Sifrei (Naso 23) counts them one thing; said of chullin, not kodashim (Mahari Assad); from zav, making the blood flow (Shadal)זבלmanureabsent from Tanach, in the Mishnah animal manure; from the verb of fertilizing a field (Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi), and what has already been voided, against *peresh* (Rabbi Shmuel Strashun)זגin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingזהhere, this placethe word for "this" pressed into service for place, and the vaguer of the pair, a general area rather than a spot (Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto)זהבgoldthe general word, over four hundred occurrences, with seven grades listed in Yoma 44b-45a; Ibn Janach and Radak note it is also borrowed for anything pristineזהוריתin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkזוZivthe Biblical name of the second month, twice in Melachim I 6, spelled defective without a yud although the Aramaic word for radiance is always plene; Radak (Sefer HaShorashim) still gives the root as ז-י-וזוהמהfilththe foul sweat a body gives off, or a food's residue (Radak); fluid oozing from an unhealthy build-up, anything excess and unwanted (Pappenheim); specifically the bad smell of something dirty (Donash Ibn Labrat)זוהרin the prohibition group: prohibition, warning, forewarning, forbiddenזוזcoin, moneya coin that widened into a general word for money; liquid assets that move (zaz) quickly out of one man's hand into another's (Bamidbar Rabbah 22:8)זויתinner cornerthe inner face of a corner (Pappenheim, as Rabbi Klein understands him), linked to ziv, radiance; the word Onkelos uses for several other corner words; a synonym of pinah (Rashba)זוללin the drunkenness group: swilling, drinking to excess, drunkenness, getting drunkזחלcrawling, feartwo discrete senses, fear and crawling (Menachem Ibn Saruk); at Devarim 32:24 crawling snakes (Rashi) or the fear they cause (Ibn Ezra); in the fear sense perhaps a Hebraicized dachil (Metzudas Tzion); Elihu's zachalti also read as delay (Rabbi Yosef Kara)זחלתיin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingזיוin the second month group: Ziv, radiance, splendor, Iyarזיזbreast, radiancea disputed hapax in Yeshayahu 66:11; a form of ziv, radiance (Radak); breast, like Italian zizza and German zitze (Shadal, Gesenius, Daas Mikra); any protrusion (Mitchell First)זיז שדיwild fowltwice in Tehillim (50:11, 80:14); Targum renders it tarnegol bara, a wild chicken, the same phrase used for the duchifasזיןin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardזיעshuddering, agitationRabbi Pappenheim's biliteral ז-ע, movement triggered by anxiety, usually from an outside source, as slight as a harp string's quiver; Onkelos's word for vayecherad, and Targum's standard word for ra'ashזכורremember, call to mindremembering in the mind alone, doing nothing else, or constantly over a long span (Malbim); recalling what one knew and forgot (Ibn Ezra); implies mercy (Treves); after a shorter time (Al-Dhamari); at root smelling (Shadal); of Shabbos, keeping the present in mind (Shadal); of Shabbos, looking back to Creation (Rashbam)זכרin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toזכרוןin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toזלזולmaking light of, cheapeningdisparagement by cheapening a thing's value, from parts that will not stay joined, as goods sold low or money spent loosely (Pappenheim); the Targumim sometimes render kalon with it (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)זמהin the muzzle group: muzzle, bit, bridle, reinsזמורהbranchthe branch the spies cut; the same piece of wood called mot once cut (Zohar), or a second object beside the pole (Mecklenburg)זמירותin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyזמםmuzzlethe Aramaic and rabbinic muzzle that closes an animal's mouth, and Targum's word for both resen and meteg; its homograph zomem, to plot, is a separate word, though the muzzle locks the mouth as a scheme stays within the mind (Shadal)זמןtimetime in general (Wertheimer, Rav Hirsch); the flow of time as an existing element of creation (Maharal); like moed, a time set by man (Malbim); the entire duration of an appointed time (Rabbi Yaakov Emden); tied to preparation (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro, Pappenheim); the quantity of time, how long a thing lasts (Pappenheim); said of one-time events, against the cyclical moed (Shadal)זמרin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyזמרהmusic, melodyinstrumental music (Ibn Ezra, Radak, Sforno, Rav Hirsch); the tune, sung or played (Mecklenburg); a higher form than shirah, and possibly the religious song of Hashem's praise (Malbim); from zomer, pruning, the choicest part of a song (Pappenheim); masculine, dechura (Noam Elimelech)זןkind, typethe Aramaic for min, Targum's rendering of every min (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); Late Biblical Hebrew for min (Professor Avi Hurvitz) or an Old Persian loanword (Dr. Menachem Zvi Kaddari); at its three Hebrew appearances the meforshim debate whether it means type at all; from zenus, kinds crossed by man (Kesem Paz)זנהin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingזנותstraying, promiscuitydeparture from a loyalty one owed, whether to a spouse or to Hashem; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim derives it from ז-ן, sustenance, since surplus physical plenty turns a person toward physical cravingזעוהin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringזעםindignationanger that stems from disgust or contempt for another (Ibn Janach, Bedersi); literally to curse, the angry man cursing his object (Malbim); suppressed anger (Vilna Gaon); from shaking and sweat (Rabbeinu Efrayim); kin to zuhamah, filth, the rejection of another (Rav Hirsch)זעףanger (no settled English)ז-ע, shaking and moving, joined to א-ף, face, a level of anger that brings on a furious facial twitch (Pappenheim)זעקהcry outthe same word as tzaakah for most (Rashi, Ramban, Zohar, Pappenheim); a cry that lodges a complaint and implies many people crying (Rabbi Elazar Rokeach of Worms); the shorter sound, of those pinned in place (Rabbi Emmanuel Chai Ricci)זקןelderan elder, set at sixty (Avos 5:24), a stage before seivah (Bedersi); belongs to people and animals, not plants (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter); old age as the breaking down of the physical form, said of a person or of a plant (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); for Shadal anyone of honor and importance, whatever his age, as senior and signoreזקפאthumbAramaic, from standing, since the thumb stands out from the hand; Rashi glosses it gudal and agudalזֵרin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetזָרstrangerthe plain stranger; zayin and gimmel can interchange (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi, Radak), a rule Rabbi Klein applies to zar and ger to find an affinity between them, as Shadal's Ohev Ger also presumesזָרoutsider, strangerestranged in one respect only, often from the familiar locality or nation (Malbim), of the speaker's own nation but another tribe (Ibn Ezra); in Kodashim the non-Kohen; for Pappenheim no less estranged than nachri, the root fixing on his disconnection from societyזרהin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienזריקהthrow, sprinklepurposely causing something to land in a chosen spot, typically matter that spreads as it falls, as the blood of the korbanos (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); implies throwing with force (Maharal); in Chazal a general term for any throwing, deliberate or notחבורהbruise, contusionblood gathers beneath the skin without breaking it, leaving a red mark (Rashi); named for chibbur, the pooling together of the blood (Malbim, Wertheimer)חביבdearthe one held in chibah; embedded in the memory and in the depths of the heart, as if hidden inside the one who dotes on him (Pappenheim)חביביin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntחבישהsaddle, bind upsaddling a donkey, tying a headdress on, and binding a wound tight to heal it, whence tachboshes, a bandageחביתbarrelthe large vessel, but interchanged with kad in the Mishnah's own wording (Bava Kamma 27a)חָבַלto distrain, to seize as securitythe Biblical verb for a creditor taking a pledge by force, after the debt has fallen due (Rashi to Shemos 22:25; Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi)חֶבֶלportiona synonym of goral, one of four words for lots in Tanach, the one for time to come, the birthpangs (chevlei leidah) of the Messianic arrival (Yalkut Shimoni, Pesikta d'Rav Kahana); from rope, the line that measures a lot of land (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)חֶבֶלropethe ordinary rope, and for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim the parent of every other sense of ח-ב-ל (lot, band of men, scheme, localized pain, pledge), all of them from the rope used to measureחבצלתrose (young), daffodiltwice in Tanach; the same flower as shoshanah in its young state (Shir HaShirim Rabbah 2:3), or sun-dried and yellowed on the plain (Vilna Gaon), or a narkis (Targum, Rav Hai Gaon, Rabbi Saadia Gaon)חָבֵרfriendthe middle word, from joining; one who has attached himself elsewhere, or two once apart now drawn close (Rokeach); connection in one shared respect, as two who learn in one place (Wertheimer)חֶבֶרCheverfrom chibbur, joining, since he bound Israel to Hashem, through the Mishkan (Vilna Gaon); or from ע-ב-ר, to pass, punishment made to pass overחברבורותspots, markingsa declension of chaburah, since it too is a discoloration on the skin's surface (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak, on Yirmiyahu 13:23)חברוןHebronseems to derive from ח-ב-ר, connection or friendship; the gematria equals chaver na'ah and "this is Avraham," so the name points to its most illustrious resident (Rabbeinu Efrayim)חגin the around group: around, about, encircle, circuitחגבkosher grasshopperone of the four permitted species, and also the general term for all kosher grasshoppers (Meiri, Rabbi Shmuel ben Meshullam of Gerona); eight hundred kinds (Chullin 63b); Aramaic gadyanחגורbeltthe general term, anything that goes around the body, whether at the torso, the heart, the waist or the feet (Malbim); the feminine chagorah carries the same sense; a belt worn inside the clothing (Rashi and Tosafos, as they seem to understand it); from chug, a circle (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)חגורהin the belt group: sash, belt, girdle, waistbandחדoneechad with the aleph clipped for brevity (Radak), once in Hebrew and otherwise Aramaic; lacking the aleph of oneness, it is the language Adam was demoted to (Rabbi Yehonosson Eybeschutz)חדהin the one group: one, a single one, one of, the oneחדוהdelightlikewise an Aramaic form of the word for joy on many commentators' account; beside ditzah in the wedding berachah it signals the all-inclusive joy wished on the coupleחֶדֶלin the earth (the seven names) group: inhabited world, land, transient world, dry landחָדַלceasestopping because one cannot continue, by nature or by law (Rabbi Yosef Grayever); the halt comes from the person or thing itself, not from outside, and carries no verdict on whether it is right (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)חדקbriera brier, behind the Rabbinic senses of cutting and pricking; chad plus dak, sharp and thin, or a metathesis of dochak, pressure (Ohalei Yehuda), which Ramban seems to followחדקלTigristhe Biblical name, twice only (Bereishis 2:14, Daniel 10:4); Chazal read it as a portmanteau of chad (sharp) and kal (swift), Berachos 59bחדשmonth; new moonits primary sense is the *beginning* of the month, from chadash, "new," and "month" is only borrowed from there (Malbim, Rav Hirsch); Rav Hirsch adds that it names the month as an abstract unit of timeחובבin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentחובלto injure, one who woundsRabbinic only, absent from Tanach; the verb of the five payments (Bava Kamma 8:1) and of the Shabbos melachah (Shabbos 14:1), most likely from ח-ב-ל in its sense of "pain" or "damage"חוגcircle, orbitwhat orbits around another body, as a planet does (Radak); a circle, or machug, considered from its center (Malbim); from Aramaic chinga, a circle dance, the nun dropped (Rabbi Klein, Rabbi Chelouche)חוזהvisionarythe later prophet, bearing the Aramaic word for one who sees, which marks a vision less clearly grasped (Vilna Gaon); his vision a chazon or machazeh, not a marehחוחthornrelated to chach, a piece of jewelry fastened with a pin (Radak, Pappenheim), whose sharp point would recall a thornחוטthread, stringthe single thread out of which a fabric is woven or a garment sewn, and the thinnest word in the set, whence the Mishnaic chayat, tailor, and machat, needle; for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim it is what repairs a deficiency (biliteral ח-ט, blemish)חוטםnose, nostrilsthe rabbinic word for the organ, never in Tanach, coined to retire the ambiguous af (Kutscher); in the plural chotmin unmistakably the nostrils; by extension any nose-shaped taper, such as the stem end of an esrogחוטרstaffprobably a Hebraized form of the Aramaic chutra, which the Targumim use for both mateh and shevetחוטראin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneחולשcasting lotsa rare word for casting lots, Nevuchadnetzar drawing lots each day over the nations (Shabbos 149b); tied to lachash, whisper, lots being cast in the quiet (Rabbi Shlomo HaAdani), or to chalash, weak, a lottery being weak proof of desert (Rabbi Yosef Yishai Rain); the unsettling uncertainty of chance (Kedushas Levi)חוםin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkחומהcity wallalways a wall around a city or a large and important building, or a lookout post (Rabbi Klein); from ח-ם, heat, its purpose protection from warfare (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); also related to sight (Raavan, Rav Hirsch)חומשin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardחוסsparingrefusing to let a thing be destroyed because one would lose the benefit one has from it, as in chas v'shalom; felt toward any entity, intelligent or not (Malbim); not among the Thirteen Attributesחופהwedding canopyfrom chofeh, to cover; records only that the thing is covered on top, with no implication of shelter (Rabbi Libber)חופשfree, releasedfreedom from an obligation to work or serve (Wertheimer); the Tanach's other slave-freeing word; read against chafetz, desire, as negative liberty, the mere absence of coercion (Rabbi Jonathan Sacks)חוקin the law group: law, judgment, verdict, statuteחורin the nose group: nose, nostril, face, angerחורבHoreballuding to cherev, a sword, since the Sanhedrin's authority to carry out capital punishment comes from the Torah given there; a separate mountain from Sinai, or another peak of it (Shadal)חורבןdestructionthe destruction of a built-up urban area, the milder of the pair (Malbim); a thing severed from what it needed to thrive, perhaps still standing (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); of the Beis HaMikdash, its spiritual disconnection through sin (Rabbi Klein)חוריםin the freedom group: freedom, liberty, release, emancipationחושךdarknessordinary darkness, the night when the sun is gone but moon and stars still give light (Malbim); spelled like chosech, "lacks", which hints that it is the absence of light rather than a thing (Mecklenburg for Rambam)חותןfather-in-lawalways a husband's father-in-law, never widened, since it names the man who made him a chasan (Pri Megadim); built on connection (Rav Hirsch); can also mean brother-in-law (Ibn Janach), which Radak disputes; any tie made by marriage (Benamozegh)חותנתmother-in-lawalways a husband's mother-in-law (Radak), formed from chosen, so it too never widened to a wife's, even in Mishnaic Hebrew (Pri Megadim)חזוןin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanחזיזthundercloudthe cloud that comes with thunder, tied to sight because it flashes lightning (Pappenheim); from chazon, sight, or clouds sent as signs in Heaven (Chazal); colorful clouds (Sefer HaChochmah)חזקstrongthe standard word for strength, against above-normal ometz (Bedersi, Wertheimer); outer, physical strength (Vilna Gaon, Malbim); temporary strength that atrophies (Malbim to Yeshayahu 28:2); strength of will to enter danger (Shapira-Frankfurter); extra-strength koach that stands out, and the strength to withstand being overpowered, against tokef (Pappenheim)חזרהturning back, revertingthe about-face itself, turning back from where one now stands; Mishnaic, never in Tanach; the Targumim's word for going around (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); getting out of the rut rather than the goal (Rabbi Klein)חטאsin, inadvertent sinthe lightest word; inadvertent (Gemara, Peirush HaRokeach); a lack, failing a positive mitzvah (Vilna Gaon); a goal missed (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); knowingly indulging physical temptation (Malbim); alone, any sin (Rabbi Netanel Weil); the sins of youth, before the mind rules (Radak); also the punishment that follows (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah)חטיבהin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementחיבהfondness, affectionlove held close and inward, not necessarily expressed (Lubetzky); love of a person's positive aspects only (Rabbi Yosef Zechariah Stern); from ח-ב, hidden (Pappenheim), or chubi, bosom (Shadal); Rabbi Klein allows it may be no different from ahavahחַיָּהwild animalthe wild animal of uninhabited country (Ibn Ezra, Radak), favored by the Netziv; against that, the carnivore (Ramban), which the Netziv rejects from the deer and Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky defends, since a deer eats insectsחַיָּהwild animalfrom chai, an independent life-form not subservient to man (Rav Hirsch); see the separate entry on behemah and chayahחַיָּהlife-forcethe soul's transcendence, living on when the body dies (Bereishis Rabbah 14:9); the overall holistic life-force (the Vilna Gaon); the neshamah of the neshamah (Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin); not given to everyone, only after maturity and mitzvos (Rabbi Yaakov Yehoshua Falk)חיורwhite, palethe Aramaic standard rendering of lavan in the Targumim; Rashi glosses it as lavan, perhaps treating the two as one, while Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim restricts it to whiteness produced by an outside force such as fireחַיּוֹתliving beingsthe highest created rank (Rambam); seen by Yechezkel as wild animals, since even the highest creature Above is as an animal beside Hashem, or so called because through them chiyus, the life-force, reaches all lower creations (the anonymous commentator to Rambam)חַיּוֹתin the animal group: animal, beast, domesticated animal, wild animalחיטgums, teethdisputed: the gums (Rashi) or the teeth themselves (the Mainz commentary ascribed to Rabbeinu Gershom, Rabbi Nosson of Rome); the Rambam's girsa is chutחיךin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanחִילfear, tremblingthe commonest of the three in Biblical Hebrew, fear and the bodily tremors it produces, often of labor pangs; the fear of one's place in a changing order (Rav Hirsch); the whole body cramping or spasming at something frightening (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); quivering or shuddering in fear with an element of physical pain, like a mother's birth pangs (Shadal)חֵילshort walla low wall running outside a taller one, with empty ground between them (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a shorter wall inside the chomah (Rashi); Radak seems unsure which, and suggests a moatחילוניstranger, non-Kohenthe Targumim's frequent Aramaic for zar (Onkelos); in the Midrash a non-Kohen, as Scripture uses zar (Vayikra Rabbah 24:7); in Modern Hebrew a secular Jewחיץflimsy partitiona flimsy partition (Rabbi Moshe Zacuto); a wall dividing one domain into two, equivalent to the Mishnaic mechitzah (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a single appearance in Tanach, at Yechezkel 13:10חירותfreedomthe later, rabbinic word, freedom as a standing, the ben chorin; never freedom in Tanach; hooked by Avos 6:2 to charus, engraved on the Luchos; positive liberty, law studied until engraved on the heart (Rabbi Jonathan Sacks)חיתולwrapwrapping in soft fabric, as against tying tight (Malbim); in Modern Hebrew the noun is a diaperחכויwaitingwaiting in full certainty, sure that it will happen and only waiting for it, the most certain of the three (Wertheimer)חכליליbloodshotonly of eyes reddened by drink; the reddened white ringing the iris (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); Ramban instead links it to kachol, blueחכםin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeחכמהwisdomwhat one hears and learns from others (Rashi, Radak, Chasam Sofer); mastery of any body of knowledge, in Tanach above all the sage's Torah (Bedersi); the unhurried learner who waits (Pappenheim); practical wisdom, truly only by revelation (Malbim); the lowest of the threeחלבfat, forbidden fatfat in the plain sense, and in halachic contexts the hard visceral fat offered on the mizbeach and forbidden to eat (Ramban, Rabbeinu Bachya); borrowed for the choicest part of anything (Rashi); the energy the body stores aside for future use (Rav Hirsch); kin to Assyrian tahlubti, a covering (Benamozegh)חלבוןwhite wine, egg whitewhite by its color (Rashi to Yechezkel 27:18), seemingly from chalav (milk); Menachem reads it as rich, seemingly from cheilev, and Radak as a place-name in Aramחלדthe transient worldthe world under time; Radak makes CHES-LAMED-DALET and its metathesis CHES-DALET-LAMED synonyms of zman, and Rav Hirsch ties chadal, to cease, and chaludah, rust, to man's wearing outחַלָּהmeal-cakea rolled or rounded meal-cake (Jastrow), implying a round shape (Ibn Ezra); in Tanach nearly always a korban, and in the Mishnah generally the tithe separated from dough; any loaf of bread is a later vernacular senseחַלָּהloaf, round loafalso round (Ibn Ezra to Vayikra 2:4); appears alone, as challas lechem, and as challas matzah; how it divides from ugah Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein leaves openחַלָּהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughחלוןwindowthe ordinary word, thirty-one appearances; a hole in a wall, from the biliteral ח-ל, empty space (Rabbi Pappenheim), or the triliteral ח-ל-ל, emptiness (Radak, Ibn Janach)חלוץvanguardthe units drawn out of the formation to serve at the front (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); men slipped off and separated from the nation (Malbim); armed at the loins (Ibn Ezra); removed from the nation as soldiers (Radak); shedding civilian clothing (Ibn Janach); equated with mezuyanim (Rashi)חלחלin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingחליפהexchangeseen from the objects switched (Malbim), and from the thing gotten rid of, moved out of one place or state whether or not anything replaces it (Rav Hirsch); two people swapping (Algazi); trading up (Shapira-Frankfurter) or neutral (Wertheimer); bad for good (Toras Gavriel); letting a consecrated animal be lost to replace it (Chemdas HaChemdah)חליצהextracting, drawing outpulling something out of what envelops it, the foot from the shoe, a stone from a wall (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); by Shoresh Yesha, removing a shoe that must first be untiedחללthe slain, hollowliterally empty or hollow, a body emptied of its soul like an emptied vessel; the root of chalil, chullin and a kohen's disqualified chalal; one killed by another man, where a meis died naturally (Rabbeinu Hillel)חלמישflintconventionally flint; a sub-category of tzur covering the very hardest stones, even diamond (Pappenheim); bound to tzur in construct, tzur hachalamishחלףin the exchange group: substitution, exchange, replacement, swapחלףslaughtering knifethe common word for a shochet's knife; Arabic for a knife (Rashi, Rabbeinu Shimshon of Shantz), or Greek (Bartenura), though there is no such Greek usage (Rabbi Yisrael Lipschitz)חלציםin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardחלקsmooth, slipperysimply an adjective meaning smooth, with no process implied (Rabbi Klein, in light of Mecklenburg); it also denotes something slippery and the very act of slipping; Yiddish glattחםfather-in-lawin Biblical Hebrew always a wife's father-in-law (Radak), widened in Mishnaic Hebrew to a husband's; from chomah, a wall around the bride (Rav Hirsch), or from heat, the warm love she receives (Pappenheim)חמדהcovetingdesire for what is not itself a bodily pleasure, fine clothes, a house, money (Vilna Gaon); follows from the object's inherent, recognized properties (Pappenheim, Mecklenburg); roused by seeing it (Malbim); for what is not within reach (Shadal)חֵמָהwrathfrom cham, hot, the angry man heated up (Rabbeinu Efrayim); the one anger word used of animals too (Bedersi); held in the heart long without an act of rage (Malbim); the developed stage and anger in action, where af is the beginning and anger in thought (Vilna Gaon)חַמָּהsunliterally the hot one, naming the sun by its heat (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); coined later, once shemesh had itself been taken up as the name of a sun-cult; makes things hot (Tashbetz)חמוץred-stainedhapax at Yeshayahu 63:1, the red of garments stained with blood or wine (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak); seemingly unconnected to the root of "leavened", probably why Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi reads it as a metathesis of מ-ח-ץ, "smite"חמורdonkeythe domesticated donkey, of either sex in Biblical Hebrew (Radak, Mecklenburg), and a behemah where pere is a chayah (Radak); named for the reddish-brown hue of many donkeys (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)חמורהin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyחמושarmedthe Chumash's word; armed with a weapon girded at the chomesh (Ibn Janach, Ibn Ezra, Radak); tied to chamesh, five, as five weapons in the Yerushalmi or one in five who left (Rashi); formations of fifty (Malbim); rendered zariz, ready, by Targumחמותmother-in-lawin Biblical Hebrew always a wife's mother-in-law (Radak), later a husband's too; from Aramaic seeing, since she is forever watching her daughter-in-law (Pri Megadim); kin to cheimah, anger (Ibn Janach)חמישיםthe Fiftieth Daypost-Biblical, used by Josephus and other Jewish-Hellenistic sources, since Shavuos always falls on the fiftieth day of Sefiras HaOmer; the source of the English "Pentecost"חמלהpityrefusing to let a thing be ruined because of an innate quality in it, a beauty or completeness (Malbim); can extend to one who cannot ask for help, a child (Wertheimer); not among the Thirteen Attributesחמניםsun-pillarsfrom chamah, the sun, since they are left standing outdoors in it; or because they die as animals do (Rav Achai Gaon), left in the open like a carcass rather than buried (Netziv)חמסviolence, injusticetheft at Bereishis 6:13 (Rashi) but not always exclusively, often general violence and injustice, like Akkadian hamasu, to oppress (Dr. Chaim Tawil); the Rabbinic chamsan is a coercive buyer who pays, a wrongdoer yet not technically a thief or robber (Bava Kamma 62a)חמסןin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderחמצןin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderחמרin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafחֶמֶרwine (red wine)three times in Tanach and the standard Aramaic word; Rabbi Moshe Ibn Ezra and Rabbi Yehudah Ibn Balaam read it as "red," an adjective hardened into a noun, and Radak ties it to the redness of wineחמראin the wine group: wine, new wine, unfermented grape juice, red wineחמריםheaps upon heapsheaps upon heaps, a mass gathered together, doubled in Shemos 8:10; from ח-מ-ר, the unifying of many like components, as in chomer and cheimar (Rav Hirsch); no source distinguishes it from areimah in meaningחמתvenomvenom as what a snake emits when its cheimah, its anger, is aroused, as chamat taninim, the venom of serpentsחֵןin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחֵןin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationחנוןgraciousfocuses on the receiver, who finds favor (chein) or is granted a reprieve (Rabbi Klein); a free gift not necessarily deserved, matnas chinam (Rashi); for the rich, regardless of need (Bechor-Shor); a reprieve in the midst of distress (gloss to Tosafos)חנינהin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחניתspear (military)the weapon commonly found in the military camp, from biliteral CHES-NUN, "encamping" (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), or the one stuck in the ground where it is "camped" (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); other derivations in the bodyחנמלgrasshopperin the retelling of the makkos (Tehillim 78:47); grasshoppers (Rashi), against other meforshim who read a kind of hail; the eighth kind in the plague of arbeh (Rabbi Menachem Tzioni)חסin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחסילfinishing locustthe finisher, from chasal, eating whatever produce remains (Radak); last in Yoel's sequence; shmota (Targum)חפירהdig out, dig throughthe completion of the dig (Malbim), down to the spring water, hence searching out what is hidden (Rav Hirsch), with a negative color of hunting discreditable information (Mecklenburg); put before karah at Bamidbar 21:18 for its weight (Rabbi Shaul Bruch); a hole meant to stay open (Be'er Yitzchak)חֵפֶץdesirethe Vilna Gaon's word for desire for food; seemingly the happy medium, the food's inherent value joined to the eater's appetite (Rabbi Klein); against ratzon, an emotional desire (Malbim), or the immediate, tangible goal (Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda Kook); wanting a thing for no quality in it but from an inner pull without reason, against cheshek, wanting it for the gain one sees (Ohel Yaakov), others holding the opposite (Wertheimer)חֵפֶץin the land (running versus passive) group: land, ground, will, desireחֵפֶץdesirethe stronger want (Pappenheim), more concrete (Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda Kook), the animal drive (Rabbi Margolios); the soul's unchosen pull, which can fasten on the bad (Malbim), though a chosen want, since Hashem is chafetz (Bedersi); the final goal only (Rabbi Edel); food-related (the Vilna Gaon)חָפַרin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughחָפַרdig up, mine forDevarim 1:22, digging deliberately for damning information; kin to cherpah, disgrace (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)חפרהmortificationthe wish to dig (chofer) a hole and hide; Malbim makes it the most intense of all, burying one's head out of sheer shame; in public (Vilna Gaon)חצבin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughחצוצרותtrumpetsthe Torah's silver trumpets (Bamidbar 10:2); after the Beis HaMikdash, shofaros came to be called chatzotzros (Shabbos 36a, Sukkah 34a), and we have since returned to the older usage (Mabit)חציבהhew, quarryquarrying, excavating rock or hard ground with a hammer, in contrast to the digging terms (Malbim); for Rabbi Yosef Kara a synonym of karah and chofer that names the digging of a round pitחקstatute, decreea law whose reason is not revealed (Yoma 67b, Rambam); engraved, so set and unchanging, often joined to forever, and apt to be written down (Pappenheim); obedience engraved in the person (Rabbi Margules); kin to chag, a circle (Rav Hirsch); the Written Torah (Zera Beirach) or the Oral (Zohar); kin to chag for Shadal too; engraved on the soul (Rabbi Shlomo Astruc)חקוקincisingdigging small grooves with a metal stylus into wood or stone to form letters, the core of ח-ק, whence chok and mechokek (Pappenheim); engraving draws a border as governing draws a legal line (Rabbi Shaul Goldman)חראthe coarse wordvulgar enough that the Mesorah never lets it be read aloud, replacing it with *tzoah*; from ח-ר, a hole (Menachem Ibn Saruk), which Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim derives in turn from *achor*, the side away from usחרבdriedonly partly dry, the surface dried with moisture still underneath (Vilna Gaon, Malbim), and written first when it stands beside yavesh (Malbim); in one account of Pappenheim, dryness on the outside; Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi equates chareivah with yavesh, leaving open that they are synonymsחרבswordrelated to churban, destruction through disconnection, the sword being a tool for reducing a population (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); implied to be for slicing (Malbim)חָרְבָּהruina ruin or waste place; an arid land, barren not through a defect in the soil but through being cut off from rain (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)חֲרֵבָהin the dry group: dry, dried out, parched, aridחָרָבָהdry landone of the seven names for the earth (Avos d'Rabbi Nasan); dry land, like yabashah, so called for absorbing the Mabul's waters (version 2), or Hevel's blood (Midrash Mishlei)חרגולin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidחרדin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringחרולnettlea grass-like thorn (Radak), for others nettle or thistle; any ordinary thorn one touches and is burnt by, against kimosh (Vilna Gaon); the dry, fiery thorn, or the one covering a field (Ohalei Yehuda)חרוןburning angerpast heat to burning, greater than cheimah as burnt is beyond hot (Bedersi); from chor, a hole, the heat piercing the body (Rabbeinu Efrayim); from nechirim, nostrils (Pappenheim); alone merely upset (Peirush HaRokeach); arouses the thirst for vengeance (Rambam)חרון אףfierce angerthe idiom for anger, since a person's anger can be discerned on his nose as it fumes in fury (Rashi); anger proper, where charon alone is only upset (Peirush HaRokeach)חרוץgold (mined)gold got by digging, from ח-ר-ץ, cutting with a sharp tool (Rabbi Aharon Marcus, Wertheimer); or gold that makes a man diligent, charutz in its other sense (Rabbi Yeshayah of Trani)חרושהengravingengraving on the tablet of the heart in Yirmiyahu; tied to plowing, digging into the surface (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak); plausibly one root with charut (Rabbi Klein); the plain word for engraving the Torah did not use (Rabbi Moshe Zacuto)חֵרוּתin the freedom group: freedom, liberty, release, emancipationחָרוּתgravenwriting pressed or cut deep into the material, said of the Luchos; from chor, a hole, cut clean through the stone (Pappenheim, Rabbi Moshe Zacuto; similarly Rav Hirsch), or kin to ח-ר-ט, the stylus (Rashi, Rashbam); read by Chazal as cheirus, freedomחרטin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseחריץrounds of cheesea hapax, charitzei hechalav, read as cheese (Targum Yonasan, Rashi); pieces of fresh cheese (Radak), cheese gathered in ditches (Rabbi Yosef Kara), or tangy fermented cheese (Rabbi Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); against these, young kids (Midrash Shmuel), or thick milk in the udder (Ibn Janach)חרמשsicklethe older, purely Hebrew word, in Devarim only and never in the Mishnah; the tool for destroying, from cherem (Rav Hirsch, Mandelkorn); the realm of din (Rabbi Moshe David Valle); its gematria matches the Angel of Death (Rabbi Chaim Vital)חֶרֶסdry boilsdry and hard like a shard of pottery, cheres with a sin (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi; Rashi to Bechoros 41a); Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg, who also holds it a dry garav, separately suggests it may be an affliction of bad climate, from cheres, the sunחֶרֶסsunliterally pottery, either for the sun's power to bake pottery, a mainstay of ancient life (Rabbi Aharon Marcus), or, for others, for its reddish, pottery-like hue at sunrise and sunset; breaks things (Tashbetz)חרפהdisgrace, reproachshame inflicted by another's insult or reproach (Wertheimer); Bedersi reads it as closer to disparagement than to shameחררהflat cake, round loafRashi and the Mechilta gloss ugah with it (to Shemos 12:39); at Peah 5:8 it is a way of stacking produce, round stacks according to the Yerushalmiחָרָשׁcraftsmanchanges raw wood, stone or metal out of its natural state, where the choshev only arranges; from plowing, the preparatory labor (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); from cheiresh, mute, since he works in silence (Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras); in Aramaic a sorcererחֶרֶשׁcontemplative silence, holding one's peacethe inward silence of one who is turning something over and not saying it, the quiet of the craftsman and the wise man (Bedersi); from charishah, plowing, since it prepares the ground for speech as plowing prepares a field (Pappenheim); Rav Hirsch has it as acting deaf to a request; quietly, in secret (Shadal)חשבdesignerplans and combines finished materials into a figured work; embroidery by weaving with two faces (Yoma 72b), a different figure on each side (Rashi) or one image reading alike from both (Rambam, Abarbanel); arranges without changing the material, named for thought and cheshbon (Pappenheim)חשהkeeping stillreflective, inward stillness (Mecklenburg), or holding back an answer one actually has (Wertheimer); the word of Koheles 3:7, a time to be silentחשוןin the the eighth month group: Bul, Marcheshvan, Cheshvan, floodחשךhold back, sparedisputed; Rabbi Yosef Grayever, stopping a thing before it begins; Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer, interrupting one already under way; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, a check applied from outside, and rightly applied, with Malbim following him on the outside forceחשמליםrank of angels (no settled English)the fourth rank, revealed to the nevi'im in fiery flashes of light; chash, quiet, and mal, speak, at times speaking of Hashem's glory and at times silent (Chagigah 13b); chashuv plus mal (the school of the Rokeach); in Modern Hebrew, electricityחתיכהcutprimarily cutting down the middle into two halves (Pappenheim); widened in Rabbinic Hebrew to the general word for cutting of every sortחָתָןin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomחֹתֵןfather-in-lawnormally the wife's father; Ibn Janach allows it to stretch to brother-in-law, which Radak rejectsטבורnavelthe navel in the Mishnah, and in Tanach only tabur ha'aretz, the middle of the land; the same move from organ to middle as with lev, the navel sustaining a fetus as the heart sustains lifeטבחbutcher, executionerthe title in sar ha'tabachim; in charge of those who slaughtered the king's animals (Rashi), or Chief Executioner (Targum Onkelos, Ibn Ezra, Ramban); Ibn Ezra to Daniel 2:14 makes Potiphar Chief Cook insteadטביחהslaughter for foodkilling an animal for food in a general way, even outside ritual slaughter (Malbim); a shechitah defined by its reason, ordinary human consumption (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Ibn Janach dissents and reads it as cooking, which Wertheimer answers from rabbinic usage; a small slaughter (the Rokeach)טבלאboard, table topthe Mishnaic word; a flat surface with no legs attached, so even a plank (Rash MiShantz), though Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur equates it with shulchan outrightטבריהTiberiasthe Gemara's name for the lake, Yamah shel Tiveria, once Tiveria outstripped Ginosar; identified with Chamas or Rakas of Yehoshua 19:35 (Megillah 5b-6a)טובgoodthe plain and general word, the hypernym; Bedersi defines shefer as tov; Targum often renders it shapir, for approval and for physical beauty (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)טוחותkidneystwice only (Tehillim 51:8; Iyov 38:36); the kidneys (Rosh Hashanah 26a; Targum, Rashi, Radak), or the innards generally (Ibn Ezra)טוטפותfrontletsthe Chumash word, used three times and only of the head tefillin; its origin is disputed: a forehead ornament (Tosafos, Radak), something to do with seeing (Chizkuni), secondary straps on a hat (Pappenheim), or a foreign word (Rabbi Akiva), Egyptian, from the gods Thot and Ptah invoked on amulets (Benamozegh)טוטפתin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentטופחwetRabbinic only; wet enough to make other things wet, as in tofeach al menas lehatfiach; from the root of tefach, perhaps because a dripping item expands (Rabbi Klein)טחוריםhemorrhoidsthe word the Mesorah reads in place of *afolim*; simply hemorrhoids (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak), or ט-ח with ח-ר (*Shoresh Yesha*), or kin to *achor* (Rabbi Aharon Marcus), or ט-ר-ח, a bother, by metathesis (Rabbi Yaakov Yehuda Zilberberg)טיט היוןslimy mudslimy mud that holds a man as quicksand does; from י-ן, trickery, since quicksand looks like ground a man can walk on (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rav Hirsch, Rabbi Aharon Marcus)טינוףsoilingsoiling by what is not repulsive in itself but unwanted where it clings, ketchup on a shirt, the dirt secondary to the object (Pappenheim); plain soiling, without smell (Donash Ibn Labrat); synonymous with lichluch and zuhamah (Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi)טירהfortressthe defensive sense, an enclosed fort, perhaps a fortified village; the same as armon (Ibn Ezra); built of rows, from ט-ר (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Radak), or a fort built to guard (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche)טכאtray-tableRashi glosses it shulchan, but for Rabbi Mordechai Dov Yudelovitch it is the portable personal tray-table for one, and the sugyos Rabbi Klein cites all use it of an individual's tableטלהlambanother young sheep, and can name a young human, like English kid (Rav Hirsch); from tal, dew (Pappenheim); an animal still nursing (Rabbi Meir Mazuz); the female (the Rokeach)טליאlad (Aramaic)the Targum's other word for yeled and naar (Megillah 5b), feminine talyasa; likely from tleh, a young goat, as English "kid" covers both (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)טַלִּיתfour-cornered garmentthe garment that carries the fringes, and Rabbinic Hebrew only; the special garment with tzitzis worn at prayer (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); placed upon the other clothes (Rav Matzliach Gaon) or from tillel, shade (Rabbi Nosson of Rome, Rabbi Ernest Klein)טַלִּיתin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapטמוןburied, concealedanything placed within another material that covers it and hides it from view; from TES-MEM, blocking, so people are blocked from reaching it, and usually hidden in the ground (Pappenheim)טמירhiddenAramaic, the Targum's word for many Hebrew hiding-words, tamun, kisui, seter and mischabeh; cognate with Hebrew ט-מ-ן by nun-reish interchange (Rabbi Ernest Klein), or the reverse (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)טנאfruit basketfour appearances, all in Ki Savo; a basket typically woven loosely so air passes through and the fruit does not spoil (Rabbi Pappenheim); Targum renders it by the Aramaic form of salטנאFestival of the Basketpost-Biblical, apparently the name Philo Judaeus of Alexandria gave it, alluding to the baskets in which the bikkurim were broughtטסקאproperty taxa property tax (see Rashi to Gittin 58b); elsewhere a sack or a basket, so the tax sense seems borrowed; replaced by arnona in Modern Hebrewטעהerr, make a mistakea mistake in heart or intellect (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), and in Rabbinic literature always a mistake; the same word, the spelling Rabbinic sources prefer (Radak); in Aramaic the one word carries both senses (Rabbi Yaakov Zev Lev); lost yet sure the wrong path is the right one (Wertheimer)טעותin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errטעותאin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errטרונגאcitronthe Eretz Yisrael Aramaic form (Yerushalmi; Targum Yonasan reads trugin)טרוניאtyrannyin Avodah Zarah 3a, Hashem does not come b'tarunya with His creations; tyranny, from Greek tyronia (Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia), where Rabbi Klein once read batrunya, battle; Rome's tironya is tyranny (Matnos Kehunah) or a military tax (Rabbi Nosson of Rome, Kohut)טריהmoist, of a wounda wound that stays wet (Menachem in Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Radak to Yeshayahu 1:6); so lechi chamor teriyah (Ibn Ezra)טריתtunaidentified by Rashi as tuna, like sultanit and the Spanish kulyis; called tzachanta in Bavel (Yerushalmi Nedarim 6:3)טרקליןpalacethe Mishnah's word for the palace entered from the vestibule (Avos 4:16), as the meforshim there explainיאורirrigation canal, the Rivera man-made irrigation canal (Rashi), a sense held only where it stands beside nahar (Rabbi Malkiel Tzvi Tannenbaum); a river that overflows its banks, mostly the Nile (Malbim); a river whose waters shoot downstream with violent force (Rabbi Pappenheim); a river whose end is in sight (Chasam Sofer); first the Nile, then any river (Benamozegh)יאוריםin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookיבולproduceproduce as decomposing: all produce, since the seed decays to let the plant come up, or the especially perishable produce that rots if not looked after (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)יביעpour forth, utterspeech flowing up from the depths of the heart like a spring, from ב-ע (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Ibn Janach, Radak); speaking on and on without stopping, like a spring that never runs dry (Peirush HaRokeach)יבםbrother-in-law (the levir)the deceased's brother, party to the mitzvah of yibbum; a woman's word for her husband's brother (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), though Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg holds it is never a plain kinship term at all; in the tongue of Rus, to lie with a woman (Sefer HaShoham)יבמהsister-in-law (the widow)the childless widow bound to the yavam; extended by Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim to a husband's brother's wife, from Rus 1:15יבשdrydry outright, drained through and through, the more intense of the pair (Vilna Gaon, Malbim); an interior empty of liquid, from ב-ש, the withholding of the flourishing a thing should show (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the completion of drying (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)יַבָּשָׁהin the dry group: dry, dried out, parched, aridיַבָּשָׁהdry landone of the seven names for the earth (Avos d'Rabbi Nasan); dry land, the same meaning as charavah, both named for absorbing the Mabul's waters (version 2)יגעworn out, weary from toiltiredness that results from (over)exerting oneself, against the natural low energy of ayef (Malbim), or, for Rabbi Yosef of Saragossa, from the speed of one's actions, against the persistence of ayef; related to yaga, he toiledידידיהYedidyah, friend of Hashemthe name the navi Nosson gave him (Shmuel II 12:24-25); Menachos 53 reads the aphorism of the six yedidim through it, and there too the name points at his building the Mikdashיהגהmoansused of both a lion and a dove (Donash); from ה-ג, diligence and consistency, so a steady, sustained crying (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)יהודהin the names of the Jewish people group: Hebrew, Israelite, Jew, the other sideיהודיJewstrictly a subject of the Kingdom of Yehudah, the southern kingdom of Yehudah and Binyamin under the Davidic line; the name that outlived the exile and became the general termיהוסףYehosefthe added hei of Hashem's Name, earned for withstanding Potiphar's wife in private (Sotah 10b, 36b); appears once, Tehillim 81:6יוֹבֵלhorn, jubileea horn (Shemos 19:13) that also means ram (Rosh Hashanah 26a); names the fiftieth year, proclaimed with the shofar; from ב-ל, mixing, the horn that moved the nation and the army (Pappenheim)יוֹבֵלramalso means ram (Gemara), borrowed then for the ram's horn and then for the fiftieth year when such a horn is blown, whence English jubileeיוסףYoseffrom yosef, "He shall add," as Rachel said at his birth (Bereishis 30:24); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim reads the yud as non-root and takes it from ס-ף, "end," adding meaning extending a boundaryיורהthe first rainthe rain at the start of the season; from yoreh, "teacher," because it teaches people to secure their roofs and bring the produce indoors (Taanis 6a)יורשin the inheritance group: inheritance, patrimony, holding, ancestral holdingיחוהexpress, declarespeech that gives an idea life by bringing it into the open, or that joins speaker to listener as brothers (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); speech explaining the reasoning behind something (Peirush HaRokeach)יחידהsingular soulthe soul's uniqueness (Bereishis Rabbah 14:9), from ח-ד, singularity (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); man has none now but will in Messianic times (the Vilna Gaon); received in life by Moshe alone (Rabbi Yaakov Yehoshua Falk)ייבוםlevirate marriagethe marriage itself; whether the word restores her yevamah status (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), undoes it (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim), or, seemingly, names the brother's act (Ibn Ezra) is disputedייןwinethe ordinary word, over 140 times in Tanach; on the older tradition aged wine, earning the name only forty days into production (Rashi to Yoma 76b), which Yoma 76b expounds from yelalah, wailingילדchildthe general word, not necessarily tied to any age, from the biliteral ל-ד, birth, so any born child (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Yishmael is a yeled at sixteen, and Rashi to Erachin 18b puts the Mishnah's yeled anywhere from twenty to sixtyילדהin the child group: child, toddler, youngster, boyילפתclinging boilsa hapax legomenon; named for melafefes, what attaches itself, since it clings to a man until the day he dies (Rashi, from Bechoros 41a), leaving a scar that never comes off (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)יֶלֶקin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanיֶלֶקlicking locustthe licker, from melakek, licking and chewing at the grass (Radak); third in Yoel's sequence; spreads out and flies away, born a worm, then a cocoon, then winged (Malbim), which Rabbi Klein could not confirm; a flying thing (Targum)יםwest, seawardliterally sea, serving for west because the Mediterranean lies at the west side of Eretz Yisrael (Rabbeinu Bachya); like negev, a name taken from the land itselfימיםmules, hinniesa hapax at Bereishis 36:24; mules that Anah bred (Rashi), or hinnies born of a male horse and a female donkey (Yerushalmi, Shadal); giants (Targum Onkelos, Ibn Ezra)ימיןsouth, rightliterally right, south from an east-facing stance as smol is north; south only when the speaker faces east, and right where the orientation is a person's own bodyיניאin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainיסוריםin the rebuke group: reproof, rebuke, discipline, chastisementיסכהthe one who gazed, the one all gazed upona third name tradition identifies with her (Megillah 14a, Sanhedrin 69b), doubted by Ibn Ezra and Shadal; she gazed with ruach hakodesh, or all gazed at her beauty (the Gemara); nesichah, princess (Rashi); her childhood name (Marcus)יעףexhausted, spentthe metathesised twin of ayef; for Schwab the stronger of the pair, one whose energy is entirely gone, which is why the morning berachah says ha'nosen la'yaef koach. Some explain the two as simply one word in two orders, and the Rid compares kesev and kevesיעקבYaakovfrom ע-ק-ב, heel, since he was born holding Esav's heel (Bereishis 25:26); used of the man as an individual (Maharal, Rav Hirsch) and, for the Ohr HaChaim, whenever he is in a lowly or sorrowing stateיצהרolive oilfor Rabbi Klein olive oil in itself, joined to zayis in Tanach only once (Melachim II 18:32); Radak narrows it to oil as it comes from the press; Rabbi Yitzchak Zev Yadler makes it whatever oil a place burns for light; oil as what brings light, like tzohar (Benamozegh)יצחקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportיציבin the root צ-ב (splendor, desire, consent, army) group: splendor, glory, beauty, desireיקהYakehat Mishlei 30:1; from heikiah, spat out, either the wisdom he lost when he strayed (the Midrashim) or the false ideas he rejected before setting down the true ones (Ralbag to Mishlei 30:1)יקוססin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateיקותיאלYekusielfrom tikvah, hope, since he made Hashem the hope of Israel, above all through the daily mahn (Vilna Gaon)יקיצהwaking upsudden and complete waking (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); waking one who merely dozed off (Rabbi Yechezkel Pannet); the second stage, getting up and staying awake, and the more responsive waking (Malbim); the end of a dream or false impression (Rabbi Klein)יקרprecious, esteemvalue from rarity and impact, from ק-ר, strong impact (Rabbi Pappenheim); rare, importance from circumstance and not inherent worth (Malbim); or inherent value needing no comparison (Rabbi Avraham Vilner); possibly kavod in Aramaic (Rabbi Klein)יראהfearthe general word, with its noun morah; fear pent up over time (Rashi), continual and building on itself, so the more intense (Wertheimer); fear of what might happen, as against daagah (Beis HaLevi); mora the same as chitas (Abarbanel)ירדYeredfrom yarad, descend, for he brought the Torah down, or the Shechinah down; or from radah, to rule (Zevachim 102a); Megillah 13a, the mahn came down in his dayירוקgreenthe color green, which in Rabbinic Hebrew technically reaches from yellow through green to blue; the emptying out of a plant's inner liquids (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)ירושהinheritancea bare legal transfer from one reshus to another, sanctioned or not (Malbim); the heir with no one to share it (Shadal); from rosh, the heir as head of the estate (Pappenheim, Mecklenburg); the young displacing the old (Rav Hirsch)ירושליםYerushalayim (Jerusalem)the Holy City proper; written singular in Tanach but read as a dual, heard as alluding to two cities joined into one; the Targum reads Tehillim 133:1 as the unity of the twin citiesירחin the Jericho group: Jericho, the City of Dates, the City of Scent, the City of the Moonיָרֵחַmoonthe luminary whose cycle helps fix the month's length, and for Rabbi Klein the word behind yerachיָרֵחַmoonfrom orach, path, naming the moon by its orbital course through the heavens (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); the first of the three coined, and later taken up by a moon-cult; from ר-ח, air, since its movements somehow control the ruach, the tides and winds (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)ירחוJerichothe vocalization of Bamidbar, Devarim, Yirmiyahu, Ezra-Nechemiah and Divrei HaYamim, without that yud; several sources hear reyach, scent, in this form (Yossiphon as Rashi reads him, Rabbeinu Yoel, the Peirush HaRokeach), while the Oraysa editor's rule would give it yareyach, the moonיריחוJerichothe vocalization used throughout Yehoshua and at Shmuel II 10:5, spelled with a yud between reish and ches; on the Oraysa editor's suggested rule the yud points to reyach, scentירקvegetablethe generic word for any vegetable, of which marror is a subset; so called because vegetables are typically green (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi); tied to rok, spit, or reik, empty (Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras)ירקותin the vegetable and green group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensישועהsalvationsalvation answering a cry for help; from a danger to one's very being, kin to yesh, exists (Rav Hirsch); total release from oppression (Peirush HaRokeach); the saving alone, without the further protection of hatzalah (Malbim)ישורוןYeshurunfour occurrences only (Devarim 32:15, 33:5, 33:26; Yeshayahu 44:2); from yashar, straight, given to refute Esav's slur that Yaakov means crookedness (Ramban); for Chasam Sofer, straightness attained by the nation's own effortישחקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportישיבהin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenישישthe agedolder still, placed after seivah on Iyov 15:10 and derived from yesh, one who has existed a long time (Radak); perhaps the Mishnah's ninety (Bedersi); before zaken and seivah, from yesh as ish is, a man long in adulthood and now on the cusp of old age (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); only four times, all in Iyovיָשָׁןaged, last year'sold of plants and produce, not of people, set against zaken, which is for people and animals (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter); so too Chiddushei HaRa'ah and HaKsav VeHaKabbalah; from shanah, a year, one who has lived through many years, said of a person (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)יָשֵׁןin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingיִשְׂרָאֵלYisraelgiven after he prevailed over the angel, from sar, to lord over (Bereishis 32:29); an added name, not a replacement (Rabbeinu Bachya), and used of him as founder of the nation (Maharal, Rav Hirsch). Chasam Sofer parses it yashar plus El, a straightness reached with Divine helpיִשְׂרָאֵלIsrael, Israelitethe Torah's ordinary name for the nation, over two thousand occurrences, taken from Yaakov's second name and used as a patronym; connotes the higher standing (Rabbeinu Bachya)כאןherethe Mishnaic word, understood to be a cognate of koh; Rabbinic Hebrew folds both poh and halom into it, kan for poh and l'kan for halom (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Cheshek Shlomo)כבודhonorweight, sharing its root with heavy; honor owed to a thing for its own inherent properties, the sage who earned his wisdom (Malbim); or the reverse, one's importance relative to others (Rabbi Avraham Vilner)כביסהlaunderingobjects only, above all clothing, never a body; the water driven through and through, as against rechitzah on a surface (Pappenheim)כבירmighty in numberquantitative strength, strong for many units of equal force banded together (Pappenheim; see Rashi to Berachos 8a on communal prayer)כבלfettertwice only, and both times an iron bond on a prisoner or a king (Tehillim 105:18, 149:8); it seems to Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein that it is chevel with CHES and KAF interchangedכבשlamba sheep within its first year, always young (Malbim, Rabbi Shmuel Strashun, Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk); expounded from kevisah, laundering, the lamb washing away sin (Pesikta Rabbasi)כדjug, pitcherinterchanged with chavis in the Mishnah's own wording, because in the vernacular the two were not necessarily fixed (Bava Kamma 27a); paired with pach in the version of Chullin 91a that the Tosafists and Rabbeinu Bachya citeכדוןnowan Aramaic now outside Tanach, related to ke'an and, like it, a contraction of ke'idana (Marcus Jastrow)כהhere, thereaboutsnear "here" rather than here itself, seemingly from the kaf in the sense of "like" (Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto)כהןpriestthe general word, a priest of any cult, Aharon's sons and Yisro alike; bound to a place name, a position of leadership (Rashi), where Onkelos renders rabbah; the one who sees the preparations are in order (Pappenheim)כהניםin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryכובעhelmet, hard hatthe everyday Modern Hebrew hat, but all six of its appearances in Tanach are part of a warrior's kit, so possibly a hard hat or helmet rather than a hatכווראfishthe other common Aramaic word; Tosafos (Moed Katan 11a) leaves open whether it means fish in general or one species; Chullin 109b, which compares its taste to a bird's, reads like a species, and Jastrow reads it as fish kept live in a basketכומרidolatrous priestspecifically an idolatrous priest (Radak, Ibn Kaspi); in black vestments (Radak), or cloistered, a monk (Eliyahu HaBachur); nets his followers through feeling (Rav Hirsch); perhaps a perfect synonym from Akkadian kumru (Tawil)כוסברin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedכוסברתאcorianderthe Mishnaic and Aramaic word for coriander; parsed from two Hebrew roots meaning cut up or chewed (Rabbi David Golumb); the double sense of Rebbi's coded answer to Antoninus (Rabbeinu Chananel, Rashi)כופרdenierdenies the Torah, techiyas hameisim or the coming of Moshiach (Rambam); the root's Mishnaic sense is denying a legal claim, and the bridge to heresy seems to be covering over the factsכורסאthrone, chairthe Aramaic form; every kisse in Tanach is rendered kursa in Targum (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), and in Modern Hebrew it has narrowed to an armchair or reclinerכותלwallthe Aramaic for kir, rendering it in the Targumim (Rabbi Klein); once in Hebrew, at Shir HaShirim 2:9; connected with Akkadian kutallu, backside (Rabbi Ernest Klein)כותנהin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusכזבa lie that time exposessounded true and only later proves false, a broken word (Vilna Gaon, Bechor Shor, Malbim); the mouth saying what the heart does not hold (Albo); the mistaken lie (Mecklenburg); fabrication, saying of what is not that it is (Rabbi Wilheimer); kin to witchcraft (Rav Hirsch)כחstrengththe most general word, the plain ability to do or withstand something (Pappenheim); physical strength that man shares with beast (Rabbi Soloveitchik); the power to maintain a state against what would break it, or mental fortitude and focus (Rabbi Mecklenburg)כחולdark, kohl-coloredfrom the eye-cosmetic kohl, whose shades ran from blue to black; the Midrash sets Yissachar's kachol flag against Dan's sapir flag, Rabbi Klein's example of kachol meaning black and not blueכַּחַשׁin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseכַּחַשׁdeniala false answer to a claim already standing, contradicted before it is uttered (Malbim); a manufactured reaction of denial to a warranted claim (Rav Hirsch); saying of what is that it is not (Rabbi Wilheimer); plausible but not refutable outright (Wertheimer)כידוןjavelin, darta small romach carried by kings and nobles (Rambam to Keilim 11:8), usually thrown at the enemy (Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim ties it to kad, a jug, for the spikes protruding at its sidesכיליmiserthe Biblical miser, opposite of nadiv and shoa (Radak); one who jails his own money, from כ-ל (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); read as ki yomar sheli sheli, what is mine is mine (Ibn Ezra); for the Ashkenazic commentators a trickster, from נ-כ-ל (Rashi, Mahari Kara, Rabbi Eliezer of Beaugency); a vessel that takes in and gives nothing out (Maharal)כילפותhatchetsa hapax beside kashil in the same pasuk; Donash reads both as woodcutters' tools, Menachem Ibn Saruk as weapons, and Targum uses a form of this word to render kardumכיסin the property group: property, possessions, livestock, assetsכיתנאlinenthe Talmud's Aramaic for linen, by which Yoma 71b and Zevachim 18b define sheish and bahd; flax unprocessed and still in the ground, against worked butz (Rabbi Yaakov Zev Lev); not the source of modern kotna, cotton (Kutscher)ככאtooththe Targum's Aramaic for shein; in the Gemara a tooth, the inner molars at Berachos 56a (Rashi); large teeth, not the gums (Tosafos); also the teeth of a wooden keyכִּכָּרloafliterally a circle, the loaf named for its round shape; in Tanach usually a talent of metal or a valley ringed by mountains, bread only in kikar lechem, which the Mishnah shortens to kikar aloneכִּכָּרloafas bread, always in kikar lechem; a rounded loaf with body to it, spherical rather than flat, as Dr. Tamar Katzir and Rabbi Shaul Goldman suggest; see the separate bread entryכִּכָּרgrassland plainthe plain of the Yarden (Bereishis 13:10); Ramban narrows it to lush grassland fed by rivers spilling into itכלאcease, be held backstopping because the purpose is served or the reason has lapsed (Rabbi Yosef Grayever, Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); Malbim, held back against its own nature, from kele, a prisonכלובbasket, cagetwice in Tanach, once for unripe figs (Amos 8:1) and once for birds being fattened (Yirmiyahu 5:27), whence the modern sense of a cageכלוםnothingthe rabbinic counterpart of meumah, nothing, usually in a double negative; a contraction of kol meum (Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia, Rabbi Ernest Klein), though Rabbi Yair Chaim Bachrach disagreesכליותkidneysthe ordinary word, thirty-one times in Tanach, half of them in the korbanos; also the innermost thoughts and motives Hashem examines (Yirmiyahu 11:20; Tehillim 7:10)כלילcrownthe Aramaic for crown, what encompasses something; source of kallah, a bride wholly surrounded by her ornaments (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)כלימהhumiliationthe graver word, for what is inherently disgraceful; shame that comes from outside, another person humiliating him (Malbim, Wertheimer), leaving him stripped of his shape (Rav Hirsch)כלכלהhamperMishnaic; an especially large sal for storing all kinds of food, from kalkal, "to sustain" (Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi)כלמיin the lice group: lice, louse, flea, nitכמוסstored away, sealed upa hapax, something stored away and sealed, known to Hashem alone; kin to kamatz, protected classified information (Rav Hirsch); kept close, by metathesis with samech-mem-kaf (Rabbi Avi Kobernick)כמריםin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryכֵּןin the lice group: lice, louse, flea, nitכֵּןbase, standthe Biblical word for the base or pedestal on which something rests, as of the kiyor, and by extension a man's post; from כ-ן, the footing of a thing, kin to kein and nachon (Pappenheim)כנהa lousethe singular, absent from Tanach, once in the Mishnah (*Parah* 9:2) and often in the Gemara (Shabbos 12b); at *Parah* 9:2 it is a *kinah* of the grain, a field pestכנורin the kinneres group: Kinneret, Sea of Galilee, Ginosar, Tiberiasכניםlicethe plural, "many lice"; the classical lexicographers (Ibn Janach, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, Ibn Parchon) hold the mem is not part of the root, which is the biliteral כ-ןכנםthe licea singular form naming the whole species of lice rather than individuals (Ibn Janach, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, Ibn Parchon), used twice in the makkah account (Shemos 8:13 to 14)כנעניtrader"Canaanite" used for "merchant" (Pesachim 50a; Rashi and Radak to Yeshayahu 23:8); Malbim places him between the socher and the rochel; Canaan, the lowland, against Aram (Benamozegh)כָּנָףwinged creaturenamed for the wing itself, and reaching to grasshoppers and other winged things that kol tzipor did not cover (Rashi); the class term for winged insects (Radak); kin to ganav, a thief, both hiding (Rav Hirsch)כָּנָףwing; edge, cornerthe outermost part of the wing, farthest from the body, that casts shade and so shelters (Rabbi Wertheimer); since the wing sits at the bird's edge, also the edge or periphery of a garment or a land (Bedersi); from kaf, covering, as the wing covers the body (Shadal)כנרתKinneretthe name in Chumash and Nach, seemingly taken from the fortified city of Kinneres in Naftali's territory (Yehoshua 19:35), the prominent town on its shore at the timeכסthroneappears once, in the oath against Amalek (Shemos 17:16); the missing aleph is deliberate, marking that Hashem's Name and throne are incomplete while Amalek stands (Tanchuma, cited by Rashi)כסאthronethe standard word, 135 times in Tanach, always with a final aleph; a seat of rank, covered or canopied to show the honor of the one sitting (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), and by Rambam a seat that implies importance and powerכסהthronethe same word spelled with a final hei, only three times (Melachim I 10:19 twice, Iyov 26:9); Radak treats it as identical to kisse, and Rav Hirsch uses the spelling to link it to keseh, the covered new moon of Rosh Hashanahכסותcoveringworn by covering oneself rather than by dressing, like a shawl; for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim it names clothing's function, protection from heat or cold; Maharik takes it the opposite way, as the fitted garmentכסיסהin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateכסלassurancebeing sure, with almost foolish naivety, that no harm will come, where tikvah awaits a good (Malbim); akin to kesil, fool, since relying wholly on Hashem may look foolish (Rabbi Moshe Wolfson)כסניןin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateכססchewrabbinic, apparently a native Hebrew word; gnawing something raw or eating it in an abnormal way (Rashi); not necessarily chewing toward swallowing (Rabbi Meir Mazuz); the more enjoying chew (Rabbi Yitzchak Barda); perhaps no different in sense from lo'es (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)כסףsilver, moneysilver the metal, which became another word for money outright; kept apart from mechir by Targum at Yeshayahu 55:1; its root also yields nichsaf, desiring, the drive for money coming of the desire to be rich (Maharal)כעןnowthe only Aramaic now in Tanach, in Daniel and Ezra, and the Targumim's regular rendering of both atah and na; a contraction of ke'idana, according to this time (Marcus Jastrow); Onkelos uses it for koh tooכעסangerthe commonest, most generic term and the simplest, lowest grade (Pappenheim); anger pent up in the heart and never brought into action (Malbim); a metathesis of eches, poison in the heart (Rabbeinu Efrayim), or eches from kaas, a snake's venom released in anger (Rashi)כףclouds, or the skytaken as clouds by many commentators, Rashi among them, clouds being a kippah over one's head (Metzudas Tzion); the sky as a whole (Pappenheim)כפותtied downAramaic and Mishnaic tying down, glossed by Rashi sometimes with asirah and sometimes with keshirah; perhaps kin to kefiyah, compulsion, in line with Pappenheim's kaf-peh; or from a different Aramaic root (Dr. Michael Sokoloff)כפיפהwicker basketMishnaic, spelled sometimes with a kuf and sometimes with a kaf; seems to mean specifically a wicker basket (Shabbos 2:2; Sotah 2:1, 3:1; Keilim 26:1)כפירyoung lionwhoever sees it denies his own life (Rabbi Levi); an adolescent that denies his parents (Avos d'Rabbi Nasan); young but strong (Rashi); the cub whose teeth frighten (Vilna Gaon); less fierce, still too young to hunt (Rabbi Yechiel Michel Stern); a small, weak lion (Zohar)כפןdearthperhaps only the Aramaic for ra'av; famine from hoarding and high prices (Ralbag); food at hand that does not satisfy (Vilna Gaon); so starved he no longer feels hunger (Wertheimer); thirst, a minority view (Rabbi Moshe Zidel)כפרהatonementevery negative consequence of the sin wiped out (Rav Hirsch); a price paid for forgiveness, usually a korban, or a covering that hides the sin without removing it (Malbim); Mecklenburg and Wertheimer do not set it against the other twoכפתורin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsכרswift camel / saddle-basketdisputed; a fast-running camel (Ibn Ezra to Yeshayahu 16:1), a camel's saddle-basket (Ibn Ezra to Bereishis 31:34), or a young sheep (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi); a present (Niddah 31b, as Rashi reads it)כרגאpoll taxfrom Persian karaka or Arabic harag, a head tax, the fixed sum each individual was obligated to pay (see Rashi to Bava Metzia 73b); the same as gulgaltaכרהbegin to dig, hollow outthe first, preparatory stage of digging that does not finish the work (Malbim, Rav Hirsch); so even an unfinished pit brings liability (Malbim); a grave plot only marked out (Netziv); a hole meant to be closed, as a grave (Be'er Yitzchak)כרוביםcherubimthe ninth rank; from Aramaic ravia, a lad, with a kaf of simile, so the kruvim on the Aron looked like children (Chagigah 13b, Sukkah 5b); also the destructive angels guarding the path to the Eitz HaChaim (Rashi); from rechev, what Hashem rides (Shadal)כרוספדיןhem, fringethe Targum's Aramaic for both tzitzis and gedilim; a loanword from Greek kraspedon, the fringe or hem of a garment (Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia); Persian instead (Kohut)כרטיסcard, documentin the Yerushalmi (end of Kesubos ch. 9) one who lost his kartis writes another; karta in Arabic and la'az (Ramban)כריעהkneelingbowing on the knees (Megillah 22b, Berachos 34b); knees on the floor, then the face to the ground (Maharsha)כריתותin the excision group: excision, cut off, childless, extirpationכרכורwhirling, caperinga specific act of dancing, the footwork; circular motion (Rabbi Yosef Kara), as young animals move in circles (Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); the movements of the feet, against mifazez of the hands (Rashbam)כרכרותswift beastsa prominent kind of camel (Ibn Ezra), any fast-running animal (Radak), skipping young calves (Rabbi Yosef Bechor Shor), or, as kirkarah, a dromedary (David Clines)כרמליתin the widow group: widow, widower, widowhood, deserted palaceכַּרְפַּסin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusכַּרְפַּסparsley, fabricone particular plant, parsley in the Yerushalmi, though the matter is far from settled (Rabbi Klein); in Esther a fabric, silk (Rabbi Saadia Gaon) or fine linen (Rabbi Dr. Ernest Klein), or a color, green (Radak)כרפסאin the vegetable and green group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensכָּרֵתcut, excisespiritual excision; a general word for cutting, whether or not it severs, as a sefer krisus (Pappenheim); also ratifying a covenant, once marked by cutting animals in halfכָּרֵתexcisionthe sinner himself cut off; from the reunion of souls in the World to Come (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg), from the soul's Upper Source (Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin), or in body, soul or both (Ramban, Rabbeinu Bachya); Ibn Ezra adds the death of descendantsכרתיindigo dyethe dye called Hindi, indis in Tosafos's Old French (Rabbeinu Yonah; Tosafos and Tosafos HaRosh to Chullin 47b); told apart from techeiles (Berachos 9b)כשבlamban exact metathesis of keves with the same meaning (Radak, Ibn Ezra, Ibn Parchon), a bigger or older sheep (Baal HaTurim, Netziv), or a general term for sheep of any age (Malbim, Strashun)כשילlarge axea hapax at Tehillim 74:6; the bigger tool, which throws off scraps large enough that the one who commissioned the work keeps them (Mishnah Bava Kamma 10:10)כתבanything writtenanything written at all, the general term beside the more specific sefer, megillah, gilayon and iggeret (Malbim)כתיבהwritingthe general, most common word, about 260 times in Tanach, used of the Luchos and of a Sefer Torah in ink on parchment; a worthy bearer of ideas that risks detaching part of the idea from the whole (Rav Hirsch)כתםfine goldgold so pure it can be beaten paper-thin (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), which is why the same root gives ketem, a stain that stands outכתףshoulderthe shoulder as a whole (Ohel Moed), or its front (Rabbi Ezra Reuven Dangoor); at Iyov 31:22 it sits atop the shechemכתרroyal crownthe crown of royalty, always keser malchus in Tanach; encircles the head without rising above it, a coronet (Malbim); some make it the general word; the sign of rule, worn by kings (Pappenheim); kingship (Rabbi Zev Leff)לאyou shall notthe Torah's standard negation and the marker of a negative commandment; negates past fact and future command alike, you did not as well as you shall not (Rabbi Ber Oppenheimer); addressed concretely to a second person (Rabbi Aharon Maggid, as Rabbi Klein reads him)לאוnegative commandmentsimply a negative commandment, an anthimeria from lo, not; absent from Tanach and common in rabbinic writing; a prohibited act even where the punishment is not severeלאוםnation by religion, kingdompeople joined by a shared religion, which can span several kingdoms (Malbim, from the Midrash); a family or clan within a larger nation (Edel), the word probably tied to em, motherלאלתרon the spota contraction of al atar, on the spot (Rabbi Yishaya Pick-Berlin, Rabbi Yaakov Emden), a word for place doing duty for timeלאמרin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementלאןin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereלבheart, midstthe heart, and by extension the midst of anything, since it sits roughly in the middle of the body, as the heart of the seas; whatever sits at the center or plays a central part (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)לבושapparel, dresswhatever one dresses in, of no set type, from lovesh; in usage the distinctive dress of a station, hence levush malchus; Shabbos 77b reads it lo bushah, "no shame"לביאlion, lionessits roar seizes men's hearts (Rabbi Levi), or it eats the heart first (Rabbi Menachem Azariah of Fano); younger than an ari (Baal HaTurim); after aryeh, before layish (Radak); a lioness that has borne young (Vilna Gaon); another species (Rabbi Yeshayah of Trani), a leopard (Pappenheim)לבלרscribethe later loanword from Latin libellarius, not in Tanach; a general term taking in even the freelance clerk (Blau), or effectively synonymous with sofer, perhaps more formal (Krauss); Rashi defines each by the otherלבןwhiteseemingly the umbrella Hebrew term, covering every manifestation of white (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the same root gives leveinah (brick), levanah (moon), levonah (frankincense)לְבָנָהmoonliterally the white one, naming the moon by its perceived color (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); it looks as though it has a whiteness of its own (Radak); lavan is total reflection, and the moon only reflects (Rabbi Doniel Baron); the source of Latin luna (Benamozegh)לְבֵנָהbrickthe brick a man makes by mixing mortar, set against even, the stone formed by nature (Malbim); from even, built with in place of stones (Shadal)לברךto blessnot blessing the Creator as He blesses man, which a mortal cannot do, but acknowledging Him as the source of all blessing (Rabbi Chaim Volozhiner); left out by Abudrahamלהבflame, bladethe flame that spurts outward from a larger fire, its outlet for spreading; hence also the blade of a knife or sword, the part that acts on things outside itself (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); not a bigger fire than aishלהבהin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchלהביםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsלהגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountלהדרto beautifystressing the whole, the symmetrical and all-encompassing praiseworthiness in every aspect (Rabbi Shimshon Pincus); in Nusach Sefard followed by lenatzei'ach (Arizal)להודותto thankadmitting that another did one a good turn and is owed gratitude; from hod, what lies beneath the surface, brought forward in words; set before lauding, since personal gratitude precedes the general duty to praise (Wertheimer)לַהַטblazethe fast movement of fire, spreading like wildfire; related to the root of bending; like lahav it can mean flame or blade, and is borrowed for enthusiasmלַהַטsleight of hand, magic artskishuf performed by the practitioner himself, named for the flash of a turning flame or blade (Sanhedrin 67b with Rashi; Ibn Ezra); its plain sense elsewhere is "flame" (Bereishis 3:24)להללto praiserelaying another's virtue to a third party, as against thanking him for a good turn or dwelling on his good traits as suchלוביםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsלודיםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsלוזalmond, hazelalmond, as in Arabic (Rabbi Saadia Gaon), and on Rabbi Klein's hedged upshot the Aramaic word for what shaked names in Hebrew; hazel (Rashi, Tosafos); the silverleaf poplar in another version of Rabbi Saadia Gaon; related to the cedar (Menachem Ibn Saruk); never Onkelos's rendering of shakedלוחםin the war group: war, battle, combat, campaignלותירLothar, the Rhinelandthe Rishonim's own name for their region, from Lotharingia, the realm of Lothair II; Rabbi Yosef Prager argues it covered the whole Rhineland, Mainz, Worms and Speyer togetherלחmoista little wet, not enough to wet what touches it, the inner moisture of every living thing (Pappenheim); equated with ratuv (Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Radak), and perhaps the native Hebrew against borrowed Aramaic (Rabbi Klein)לחיכהlick awaylicking something less liquid, with a harder sound, as the ox licks the field bare (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); from cheich, the palate (Rabbi Yaakov Berger, Rabbi Zilberberg); eating quickly (Ibn Parchon); Ibn Saruk and Radak define it by lekikah; Chazal extend it to fireלחםbreadthe wide word, over three hundred times in Tanach; the staple food of a society, so meat in Arabic (Rabbi Dr. Guy Matalon); from soldering, food cementing body and soul (Netziv); what sustains a person's inner moisture (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)לחץpressurethe eye on the one applying the pressure, saying nothing of whether it worked (Schwab); not necessarily nefarious, pressure to extract a benefit (Ashkenazi), against pressuring chiefly to make a man suffer (Pappenheim); physical or psychological (Posen)לטsecret artsthe concealed, undercover method, adjuring sheidim to act on one's behalf (Sanhedrin 67b with Rashi; Ramban from ל-ט, "clandestine")ליליתfemale demona *sheidah*, whether the name of one particular demoness, mother of all the *sheidim* and consort of Samael (the *Zohar*), or the name of a class of them; at Yeshayahu 34:14 a female demon (Rashi), a night bird (Ibn Ezra) or a night animal (Radak), as Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi has it, a wild animal that scavenges by night; from yelel, howling (Chemdas HaChemdah)לילךpurple, lilacalso modern, the lilac flower's name extended to the color, as with the modern words for lavender and mauveלינהstaying overnighttechnically leaving something overnight rather than sleeping, so it governs sacrificial meat, unpaid wages and a hanging body as readily as a guest; tied to laylah (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the time for sleeping (Rabbi Yosef Nechemias)לישold lion, lionessits teeth knead a man's skin like dough (Rabbi Levi); the last and strongest stage (Radak); a lioness that has not yet borne young (Vilna Gaon); a leopard (Rabbi Pinchas Eliyahu Horowitz)לכלוךgrimepost-biblical; dirtying by something not disgusting in itself but unwanted where it landed (Pappenheim); wet, kin to lichluach (Kohut), so no chatzitzah (Mikvaos 9:4); equated with tinuf by Ibn Janach and Radakלמהwhy, for what purposeseen as la- ("for") plus mah ("what"), so it asks toward what end; Mecklenburg and Malbim make it the question of ultimate purpose, and Rabbi Wertheimer hears complaint or rebuke in itלמואלLemuelat Mishlei 31:1 (Lemoel at 31:4); nam la'El, he spoke to Hashem (the Midrash), the commentaries explaining NUN turning to LAMED as dentals do; against the positive readings of Ibn Ezra, Ralbag and Rashiלמודteaching by drillinggoing over the lesson again and again until it is engraved on the pupil's heart (Shadal, cited by Malbim); bringing the teaching to its conclusion, seeing the seeds to fruition (Rav Hirsch); runs both ways, the student teaching too (Rabbi Klein)לנצחin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלסטיםrobber, briganda Greek loanword for a robber; whether an armed listim, who takes openly yet carries a weapon for fear of being caught, is a ganav or a gazlan is disputed (Kesef Mishneh, Lechem Mishneh, Even HaAzel)לספרin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountלעin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethלעיסהin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateלעלהto raise highraising Hashem's standing by admitting that He is above everything, as against leromem, above us (Rabbi Shimshon Pincus)לענהwormwoodvery bitter but not said to be deadly (Rashi, Radak); counted a synonym of rosh, chamat and ra'al, all poison, by Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino, which is quite novelלעסchewrabbinic, apparently a loanword from Aramaic; equated with koses (Rashi); ordinary chewing toward swallowing (Rabbi Meir Mazuz); the more workaday chew (Rabbi Yitzchak Barda); perhaps different only in language of origin (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)לפארto glorifyfixing on one specific praiseworthy aspect, as against lehader, which stresses the whole (Rabbi Shimshon Pincus)לפידtorchused when the focus is the object carrying the fire rather than the fire itself; Radak reads aish pladot as another way of saying lapid aishלקהto be struck, to be impairedpassive where makkeh is active (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), and for the Tiferes Yisrael broader than striking, covering any defect, so an eclipsed luminary or blackened blood is lakahלקיקהlap uplapping up liquid, imitating the slurp, hence Gideon's soldiers at the water (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); drinking without a vessel (Ibn Parchon); detaching something small from something larger, a little at a time (Pappenheim); a synonym of lechichah for Ibn Saruk and Radakלקלסto exaltRabbinic to exalt, though in Biblical Hebrew to disparage, so some omit it; kilus is praise with a negative edge, embellished, inverted or exaggerated to denigrate (Pappenheim); denigrating, as in iconoclast (Benamozegh)לרומםto extolraising Hashem's standing by admitting that He is above us, as against le'aleh, above everything (Rabbi Shimshon Pincus)לשבחto lauddwelling on another's good traits as such, apart from any dealing one had with him; it stands after thanking in the list (Wertheimer)לשדin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderלשוןlanguage, tongueliterally the tongue, the inner organ; a language whose speakers have taken its inner content and values into themselves (Rav Dessler), hence Lashon HaKodeshלשון הקודשin the language group: language, tongue, lip, speechמְאוּמָהin the blemish group: blemish, defect, flaw, deficiencyמְאוּמָהnothing, anythingnothing, and also anything, since Hebrew allows double negatives; from mah, what (Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras, Gesenius), or from מ-ם, the smallest amount (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), a smidgen of existence (Rav Hirsch)מאיןfrom wherethe same root with a prefixed mem, which, as Rabbi Klein has noted, tends to flip a root's meaning, so origin instead of destinationמאכלתknifethe other Tanach word for a knife, from eating, since it eats the flesh or lets others eat from what it cuts (Rashi)מאמרsayingthe word for the Ten Sayings of creation (Avos 5:1), needing no raised voice with no listeners yet (Rabbi Klein); needing a listener to turn it into reality (Rav Hirsch); setting the framework for a dibbur (Sefer HaChochmah); Hashem's gift, taken as love (Rabbi Klein)מארהin the curse group: curse, imprecation, oath-curse, disparagementמבולin the the eighth month group: Bul, Marcheshvan, Cheshvan, floodמגבעתheaddressthe ordinary kohen's plain hat, tied to kova (Meiri); comes pre-sewn, ready to put on (Vilna Gaon); humped like a hill, from givah (Abarbanel); the same hat as mitznefes (Rashi, Ramban); from givah, a hill raising the head (Rabbi Avigdor Miller)מגדin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedמגדיםin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedמגדנותin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedמגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountמגילהscrollsheets of parchment sewn together and rolled up, from ג-ל, round (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); written to be rolled (Malbim); unqualified it means Megillas Esther, marking that Esther be written on its own scroll (Rabbi Shmuel Strashun)מגלsicklethe same tool under its later, Aramaic-influenced name (Sifrei, Targum), used by the later nevi'im and the Mishnah (Yeivin); from ג-ל, round, for the curved blade (Pappenheim); fits the Pesach theme of galus and geulah (Rabbi Klein)מגלבin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberמגןin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureמגפהplague, blowfrom striking, and by itself not fatal (Rashi), against Abarbanel, who holds it inherently lethal; an infected wound spreading from one struck part (Bachrach); names what the striker does, not what the victim contracts; graver than dever, since it spreads (Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky)מדfitted garmentcustom-fitted to its wearer, from moded, "measure"מדברwildernessland inherently unfit for settlement or cultivation and so empty of people (Malbim); the far pasture where shepherds lead a flock (Radak); emptied as by plague (Pappenheim); free of distraction for hearing speech (Rabbi Abrahams); the same as tziyah, but milder (the Vilna Gaon)מדועwhy, on what groundsa contraction of mah deah, "what thinking" (Rabbeinu Yonah Ibn Janach), so it asks what reasoning stands behind the thing; neutral for Rabbi Wertheimer, and for others the question that seeks an answer in earnestמדרגהlevel, degreea graded step or terrace, in later Hebrew any degree or level of attainment; in Tanach a walkway built up a mountainside, a terraced rampart (Wertheimer); kin to derech, a path (Rav Hirsch); only twice in Tanachמדרגותin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentמהin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtמוהלcircumciserthe standard word, and for Rabbi Yissachar Tamar the man whose profession is circumcision and nothing else; post-Biblical, first in the Aramaic form mohalaמוטcarrying pole, yoke-bara pole for carrying, as the spies' pole, and in the feminine motah the bar of a yoke; a synonym of bad (Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino); for Pappenheim a thick low pole or a sideways branch, or a reinforced matehמוליךtake, bringan inflection of holech, going; the leader's part in getting his charges from one place or situation to another (Wertheimer); leading is a borrowed sense, not the root's own (Pappenheim)מוםblemish, defectat root a something, from meumah (Pappenheim, Rabbi Ernest Klein); a small something present that should not be or absent that should be, so it covers both a lack and an excess; the Torah's word for what disqualifies a kohen or an offeringמומרconvert-outfrom מ-ו-ר, to switch, the tamer word censors substituted for meshumad; one who changed religion willingly (Luzzatto); one who traded the Torah for something passing, even in one mitzvah (Chasam Sofer)מונהcount, tallycounting things worth counting, from maneh, a respectable portion (Mecklenburg); the count is for the total alone, the individual unit not necessarily carrying weightמוניםtimes, instancessingle instances, like Greek monos and monas (Benamozegh to Bereishis 31:7)מוניניsmall fish, brinesmall fish (Rashi), also fish brine and by extension brine as such; a diminutive mem plus Aramaic nun, fish (Rabbi David Golumb), or mei nuna, fish water (Rabbi Moshe Batzri)מוסרdiscipline, chastisementfrom superior to subordinate, by word or blow, aimed at future conduct (Malbim); from the limbs, not the mouth, kin to yissurin (Vilna Gaon); removing or binding (Pappenheim); tying down the yetzer (Mecklenburg)מוסרהbond, shacklethe rope that restrains, found in the idiom of loosing it; from ס-ר, removal, since the captive's freedom of movement has been removed (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מוסתרin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedמועדappointed timethe most specific of the three, a preset point like a meeting scheduled to the minute (Wertheimer); a predetermined time set by man, or by Hashem for the festivals (Malbim); the beginning of an appointed time (Rabbi Yaakov Emden); a set time that comes round at intervals (Shadal); one thing's being at the time of another, from va'ad (Pappenheim)מופנהin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedמופתwonder, portentthe narrower word; for Ramban a sign that bends nature, from muflat/niflah/pele with the lamed dropped, though Abarbanel holds it a natural sign; every mofet is an oht but not every oht a mofet (Malbim); one thing with oht, two terms for it (Sifrei, Naso 23)מוראin the fear group: dread, terror, fright, fearמורדin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceמוֹרָהrazor, scissorsthe Neviim's word in the same formula; razor throughout (Radak), against scissors by Shimshon and fear of men by Shmuel (Targum, Rashi); from י-ר-ה, throwing away (Rashi), or מ-ר, switching (Pappenheim); what hair fears (Vayikra Rabbah)מוֹרֶהin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceמוריהMount Moriahcounted among Sinai's names in some versions of the Midrash; either a second mountain of the same name, or one mountain moved from Yerushalayim to the wilderness and back (Rabbi Berachiah Baruch Shapiro, Rabbi Naftali Katz)מושיעin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionמוֹשֵׁלrulerholds power by force or proven superiority, accepted or not; leads by his abilities and seizes his constituency, as Gideon was offered (Vilna Gaon); a dictator who rules whether or not his people object (Ibn Ezra); some explain instead a governor or deputy under the king, which Bereishis 24:2, 45:8 and 1:16 fit (Rabbi Klein); from mashal, leaders who spoke in parables (Benamozegh)מותin the death group: death, died, dying, passingמזבחaltarthe built-up altar of many stones (Rashi), on which blood and sacrificial parts are offered; named for zevach, sacrifice, and zoveach, slaughtering (Radak, Sefer HaShorashim)מזויןarmedpost-biblical, common in Gemara, from Aramaic zayin, a weapon, Targum's word for neshek; zayin glossed by German waffen and Latin arma (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); equated with chamushim in the Mechilta and Shemos Rabbahמזומןin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeמזוןsustenancenarrower than ochel, food that actually nourishes, giving the body what it needsמזיאhair, a head of haira patch of hair (Rabbi Klein); related to ma'azia, goat hair (Rabbi Dr. Jared Greenblatt), or from Old Persian (Rabbi Dr. Alexander Kohut); the whole from which a binta comes looseמזיגהmixing, dilutingfor liquid ingredients, wine mixed with water (Analak); the Mishnah's word for mixing a cup; pouring from vessel to vessel, the vessel standing in for the grape's zag (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מזלconstellation, destinyonce in Tanach (Melachim II 23:5), seemingly an astronomical phenomenon, usually understood as the zodiac constellations (Berachos 32b), and in Chazal also the flow of Divine influence; from נ-ז-ל, "flowing," for Ibn Janach and Radakמזמורpsalmthe psalm title; beside shir it is the tune and shir the words, so shir mizmor and mizmor shir tell which comes first (Pappenheim, Rabbi Shimshon Pincus); Ibn Ezra holds the two headings mean the sameמזמור שירin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyמזרconstellationa hapax (Iyov 38:32); the same as mazal with reish for lamed (Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Menachem, Ibn Janach, Rashi), or a particular star or group of stars (Ibn Ezra)מזרחeastfrom zarach, to shine, the quarter the sun first shines from; one of three names for east, each fixing on a different aspect of the same directionמחולin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceמחותניםin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomמחזהin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanמחזורcodexin early medieval sources the Tanach codex, from ח-ז-ר, to return, since one can return to its beginning at once, unlike a scroll; later the yom tov siddurמחילהpardonthe penalty commuted (Rav Hirsch); Rabbinic, never Biblical, and also cancelling a debt or forgoing what one deserves (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); erases part of the sin outright (Mecklenburg); immediate and complete forgiveness (Wertheimer), so too Rabbi Dosa the Greek; only erasing the misdeed, leaving the relationship at neutral (Rabbi Zev Hoberman); Hashem forgoing the slight to His honor, said with pesha (Rabbi Margulies, after the Vilna Gaon)מחיצהpartitionthe Mishnaic word for any partition at all, against the flimsy chayitz (Rabbi Moshe Zacuto); equivalent to chayitz (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מחירpricethe Biblical word for price, which Targum renders damim (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); at Yeshayahu 55:1, beside kesef, Targum Yonasan renders it mammonמחנהcampmore precisely a camp than a family, a group settled in one spot on the way to somewhere else (Rav Hirsch); from dwelling or stopping over, and in most places militaryמחסהrefugeone who actively lives by his bitachon (Malbim); trust in Hashem even where He promised nothing (Vilna Gaon); from ח-ס, relying on Hashem's caring (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מחשבהthoughtpure, abstract thought, or thought in the brain, against hirhur (Vilna Gaon); the result of deliberate, focused thinking, kin to cheshbon (Wertheimer); a synonym of raayon (Rashi, Ramban, Yad Ramah)מִטָּהbedthe ordinary, common word, from a root meaning to incline or stretch out, as a man inclines his body to lie down; any furniture one lies or reclines on (Malbim); the wooden-framed bed (Wertheimer); the bed of husband and wife and so of the righteous (Basilea)מַטֶּהstaff, tribethe stick of a dignitary or one in authority (Malbim, Wertheimer), so only Moshe's is a mateh; dry wood (Rabbi Yehuda ibn Kuraish); neutral in connotation (Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa); as tribe, its members rather than its leader (Mecklenburg, citing Shadal); the same as shevet (Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino, Ohel Moed); as tribe, a downward incline for Hashem's flow (Kedushas Levi); from natah, what one leans on (Radak)מטעהin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errמטרrain (as sent)rain given at its appointed time; on one reading specifically heavy rain, which is why forms of it are used of the fire and brimstone at Sedom (Bereishis 19:24) and the hail in Mitzrayim (Shemos 9:18); some make it the general term and geshem the specific one; matarin, the womb, from matar (Bereishis Rabbah 47:2)מיאוןrefusing, decliningthe biblical Hebrew word, forty-six times in Tanach; declining to comply with what one was asked (Dienna); from ein, no, ignoring what one rejects (Pappenheim); perhaps only siruv's Hebrew twin (Rabbi Klein), since the Targumim render it siruv (Eliyahu HaBachur); technically the minor's refusal of her husbandמידstraightawayliterally from hand; what sits in the hand passes to the next hand with no interval, so too an event that follows the one before with nothing in betweenמִילָהcut off the topcutting off the top of something, the foreskin, the tops of stalks or grass, the tips of arrows; whence mohelמִילָּהspoken wordthe biblical term; the spoken word (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), or written or spoken (Rabbi Yosef Teomim-Frankel); from מ-ל-ל, speech (Rabbi Shlomo Zalman of Hanau), or from מ-ל, edge, a unit cut off from the sentence (Pappenheim); memallel only of evil speech in the Yerushalmi (Kesubos 2:10)מילתאin the word group: word, spoken word, written word, thingמִיןsectarianwrong about Hashem Himself, in five kinds, from denying He runs the world to serving an intermediary (Rambam); sins to anger Hashem, where the meshumad sins for pleasure (Avodah Zarah 26b); the name's origin is much disputedמִיןkind, speciesthe Torah's word, a grouping of individuals alike enough to be classed as one kind (Ibn Janach, Radak); things alike but not identical, like Latin species (Shadal); from מ-ן, ordering what counts (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); in logic the species under a sugמיניםin the species group: species, kind, type, sortמיצרboundarythe Rabbinic word for a boundary, as between adjoining fields, not the Biblical meitzar, straits, from narrowness (Ibn Kuraish), though Ibn Ezra and Pappenheim connect the two; its plural mitzarim read also from tzarah, sorrow (Rashi)מישורplain, level groundany flat stretch at all, and it may be dry steppe (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); from yashar, straight, and it carries a moral sense of uprightness as well (Ibn Janach, Radak)מִיתָהdeaththe physical end, the parting of body and soul, said of anyone and of animals; names the conclusion of life and says nothing of what follows, so even the wicked have a mitah; death in general (Rabbi Avraham Chaim Schor); the general word, where geviah is the body's death and asifah the soul's (Shadal)מִיתָהin the murder group: murder, killing, slaying, striking downמיתרtent cord, bowstringthe string held under tension, whether guying a tent or strung on a bow; from ת-ר, elasticity, whose other side is mattir and muttar, release (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מָךְdowntroddencrushed abstractly rather than physically, by subordination to others; pressed by obligations beyond his means, whatever his income (Bedersi); struck by bad mazal (Pappenheim)מָךְin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedמכהblow, wound, plagueHebrew, and active (HaBachur), the striking, and by extension the wound it leaves and the plague that strikes; root נ-כ-ה for Ibn Chayyuj, Ibn Janach and Radak; from koh, a message whose meaning is not plain (Zohar, Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)מכותblows, lashescognates of makkah are the Torah's own language for judicial flogging (Devarim 25:2-3), and makkot is the name of the masechta; for Rabbi Shmuel Taieb the Gemara commonly uses it for rabbinically ordained lashes, makkos mardusמכמרin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryמכסtax, levysix times, all in Bamidbar 31, of the consecrated share of booty given to Hashem; an Akkadian loanword for dues (Dr. Chaim Tawil), from a root meaning number (Ibn Saruk, Chayyuj, Ibn Janach, Radak), or the tax that goes into the king's own pocket (Pappenheim); in Modern Hebrew customs dutyמכסתin the tax group: tax, levy, tribute, conscripted laborמכרכרin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceמלאהin the wine group: wine, new wine, unfermented grape juice, red wineמלאךmessenger, angela messenger charged with a task the sender would do himself, a position of honor (Pappenheim, Malbim), not required to report back (Malbim); the messenger's role in replacing his sender (Rav Hirsch); of Hashem's messengers, an angel, though Ralbag reads every malach as a prophetמְלָאכָהin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryמְלָאכָהworktrue synonyms (Abarbanel), or avodah a subset (Ramban); improving an object (Reggio); work defined by its product (Rabbi Steinman); creative even in thought (Wessely); the idea carried into reality, as by a malach (Rav Hirsch); one's free thought realized (Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda Kook); the lighter task (Satmar Rav, Tosafists)מלאכיםangelsthe sixth rank and also the general word for every rank, as Taharos names both a seder and a masechta (the anonymous commentator to Rambam); the angels sent to this world on particular missions (the school of the Rokeach)מלאכת עבודהin the work group: work, labor, service, toilמלבושin the clothing group: garment, clothing, apparel, coveringמְלוּכָהin the king group: king, ruler, kingship, dominionמלחמהwarthe common Biblical word for war, over three hundred times in Tanach; its root, shared with lechem, read as the sword eating the slain (Radak), struggle for survival (Rav Hirsch), heat, from ח-ם (Pappenheim), or coming together (TDOT)מליץgo-between, interpreterthe only native Hebrew word of the three; an interpreter standing between two parties, more broadly a middle-man; named for the smooth, fluent speech or the reasoning an advocate needs (Ibn Janach, Radak); logical verbalization turned to good, against leitzanus (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מליץ יושרdefending advocateone who speaks up for a man's uprightness, from the meilitz angel of Iyov 33:23-24; the Hebrew term by which praklit (Rashi, Machzor Vitri, Rambam) and sanegor (Rashi, Rabbeinu Chananel) are both definedמליקהin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanמלךkingking by the people's willing acceptance, commissioned by them; rises from within the masses with no inherent advantage, their equal once their recognition is gone (Vilna Gaon); the popular sovereign his constituents accepted (Ibn Ezra); perhaps from Aramaic mamlach, a counsellor (Benamozegh)מלך מצריםKing of Egyptthe king acting on the national interest (Rav Chaim Kanievsky); through much of the opening of Shemos, Egypt's heavenly minister (Zohar); close to fifty times against Paroh's 274, and Shishak is called only thisמללin the word group: word, spoken word, written word, thingמלצרin the advocate group: defender, advocate, intercessor, character witnessמלקוחliving bootyliving booty, people and animals (Rashi); animals beside shevi, every living thing when alone (Radak); those captives taken as slaves or for other purposes (Malbim); living creatures taken by word rather than by hand (Rabbi Baruch HaLevi Epstein)מלקושthe last rainthe rain at the onset of spring, around Pesach; from mekoshesh, reaping, because it falls just before the harvest (Taanis 6a)מלקותflogging, lashesMishnaic, derived by Even-Shoshan from the Aramaic root ל-ק-ה; for Rabbi Shmuel Taieb the Gemara's usual term for lashes ordained by the Torahמלתעותin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsממוןmoneymoney in the broadest sense, any asset a man holds (Rabbi Eliezer Herstik); from the Mishnah on, Targum's Aramaic for hon and rechush (Sefer HeAruch, Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); cash of known value (Pri Megadim); from ma'amon, a trust (Rabbi Ernest Klein)ממזרin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienממראMamrethe plain in which Chevron sits (Rashi to Bereishis 35:27), also the name of Avraham's ally; a name of the city itself per the Midrashממרהin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceממשלהin the king group: king, ruler, kingship, dominionמנדהmeasured fee, king's portionrelated to middah, a fee measured by one's property (Rabbi Toledano); for the Gemara menas hamelech, the king's portion, seemingly the Aramaic equivalent of meches as Pappenheim explains itמנהגin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeמנהיגin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeמנהלin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeמנחהhomage, tributea gift of homage that serves the giver, showing his subservience and dependence (Rav Hirsch); a gift that gains the giver atonement (Wertheimer); can be an outright tax paid to a master, and the more submission it shows the more it deserves the name (Rabbi Mecklenburg); from nuach, a gift to appease a superior (Shadal); from one of lower standing to a superior (Halbertal)מניןtally, quorumthe resulting number of a moneh count, and so the quorum of ten, where only the sum matters (for the Gra, a general count, against mispar as the specific number)מנעwithholda deliberate refusal (Rabbi Yosef Grayever), total and willful (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim adds that what is withheld ought not to have beenמסtax, corvée workthe word typically translated tax and the generic word in Modern Hebrew, though some scholars read it as corvée work, compulsory unpaid labor, as with the sarei missim; a burden carried, or assets melted away (Pappenheim); from nasa, a burden carried (Shadal)מסבירin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationמסוהmask, veilthe Biblical word, only of Moshe's face-covering (Shemos 34:29-35); a cloth over the face with holes for eyes, nose and mouth (Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Parchon); on the suto reading its root sense is "fabric"מסיבהreclining mealfocuses on neither food nor drink but the posture, those at the meal reclining (Rashi), and only later any party; tied instead to sovev, around, by one contemporary linguist, which Rabbi Klein calls unsubstantiatedמְסִלָּהpaved roada paved road, said to refer specifically to a paved path (no authority named)מסילהpaved roada paved path, usually the pedestrian walk at a street's edge (Malbim); generally straight as well as paved, so the stars travel in one (Wertheimer)מסיםin the tax group: tax, levy, tribute, conscripted laborמסךscreenthe curtain covering the entrance to a building or room (Rashi); from ס-ך, covering, a heavy cloth that keeps a thing from onlookers' eyes or protects it, laid over it or hung at its side (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מַסֵּכָהmolten imagemolten metal poured into a mold (Malbim, Pappenheim); or from sichah, anointing, the rite said to draw the deity's spirit into the image (Rabbi Eliyahu Benamozegh)מַסֵּכָהmolten image (in Modern Hebrew, mask)in Tanach a cast-metal figure, from nesech, "pouring" (Ibn Janach, Radak), or for Rabbi Eliyahu Benamozegh from sichah, anointing, as in egel masechah; the "mask" sense is modern, perhaps by way of that root's secondary sense of covering or of MEM-SAMECH-KAF, mixing (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein), and shaped by foreign words like mask (Rabbi Dr. Ernest Klein, Even-Shoshan)מסכןwretched, unfortunatepoor and despised with it, the only one with contempt built in; tied to sakanah, danger; mocked when he looks for support (Kalatz), or taken for a madman (Wertheimer); Akkadian, and unrelated to sakanah (Tawil)מסכתin the mask group: mask, veil, molten image, faceמסלהin the path group: way, road, path, streetמִסְפָּרnumbera number functioning as a limit, as the mispar of lashes in Devarim 25:2 (Mecklenburg); the Gra makes it the specific number reached, against minyan as the count in generalמְסַפֵּרin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountמספריםin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberמסרףmaternal uncle, kinsmana disputed hapax at Amos 6:10, read as the maternal uncle (Ibn Kuraish, Ibn Janach, Radak's Sefer HaShorashim), a generic relative (Rashi, Septuagint), a verb of burning (Targum Yonasan, Radak's commentary), or from seraf, sap (Rendsburg, Wertheimer)מסרפוin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntמסתורin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedמַעְגָּלcircular patha circular path, derived from igul, a circle (no authority named)מעגלroundabout wayfrom igul, a circle, a roundabout road (Vilna Gaon); a circular road with no use in getting a man from one place to another, the scenic route or the racetrack (Wertheimer)מעדניםdelicaciesthe delicacies of a king's table, as Asher's maadanei melech; the Targumim render them with tafnukei, a pinuk word, and in Mah Yedidus the two stand togetherמעוררin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirמעותcoins, moneyplural of maah, a coin equal to the geirah, widened into money in general; read as mah l'eis, worth only for a time (Bamidbar Rabbah 22:8), or tied to ivus, crookedness (Midrash Shmuel)מעטהwrapwrapping or enveloping generally, not necessarily clothing at allמעילrobethe outermost layer, from mei'al, "on top" (Malbim); thin and delicate (Wertheimer); kin to me'ilah, betrayal (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)מעלהstep, virtuea step up, from the root of aliyah, naming stairs by their upward use; in the abstract an advantage or virtue; the ordinary word in Tanach, a free-standing stair in a house or courtyard, hence the altar prohibition (Wertheimer); perhaps the Hebrew word against a foreign madreigos (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)מעלותin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentמעצדadzethe woodworker's shaping tool, and the smaller of the pair with kashil, so its scraps stay with the craftsman (Mishnah Bava Kamma 10:10); Rashi and the Rambam put it in the blacksmith's hand insteadמערבwestfrom me'urav, mixed, because as the sun sets the shapes of the shadows become mixed up; a name drawn from the movement of the sunמפולםwet, plumpa Bavli word of fish and stones; wet (Rashi) against hearty, plump, or fat (the Aruch, Jastrow); Rabbi Klein suggests Rashi means sodden, so saturated as to be bloated; mysterious, from palmoni (Ralbag)מפורשin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationמפזזin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceמפקדcensus, mustera third family for counting and numbering; Rabbi Wertheimer treats mifkad as the word for a specific count, against mispar as the general numberמַצֵּבָהsingle-stone altar, pillar, monumentfrom netziv, a standing pillar; Rashi makes it an altar of one stone, Ramban an idolatrous entrance-pillar and not an altar at all; for the Vilna Gaon a single stone set up ad hoc, or a stone for pouring libations onlyמַצֵּבָהstanding pillarfrom nitzav, standing; the single-stone altar, and by extension the idol that must stand where it is put and cannot move of itselfמַצֵּבָהin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingמַצֵּבָהmonument, headstonethe standard word (Bereishis 35:20); it makes the grave visible so that people can come and daven there (Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tukachinsky); from netziv, "standing," a token of the Resurrection (Rabbi Moshe Shick)מצודת ציוןin the Jerusalem group: Tziyon, Zion, Yerushalayim, Jerusalemמצונןin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldמצורEgypt (singular form)Radak has Tanach occasionally naming Egypt in the singular as Matzor (Melachim II 19:24, Yeshayahu 19:6, 37:25); other commentators read matzor there as the common noun, narrow places, not a nameמצורעleper (until purified)still applies once the spot is healed, until the purification is finished (Perlmutter); for Shadal, one who has multiple negaim; Chazal expound it as motzi shem ra, one who defames (Erachin 15b)מצחforehead, top of the headthe biblical word; the forehead, one with padachat (Rav Hai Gaon, Rabbeinu Chananel); in Tanach perhaps the top of the head, or including it (Ritva, Tosafos Yeshanim); tied to netzach (Pappenheim) or to tzach, smooth (Chelouche)מצחקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportמציאהfindingalmost synonymous with mikreh, but a happening whose cause is not out of the ordinary, as spies sent out to find things report motza'os (Malbim)מצילin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionמציץpeeka borrowed term whose literal sense is stretching, craning the neck for a better view (Malbim); looking through a constricted field of vision (Wertheimer)מצנפתturbanthe kohen gadol's long cloth wound (tzonef) around the head (Meiri, Vilna Gaon); encircles the head without covering it (Rambam); recalls the honor of a royal diadem (Tosafos HaRosh); one hat with migbaas (Rashi, Ramban)מְצָרִיםin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitמִצְרַיִםEgyptthe standard word, 680 times in Tanach; first a person, Cham's son (Bereishis 10:6), then the land his descendants held; the yud-mem ending is variously a dual, a mark of the sea (Bereishis Rabbah), or meitzar plus yam (Rabbi Chaim Vital)מקבתmallet, sledgehammerthe heavy hammer, five times in Tanach, the one Yael drove the peg with (Shoftim 4:21); from נ-ק-ב, the tool that makes a hole (Ibn Janach, Ibn Parchon, Radak)מקדשBeis HaMikdash, Templethe permanent Temple on Har HaMoriah in Yerushalayim, walled and roofed rather than curtained, larger, and the one whose standing forbids private altars outrightמקודשתin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationמקוםplacethe only native Hebrew word for place, some four hundred times in Tanach; from ק-ו-ם (Ibn Janach, Radak), height, the spot in which a thing is planted and firmly established (Pappenheim)מקיץin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirמקלrod for strikinga rod for hitting, in Tanach generally the shepherd's stick, probably related to malkos; negative in connotation, tied to punishment (Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa); wood only (Wertheimer)מקלטin the survivor group: refugee, survivor, remnant, refugeמקנהlivestocklivestock, a man's chief acquisition, rather than property in general (Ramban, Radak); from KUF-NUN-HEI, the root of kinyan, acquisitionמקצועanglethe sharp, acute angle where two sides converge at a single point, not an area spread out (Pappenheim); rendered zavit by Onkelos like the rest; in Modern Hebrew a professionמקרהoccurrence, happenstancethe sudden collision of a person with new circumstances, from ק-ר, strong impact (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the meeting-point of things, and a happening whose cause is unknown or irregular (Malbim)מקשהin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultמַרְאֶהappearance, sight, colorfrom ra'ah, to see; the whole picture a thing presents, which could include its color, not the color alone (Malbim to Vayikra 13:5); a sight that may include more than one color (Shadal)מַרְאֶהin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanמרגליםspiesmen sent to expose an enemy's soft points; used of Yosef's brothers (Bereishis 42) and Yehoshua's two men (Yehoshua 2:1), never of Moshe's twelveמרגמהsling, catapultMishlei 26:8, the device that launches the stone; seemingly from the same root as regimahמרדכיMordechaithe Babylonian name he is known by, similar to Merodach (Yirmiyahu 50:2); Chullin 139b finds it alluded to in mar dror, which Onkelos renders mira dachya, pure myrrhמרחשוןMarcheshvanthe current name, absent from Tanach but found in the Mishnah (Taanis 1:3-4); Rabbi Ernest Klein and Rabbi Dr. Ari Zivotofsky read it as one word meaning "eighth month," against those who parse mar separatelyמְרִיdefiancedefiance as switching allegiance, putting another's word in place of a ruler's; the reaction to the unpalatable, from מ-ר, changing (Pappenheim); blurred with meridah, both from מ-ר as in Mar (Marcus); tied to mored (Shadal)מְרִיin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelמְרִידָהrevoltrevolt as a counter-response, throwing off a present ruler; the subjects asserting control, a prefixed mem reversing the sense of ר-ד, lording over (Pappenheim); shares letters with merudim, downtrodden, joined by Rav Hirsch and split by Machberes Menachemמְרִידָהin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelמריקהscouringthe inside of a vessel, shetifah the outside (Rashi); purging clinging particles, a matter of degree (Rambam); buffing off rust rather than water-cleaning, whence tamruk (Bedersi); a penetrating cleaning below the surface (Rav Hirsch)מרכזcentermedieval, borrowed from Arabic for the center of a circle (Rabbi Shmuel Ibn Tibbon, Rabbi Ernest Klein); perhaps from ר-כ-ס, tying, the point of highest concentration (Golumb, Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein); also principal, main, like English centralמרקדin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceמשגיחwatch overalways in a good sense, unlike mashkif (Wertheimer); one who watches actively and steps in to set things right, as in Hashem's hashgachah (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)מֹשֶׁהMoshethe name Basyah gave him, and the only one the Torah and Hashem Himself use, her reward for the chesed of taking him in (Vayikra Rabbah 1:3)מֹשֶׁהdraw out of waterspecifically drawing something out from within water (Rashbam), as against a general pull (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche); the root of the name Moshe; present tense, one who draws Yisrael out (Kli Yakar)משומדapostatenotorious for deliberate sin, who has left Klal Yisrael for another faith uncoerced (Rambam); converted under coercion and persisted (Luzzatto), or rejects the whole Torah (Chasam Sofer); specifically a baptized Christian (Rav Hai Gaon), though Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi says any apostateמשחיתdestroyer, destroying angelone of Hashem's angelic forces named by its task, a mashchis for malevolent missions as a malach is for benevolent ones (Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa)משיin the pulling and drawing group: draw out of water, pull, draw, draw waterמשךpull, drawthe general word, taking a thing from its place by bringing it toward oneself, and so the hypernym that includes moshe (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche); also stretch, drag, leadמשכוןcollateral, pledgethe general Mishnaic noun; from ש-כ-ן, an item that "dwells" in the creditor's house until redeemed (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), and for Tosafos Yom Tov given for a debt already owedמשכןMishkan, Tabernaclegenerally the portable, temporary Sanctuary of the wilderness and of Gilgal, Shiloh, Nov and Givon; from le'shaken and Shechinah, Hashem's dwelling, and built of curtains and clothמִשְׁעוֹלfootpatha pedestrian footpath, for a man on foot (no authority named)משעולfootpatha hapax, from ש-ע-ל, the bottom of the foot; carries pedestrians or a rider but not a caravan or wagon (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); or the track foxes (shual) cut through a vineyard (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)משעיsmoothnessYechezkel 16:4, the smoothing that bathing gives the skin (Radak); Menachem Ibn Saruk and Rashi read it instead from shaashua, bathing for pleasureמשעןleaning for supportleaning only partly, or a beneficiary knowingly relying on another, usually Hashem (Malbim); leaning for actual support because one is too weak to stand alone, with the satisfaction of being held up (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)משענתcanea walking stick to lean on, necessarily a thick branch (Wertheimer); positive in connotation, supporting the elderly (Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa); from ש-ע, the satisfaction of being supported (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)משפחהfamilythe ordinary word for family, clan or extended kin; one core sense of attachment, people bound by common descent (Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras, Rav Hirsch), or appendages ascribed to the patriarch (Rabbi Aharon Marcus, Rabbi Zev Hoberman)משפטordinance, judgmentthe rational, mostly interpersonal law (Yoma 67b, Rambam); a decision between two viable options, as a judge weighs two litigants (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); the verdict that settles the dispute (Bedersi); what ethics demands, a worker's wage (Pappenheim); the judiciary's discretion (Wertheimer)משקin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterמשקדיםin the almond group: almond, almond tree, hazel, watchfulמשקהbeveragethe beverage itself, the noun beside the verb lehashkos; sometimes carries the implication of an alcoholic drinkמשקיףlook out, look downlooking down from a height (Rabbi Elazar Rokeach of Worms), one who sees without being seen (Radak); in the Torah boding ill, except Devarim 26:15 (Rashi, Wertheimer); the truly deliberate looking (Mecklenburg)משרוקיתאwhistling instrumentan instrument in Nevuchadnetzar's music in Daniel's Aramaic; from ש-ר-ק, a wind instrument (Ibn Ezra); whistling through an instrument where biblical shreikah is the mouth alone (Rabbi Yaakov Berger)משתהfeasta feast built on wine, from shoseh, to drink, the Purim meal and the banquets of Megillas Esther (Rabbi Tzaddok HaKohen of Lublin), though Rashi makes wine the defining element of any joyous seudah; a meal of gladness (Rabbi Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev); a light evening meal over wine (Shadal)מתin the death group: death, died, dying, passingמתגbita metal bit (Bedersi) or the whole bridle (Clines), but the leather strap (Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); a long piece of metal set in the mouth, built unlike a resen (Radak); Targum renders it zemama where it stands beside resenמתוקsweetsweetness to the palate (Vilna Gaon); for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim the objective taste that is the opposite of bitter, borrowed for anything one might argue is goodמתורגמןin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanמְתַלְּעוֹתmolars, fangsalways plural, one word with malteos by metathesis; the molars at the back (Rabbi Tedeschi, with Rashi, Radak and the Biur HaGra); fangs protruding from a wild animal's mouth (Ibn Parchon); named for nearness to the throat (Pappenheim)מְתַלְּעוֹתin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethמתןin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentמתנהgiftformed from the verb of giving; serves the receiver's need, the giver gaining nothing beyond filling it (Wertheimer); the word of matanos la'evyonim; inappropriate for an offering to Hashem (Rabbi Mecklenburg), since Hashem has no needs (Rabbi Klein); an exchange between equals (Halbertal)מתערin the razor group: razor, blade, scissors, fearנָאnowthe second most common now in Tanach; the same letters carry please and raw, food eaten now, before it has cooked, being raw (Rabbi Klein)נָאin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainנאםdeclaration, utteranceused overwhelmingly for the Word of Hashem; a deliberate declaration stressing that what is said is true, from א-ם (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); tied to truth by Radak too, from נ-א-ם; an irrevocable decree or oath, even Bilaam's (Peirush HaRokeach, Rabbeinu Efrayim)נאץanger (no settled English)disputed; contempt tolerated only so long before the annoyance goes out into openly expressed anger (Pappenheim); against that, anger that leads one to reject and push another away as disgusting (Malbim)נאקהshe-camelthe Mishnaic word for a grown female camel (Shabbos 5:1, Keilim 23:2); Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein finds it cogent to tie it to nursing, through Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim's נ-ק, emptying or cleaningנבוךin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingנבוןin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeנביאprophet, spokesmanthe prophet as mouth, bringing Hashem's word; from niv, fruit of the lips (Rashi, Rashbam), or from נ-ב-א (Ibn Ezra); plainly spokesman at Shemos 7:1 (Onkelos, Rasag); sent to rebuke the public, and feared (Malbim); sent to preach to the people (Chasam Sofer)נבלcloudsone of the two words Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino adds beyond the five; explained as clouds (Rashi, Ibn Ezra); clouds as jugs, neivel, that pour out water (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Ibn Balaam)נבלהcarcassan animal that died without shechitah, from balah, worn out; names human remains only where the person was killed by an outside force (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); in halachah a fixed statusנֶגֶבsouth, dry countryliterally dry, because the southern part of Eretz Yisrael is a dry and arid desert-land; like yam, a name taken from the land itselfנֶגֶבarid, parchedcarries only the partial dryness of charev, never the total dryness of yavesh (Rabbi Yaakov Zev Lev); in Tanach nearly always south, which Shapira-Frankfurter holds is its only Hebrew sense, while Rabbi Klein takes dry as the coreנגיחהin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springנגישהtaskmaster's drivingthe taskmaster's relentless driving, from ג-ש, closeness, standing over a man with no space to breathe (Pappenheim); pressing for money not actually owed, against nosheh for a real debt (Malbim)נגעspot, plague-spot, afflictionfrom "touching," the meeting point between the man and what strikes him (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); for the Arizal a pure, Divine blow that brings the tzaraas to the surface, not the impurity itselfנגףdeadly plaguethe exception in the ג-פ-ה family, a plague that brings certain death (Malbim); Rashi defines it as dever, and Menachem Ibn Saruk defines dever as negefנדבהfreewill offeringa type of neder, one statement doing two jobs, undertaking to bring an offering, sometimes only by implication, and designating the specific animal as that offeringנדרvowa verbal declaration that works on an object, giving it a forbidden status on the model of hekdesh, in this form a konam; the same word covers the pledge to bring a korban or donationנדרי הבאיin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechנדריםin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeנהלlead with carecaring leading that supplies what those led need to thrive (Wertheimer); nurtures as well as saves from harm, bringing them in to the holy abode (Pappenheim); used of leading the tired (Malbim); the active leading that advances them (Rabbi Goldblit, Rabbi Tedeschi-Ashkenazi)נהמאbreadan Aramaic word for bread in the Gemara that also runs through the Zohar; some linguists claim it is borrowed from Persian nan, breadנהרriverthe default river, fed by smaller streams that make it stand out, from ה-ר (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); keeps its water within its banks, unlike the yeor (Malbim); the natural river as against the man-made yeor when the two stand together (Rashi, Rabbi Malkiel Tzvi Tannenbaum); a river whose ends cannot be seen (Chasam Sofer)נהרותin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookנוגשיםin the pressure group: pressure, squeeze, crowding, pressingנודin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistנוהגdriveleading from power and strength (Wertheimer), holding charges to a consistent course (Pappenheim); deliberate, heavy-handed intervention (Malbim); blind following (Rav Hirsch); can lead to ruin, unlike nachah and nohel (Shapira-Frankfurter); Rabbi Goldblit makes it the protective leading, Rabbi Tedeschi-Ashkenazi a passive oneנוהםgrowlsthe well fed lion gone wild with satisfaction (Rashi); from ה-ם, storminess, so a deliberate venting of inner turmoil (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נוהקbraysthe wild donkey's cry; from ק, expulsion, moaning that clears the heart of its suffering (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נוןfishthe Aramaic word for fish and the Targumim's rendering of dag; it never appears in Tanach in the sense of fish, which Rabbi Aharon Marcus theorizes is deliberate, the nations having made Nun into a deityנונאin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanנוערlets out a roarsaid of a lion cub in Tanach and borrowed for a donkey in the Gemara (Sefer HeAruch); from ע-ר, revealing, a sound suddenly disclosed (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נופתin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingנוצהfeatherthe biblical word for a feather itself, as against the wing (Vayikra 1:16; Yechezkel 17:3, 17:7; Iyov 39:13)נוראin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchנזרcrown of consecrationthe crown that marks a man off as set apart, worn by the nazir and the Kohen Gadol; kin to zer, a golden band; encircles only half the head, a tiara (Malbim); the sign of honor, worn by sages and perushim (Pappenheim)נח נפשיהin the death group: death, died, dying, passingנחהguideleading that keeps its charges clear of mishap and brings them to rest, tied to menuchah (Pappenheim); leading with nachas (Malbim); a shared mind, the led wanting the goal (Rav Hirsch); leading all the way to the final destination (Rabbi Tedeschi-Ashkenazi)נחירהstabbingstabbing an animal in its neck, the typical Noahide way of killing as opposed to proper slaughter; related to chor, a hole, because it too makes a hole (Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia)נחיריםnostrilsthe two nostrils as openings, once in Tanach (Iyov 41:12); from נ-ח-ר, which also yields snorting (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak), or from ח-ר by way of chor, a hole, a nostril being a hole in the face (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נחלbrook, wadiboth a river and a valley; the river that erodes a valley, or the seasonal runoff as against the year-round nahar (anonymous accounts); only a river that flows into a sea (Wertheimer); from ח-ל, circular motion (Rabbi Pappenheim)נחלהinheritance, patrimonyproperty that comes down the generations, or what the bequeather willingly passes on (Malbim); one share of an estate divided among several (Shadal); the estate flowing on like a river, nachal (Rav Hirsch)נחליםin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookנחמהin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingנחשsnakeeither the umbrella term, or, related to lachash, the snake that can be charmed (Wertheimer), as Rashi implies; to land what tanin is to sea (the Vilna Gaon); a long yellowish-green snake with a fatal bite (the Rokeach)נטיפותin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentנטירהharbor, hold on tothe abstract holding of a conception in the mind, hence lo sitor, harboring a grievance (Malbim); can extend to the abstract (Wertheimer); localized, specific guardianship (Rabbi Dr. Asher Weiser)נטףthe dripping onethe incense passage's own name for tzari, the one that drips, which suits balsam, whose oil is sap dripping from the tree; rendered ketaf by Onkelos and al-balasan (Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Rabbi Avraham Maimuni)ניבin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanניביmolars, fangsthe Targum's Aramaic for mesalos and malteos; on Chullin 59a either two teeth that stand out from the rest or the gum indentations where teeth were expected (Rashi), Tosafos favoring the firstנימאstring, threadthe ordinary Talmudic word for a hair, but the hair sense seems secondary and borrowed; elsewhere a string or cord; hair that sticks out or is unwanted (Rabbi Klein)נימוסlaw, ruleRabbinic, a loanword from Greek nomos; the rules and regulations society sets, against dat as what Hashem commands (Rabbi Nissim of Marseilles); Targum uses it for chok, mishpat and torah (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); in modern Hebrew, mannersניןin the fish group: fish, sea monster, offspringניסהin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightניפולfallen nestlinga young bird found near a dovecote, defined by the halachic case and not the species; one that fell from its cote (Rabbeinu Gershom, Rambam); glossed as a gozal (Rashi), though not a synonym; a species of grasshopper (Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried)נישואיןmarriagethe second stage, effected by chuppah, after which the couple live together and the rabbinic prohibition between them is lifted; the father handing the daughter over to the husband (Kesubos 4:5)נכאתspice (or, per the Midrash, wax)ordinarily a spice in the Yosef narrative, but Bereishis Rabbah 91:11 and Targum Yonasan and Targum Neofiti render it shaavah, waxנכמרוin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryנכסיםassetsalways plural, and the standard rabbinic word for a person's total assets; from kisui, "covered," because wealth is hidden from one and revealed to another (Bamidbar Rabbah 22:8), or from kis, a pocket, as what a man pockets (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נכרin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienנכריforeignera complete foreigner from another nation, strange in many ways at once (Ibn Ezra, Malbim); the opposite of a relative (Wertheimer); for Pappenheim equally estranged as zar, tied to lehakir, the stranger one has no picture ofנכריהin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienנמוךlowthe plain Rabbinic word for short in height, of a person or a fence alike, not in Tanach; a secondary form of the nifal of mach, lowered (Rabbi Dr. Ernest Klein, Bachur)ננסdwarfthe standing Rabbinic word for a dwarf, used also of short boards and low walls (Rashi); equated with Latin nano, from Greek nanos (Bachur, Aruch HaShalem)נָסfleefleeing an active threat or a real pursuer (Sforno), openly in visible terror, even from a mindless danger (Malbim); seeking refuge at a destination (Wertheimer), or, the reverse, the start of flight with no place prepared (Pappenheim); to somewhere near (Sefer HaChochmah)נֵסbanner, saila tall pole or flagpole, and on a ship the sail; a tall mot, lifted above the rest of the tree, from ש-א (Pappenheim); tied to fleeing, since an army fled when its flagbearer fell (Radak)נסיכהin the princess group: my princess, princess, prince, rulershipנסתרhiddenhidden both from people's knowledge, as a secret, and from the senses, physically obscured (Pappenheim); the Rabbinic sense of destroying is a redefinition of the secondנעורin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirנָעִיםin the good group: good, pleasant, pleasantness, fineנָעִיםpleasantfor the Vilna Gaon, appeal to the eye; for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, the pleasure the soul takes in a thing rather than a physical property, from the root shared with im, "with"נעלםhidden from the mind, beyond one's grasphidden in the intellectual sense, from AYIN-LAMED, above, lying beyond one's range of perception (Pappenheim); its cognate ta'alumah is so hidden that one person alone knows it (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter)נעםpleasantgoodness felt as beauty that draws a person in, defined as yofi (Bedersi); subjective, personally felt goodness (Rabbi Klein) or attraction and desirability (Rabbi Shaul Goldman); the pull toward what one wishes to join (Pappenheim); visual appeal (Vilna Gaon)נערyouth, ladthe wide word, used far outside any age bracket, so perhaps not an age at all (Rabbi Klein); a boy of thirteen, others by resemblance or as an attendant (Mizrachi, Radak); the tenacious drive to shake off obstacles (Rabbi Analak); tied to revealing, from ע-ר (Pappenheim)נערהyoung womanhalachically a girl from twelve until six months past maturity; the same as almah (Chizkuni, Ibn Janach, Radak), or older (Ibn Ezra), more outgoing (Peirush HaRokeach), or naming physical age where almah speaks to intelligence (Rabbeinu Efrayim)נעריםin the youth group: youth, lad, young man, young womanנפהin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingנפטרin the death group: death, died, dying, passingנֶפֶשׁsoulthe soul tied to blood, the lifeline of physical existence (Bereishis Rabbah 14:9); also blood, will, the self and a name; the most physical part, man's deeds (Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin) and bodily desire (Ibn Ezra, Rabbeinu Yonah); from פ-ש, expanding (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נֶפֶשׁmemorialthe Mishnaic word (Shekalim 2:5); it honors the deceased and his soul, which may linger by the resting place of its body (Tukachinsky); Rabbi Eliyahu Katz ties it instead to vayinafash, rest; keeps the place of the body from being forgotten (Hon Ashir)נצבtaking up a positionstanding for a purpose, in readiness or anticipation (the Midrash, etimos; Pappenheim; Analak; Mecklenburg), typically with special effort (Malbim); standing anew, a reading its author concedes has counter-proofs (Rabbi Shapiro of Dinov); prolonged standing (Wertheimer); synonymous with amidah at Divrei HaYamim II 20:17 (Metzudas David)נֶצַחforever, everlastingtruly unbounded (Maharsha); the continuous, unchanging permanence, as against selah's continual (Wertheimer); from tzach, pristine, the soul's final state (Mecklenburg)נֶצַחin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyנצירהsafeguard, watch overthe stronger watch (Vilna Gaon, Wertheimer), given to the wisdom that shields the scholar (Vilna Gaon); perpetual, not against one passing danger, as a netzer shoot needs constant tending (Siddur HaRokeach, Wertheimer); active watching (Rabbi Shimon Dov Ber Analak)נרlamp, candlethe single-wick lamp or candle, as for bedikas chametz and neros Chanukah; the object holding the source of light (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); rendered shraga by the Targumimנרקיסdaffodilthe identification of chavatzeles adopted by Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 216:9), against an alternate view there that it is a lilyנשהforget entirelyrare and heavier: irretrievable (Malbim); the forgetting of one who held the matter lightly and so bears more blame, or a weakened memory (Rav Hirsch); simply the Aramaic way of saying shachach (Rabbi Eliyahu Katz)נשיאrain cloudliterally prince, since clouds seem to choose whose field prospers (Chazal); from the root of carrying, either carrying rainwater from place to place or light enough to rise (Pappenheim)נשמהhigher soulmeans only the soul; tied to neshimah, breathing (Bereishis Rabbah 14:9); only man has one (Ibn Ezra); the intellectual aspect (Maharsha), man's thoughts, and a spiritual life-force Hashem blows into man, not respiration (Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin)נשניin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseנתחcut into piecescutting an animal into many pieces rather than two, and not for a covenant, the eye on the whole body being cut up (Pappenheim)נָתִיבnarrow pathshorter and/or narrower than a derech (given as "others explain"; no authority named), and in the Zohar's approach private, open only to select individuals, where a derech is open to the publicנתיבpatha very narrow road against the wide derech (Rabbeinu Bachya); the approach road to a derech (Vilna Gaon); shorter and not open to the public (Malbim); only for select individuals (Zohar); a private shortcut (Wertheimer)נתיבהin the path group: way, road, path, streetנתןputthe loosest and most haphazard placing, anywhere at all (Pappenheim); often interchangeable with sam; the sockets and bars of the Mishkan, where it did not matter which went whereסבאwine, drinkthe same root as a noun; wine (Targum, Rashi, Rabbi Yosef Kara), or elsewhere in Rashi a general term for drinks; so named because drunkards are called sovim (Rabbi Yosef Nechemias)סבאin the wine group: wine, new wine, unfermented grape juice, red wineסביבaround, aboutmoving around a center with no guarantee of completing the circle, so a semicircle, an arc or a detour qualifies (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); not necessarily a complete circuit, though doubled as saviv saviv it is (Malbim)סבראin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationסגולpurple, violeta Modern Hebrew coinage of 1894 (Yechiel Michel Pines), from the siglei, the violet flower Rashi describes at Berachos 43bסגי נהורone with light enoughliterally "light enough," a euphemism by antiphrasis; or literally true, his other senses sharpened so that he does have light enough (Kli Yakar)סגידהbowing, as a riteAramaic for hishtachavaah (Radak); perhaps the same act, but done as a religious rite said to bring benefit from Above rather than to give honor (Malbim)סהדwitness (Aramaic)the Aramaic and Syriac word, twice in Tanach only (Bereishis 31:47, Iyov 16:19); focused on relaying what he saw rather than on knowing it (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer)סהרcrescent moonnaming the moon by its shape (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); others hold it is not really Hebrew but an Aramaic loanword sometimes used for the moonסוגgenus, categorypost-biblical; in the Mishnah a big container, and in logic the parent category holding several minim (Rambam, Ramchal); a conceptual container, from ס-ג, boundary (Rabbi Klein)סודcounsel, secretin Tanach counsel or council, one sense (Radak) or two (Ibn Janach); a secret only in Chazal; the less-apparent conclusions drawn from yesodos (Pappenheim); a plan shared for mutual consultation (Rav Hirsch)סודרshawlthe Talmud's term for a shawl worn by a man, as against the woman's tza'if and redid; also a cloth waved as a signal; from the Greek soudarion and Latin sudarium (Rabbi Ernest Klein)סוחרmerchant, wholesalerthe general Biblical word; a wholesaler who buys in bulk and supplies the rochel (Malbim to Yechezkel 27:3), and who travels from town to town (Rashi to Eruvin 55a)סוטהthe suspected wifenamed for having turned aside from the path of fidelityסוכהboothdefined by its sechach, the covering above (Rashi); a structure whose main purpose is to shield a man from what is above him (Rabbi Libber)סולםladdera ladder, though Rashi defines it by maalos and madreigos alike; perhaps moveable or nearer vertical than a stair; cognate of Akkadian simmiltu, stairway (Tawil, Landsberger), or from ס-ל-ל, a paved path up (Rav Hirsch, Gesenius), or from ע-ל, the root of maalos (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)סולתfine flourthe sifted, refined grade made of the endosperm alone (Rav Hirsch), better than kemach (Rashi); always wheat flour (Rashi, Rashbam), though Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim objects that soles alone does not fix the speciesסומאblind manthe Aramaic of the Gemara and Targumim; it shares its root with Samael, the Zohar's name for the Angel of Death, who for Rabbi Mordechai HaKohen of Tzfas is in himself blindסומקred (Aramaic)the plain Talmudic Aramaic red, and the Targumim's word for adom and chachlilei (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur, Meturgeman)סוסhorsethe general word, some 140 times in Tanach; root linked to sasson, gladness, the horse being the liveliest and happiest of animals (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rav Hirsch, Tzror HaMor)סוףreedsthe reed growing in a marsh, hence Yam Suf, the Sea of Reeds; Rashi only associates it with agam and renders it roisel, the common reed (Rabbi Avraham Meir HaKohen Glanzer)סופרscribethe Hebrew word, in Tanach and the Mishnah, one who produces a sefer, grown from counting (Dougherty); an official scribe in a bureaucratic post (Blau), though Krauss holds it the same as lavlar; plural sofrim often the early Sagesסופריםin the scribe group: scribe, scribes, the Sofrim, the early Sagesסותהhis garmentYehudah's "clothing" in Bereishis 49:11, taken by Rashbam, Ibn Ezra and Chizkuni as a cognate of masveh, which on their reading makes masveh mean "fabric" at rootסטיהdeviationleaving a marked track; spelled with a sin in Tanach and a samech in Rabbinic Hebrew, and the root behind sotah, shoteh, satan and shtusסיחyoung donkeythe rabbinic word for a young donkey (Rashbam), where the biblical ayir has shifted to a young horse (Rashi); in Modern Hebrew a young horse, a coltסייףswordthe common Aramaic word for a sword in the Talmud; from sof, end, since a sword ends a life (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rabbi Avraham Vilner); the same as cherev (Tashbetz)סיכיםfence-thornthe thorn of fences, sharing ש-ו-ך with mesuchah, a fence (Radak); linked to siyag (Rav Hirsch); from ס-ך, to cover or protect (Pappenheim)סימןin the placing group: place, put, set, layסימפוןcancelling conditionnot a blemish at all but any clause, express or implied, that can cancel a deal (Rashi), from Greek symphoneo, agreement; retroactive cancellation also on a Semitic derivation from erasing (Rabbi Yaakov Dienna); a physical defect only one thing that can trigger itסיניMount Sinaithe best-known name, alluding to sinah, the hatred of the Torah and of Yisrael that comes from that placeסינרwaistbandpost-Biblical; a special belt Ezra instituted that women should wear, something like a chastity beltסירובrefusal, utter rejectionAramaic and rabbinic, at most once in Tanach and disputed there, rebels (Menachem, Rashi, Radak) or thorns (Donash); the utter rejection of a proposition, harsher than mi'un (Dienna); technically contempt of beis din, the man in siruv being more brazen than the girl doing mi'un (Rabbi Klein)סיריםthornstied by some to hasarah, removal (Rashi); instruments of affliction in a borrowed sense, from ס-ר, removing from place (Pappenheim)סכיןknifeone of the two Tanach words for a knife, spelled with a sin in its one appearance; related to sikim, thorns (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)סכךin the canopy group: canopy, wedding canopy, booth, coveringסלbasketthe ordinary word, fifteen appearances; a bread basket for Rabbi Pappenheim, since it is in daily use, though he allows it for meat or grapes too; from "lifting" for Rav Hirschסלהforeverdisputed: forever, without end (Rashi, Meiri), the ever-repeating continual (Wertheimer); an interjection closing an idea (Radak, Malbim), a pause to take it in (Rabbi Chaim Friedlander); an affirmation, so it is (Ibn Ezra); a cue to beat a basket-shaped drum, from sal (some scholars)סלוןthorn, thistlethorns at Yechezkel 2:6 and 28:24 (Rashi, Mahari Kara); Pappenheim splits them, salonim the people who repeatedly provoke, silon the thistle that stabs again and againסלוניםin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelסליחהforgivenessforgiveness proper, the bond between the sinner and the One sinned against mended (Rav Hirsch); the Biblical word; reaches the whole sin but only defers its punishment (Mecklenburg); a reprieve, time to repay slowly (Wertheimer); deferring the debt (Rabbi Dosa the Greek); restoring the love that stood before the sin (Rabbi Zev Hoberman); forgiving the infraction itself, said with chet (Rabbi Eliyahu Menachem Margulies, after the Vilna Gaon)סֶלַעselathe Mishnaic name for exactly what Tanach calls a shekel (Yerushalmi Kiddushin 1:3; Rashi, Rambam, Sefer HaChinuch); its other Mishnaic sense is still "rock"סֶלַעcraga hard rock fixed in the ground, often a rocky height, and later a coin; attached to the ground (Rabbi Immanuel Chai Ricci); harder calcite-bound rock whose pieces fly outward (Pappenheim); rising up out of the ground (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)סֶלַעcraghard, but less so than tzur (Pappenheim, Malbim); the porous kind that can hold water inside, where a tzur cannot (Malbim)סלעםin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidסם המותpoisonthe general word, literally the potion of death, covering any lethal preparation and naming none in particular; never venom, since Chullin 3:5 lists it beside a snakebiteסמדרin the wine group: wine, new wine, unfermented grape juice, red wineסמידאfine flourAramaic for soles (Rashi), white flour (Ibn Ezra); yet the Targum attributed to Rabbi Yonasan ben Uziel renders kemach as semida; ancestor of the English semolinaסמיכהleaningleaning with all one's weight, as on the korban (Malbim); any leaning or relying, even done willingly and not from need (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)סמיםin the placing group: place, put, set, layסנדלsandal-fisha fish of the sea (Niddah 25b), the shape a certain miscarriage is compared to; Meiri likens it to a free-floating piece of meat with no clear limbsסנהthornbushthe Burning Bush, a thorn bush (Rashi, Rabbi Saadia Gaon); a messy bush in which every kind of thorn grows, from ס-ן, disorder (Pappenheim); thorns like sharp teeth, from ש-ן (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche)סנוריםdazzlement, disordered sightfor Rashbam, blindness combined with confusion; for Malbim, distorted vision rather than actual blindness; only three occurrences in Tanachסניגורdefense counsela Greek loanword, synegoros, the legal expert who argued a defendant's case before the assembly; exegetically sani plus tigra, one who hates strife and quiets the accuser (Rashi, Machzor Vitri, Rabbeinu Elyakim, Moshav Zekanim); the usual antonym of kategorסָעַדin the meal group: meal, feast, banquet, drinking-feastסָעַדsupport, helpholding up what would fall, so a patron's support of one who does not know of it (Malbim); the act of helping one who needs mishan (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); better rendered helps, the beneficiary doing his own part (Rabbi Moshe Tzuriel)סעודהmeala meal generally associated with bread, from saad, to sustain (Radak), named for what it does for the body; the word for the three Shabbos meals; centers on eating, against mishteh (Rabbi Tzaddok HaKohen of Lublin); the heavier afternoon meal, against the evening mishteh (Shadal)ספוןstowed, hidden awayits outer face covered so it cannot be seen at all, hidden in an organized, deliberate way where the others can be hasty (Pappenheim); defined by tzafun (Menachem Ibn Saruk) and tied to it by interchange (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi)ספורrelatingthe more general relating of a story, old or new, without specifying novelty (Radak); simply relating a past event, not necessarily bearing on the listener (Rabbi Bergmann, Malbim); any story, even one not perceived firsthand (Wertheimer); many details joined into one whole (Rav Moshe Shapiro); explaining clearly, like sapir (Rabbi Mecklenburg)ספינהship, boatonce in Tanach (Yonah 1:5), then the ordinary Mishnaic word; possibly a lesser vessel kept near shore, unfit for the open sea (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); at Yonah 1:5 the covered lower part of the oniah (Malbim), or the same ship, called sefinah once near land (Aderes Eliyahu)ספירsapphirea precious stone, which gemologists tend to identify with a blue jewel, not a color word; the second stone in the second row of the Choshen, and the stone of the Luchos (Midrash; Rabbeinu Bachya)ספירהcountinga count in which each unit is marked and something is required of it (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); linked to sapir, the flawless gem, since the count is meant to purify the counterספסיראswordan Aramaic word for a sword in the Gemara (Yevamos 120b, Sanhedrin 67b), which Rashi explains as a cherevסֵפֶרbookthe generic book or written document, in early medieval usage the scroll; binds all it contains into one entity (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); an officially published work that may be copied (Rabbi Jose Faur); only the older synonym of iggeret (Avi Hurvitz)סְפָרfrontierwhat sits near the line, the border region exposed to what lies outside; later Rabbinic, with one possible Biblical instance in sefarah (Rabbi Mecklenburg), most apparently taking that as a place name; from circle, border cities walled round (Rabbi Golumb); confines all within it as one unit (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)סֹפֵרin the counting group: count, number, tally, quorumסַפָּרbarberabsent from Tanach, standard in the Targumim and Mishnah, and the everyday word now; from Neo-Babylonian sirpu, shears (Dr. Chaim Tawil); the barber cutting around the head (Rabbi David Golumb) or limiting the hair's growth (Mecklenburg); a trim, as Yosef's (the Rogatchover)ספר המקנהscroll of acquisitionthe biblical deed of purchase, literally a scroll of acquisition, five times in Yirmiyahu 32; the standard, or the only, biblical word for a document of saleספר כריתותscroll of cuttingthe biblical bill of divorce, literally a scroll of cutting (Devarim 24:1-3, Yeshayahu 50:1); several authorities take the Mishnaic gett as breaking or cutting to match it (Levush)ספראin the scribe group: scribe, scribes, the Sofrim, the early Sagesסקילהstoning, peltingthe act of throwing stones, which need not be fatal (Yashar; Shimi ben Geira "stoned" Dovid HaMelech without killing him); the same root also means clearing a field of stonesסרביםin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelסרבןin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelסרקin the grapevine group: grapevine, vine, choice vine, tendrilסֵתֶרin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedסֵתֶרin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterעבthick cloudthe heavy cloud that darkens the sky by blocking the sun, from me'avev (Chazal); especially thick, dense with water (Pappenheim, Sefer HaChochmah)עבדslave, bondsmancovers both the Jewish and the non-Jewish male, because an eved Ivri loses something of his standing as a Jew (Moshav Zekeinim; Rabbi Moshe Sherrow), so no second word was needed; beside amah, a Canaanite slave (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah)עבודהlabor, servicethe worker's own toil regardless of result (Rav Hirsch, Rabbi Steinman); labor for a master (Alshich); hard labor (Malbim, Wertheimer); work one is obligated to do (Pappenheim); work that controls the person (Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda Kook); turned toward Heaven, the service of Hashemעבוטpledge, securitya pledge given by agreement rather than seized (Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); tied to eved, the borrower bound to his creditor (Rav Hirsch)עבורgrainthe Aramaic leveller rendering ochel, bar, shever and dagan alike (Onkelos); in Hebrew, last year's grain, going with avar, past (Radak)עבותthick rope, cablemost lexicographers trace it to ayin-beis, thick; a rope thicker than usual because more fibers are worked into it (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, from av, thick), and for Malbim three chevel or moseirah strands braided togetherעבירהtransgressionthe Rabbinic catch-all, not in Tanach, once for crimes of indecency; passing over one's own thoughts (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); crossing a Rabbinic red line (Rabbi Klein)עברin the names of the Jewish people group: Hebrew, Israelite, Jew, the other sideעֶבְרָהfuryanger that passes beyond its bounds onto those who did not act against him (Malbim); from oveir, violating one's own and one's Creator's expectations (Rabbeinu Efrayim); tied to me'uberes, pregnant (Peirush HaRokeach); the highest grade, the body distended with fury (Pappenheim)עֲבָרָהferrythe ferry (Shmuel II 19:19), from l'avor, to cross over; in the Gemara ma'abara or mavra (Shabbos 32a, Bava Kamma 116a)עבריHebrewfirst said of Avraham (Bereishis 14:13); either the man on the other side (ever) of the world's scale, or a descendant of Ever, or one from beyond the Euphrates (Bereishis Rabbah 42:8); for Rabbeinu Bachya it marks a lower spiritual standing than Yisraelעגבlustlove in its negative form, used of Israel's lusting after idolatry; marked by outward professions of love, lewd gestures and songs (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel), the opposite of chibah as Lubetzky reads itעגביםin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentעגלcalfthe male calf, still nursing; from igul, a circle, since young calves tend to be round and pudgy (Rabbi Zalman Hanau)עגלהfemale calfthe female calf; an eglah through its first year and a parah thereafter (Rabbi Eliezer), or through its second year as well (the Chachamim)עַדin the forever group: forever, everlasting, perpetual, eternityעֵדwitness, testimonyan oht merely reminds; an eid reminds and moves a person to act (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עַדplunder, ornamentsdisputed; plunder, as the root means in Aramaic (Rashi); ornamental battle-dress stripped from captives (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); jewelry and decorative items, against the catch-all shalal (Mecklenburg); dead animals taken as war prizes (Malbim)עֵדwitnessthe Hebrew word; one who was present and so knows (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer), whose testimony ties the deed to the doer (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); it carries a second sense of "warn"עדהcongregationa body joined for a stated purpose (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi); the Vilna Gaon, a gathering of the righteousעדותtestimonywhat the eid gives; also a class of mitzvos that testify to what happened to Klal Yisrael, and a name for the Torah itself, which warns (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עדיin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootעדיןin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעדןsensual pleasure, delight of the sensespleasure of the body and the five senses (Pappenheim), in Tanach almost always of taste and touch (Rabbi Klein); it joins the one enjoying to the object, from ע-ד (Pappenheim), and stays physical even when it yields spiritual pleasure; from idan, time (Rabbi Nissim of Marseilles)עדנהin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעוגהcake, flat round loafround is the word's core sense, not the baking; Choni draws his circle with ug ugah (Taanis 23a), and an ugah shel mayim is a round water pit (Rashi to Chullin 41a); Dr. Tamar Katzir and Rabbi Shaul Goldman suggest it is flat and two-dimensional, against the spherical kikarעוללtoddlerfrom ע-ל, on top, hence the weaned child who now gets himself up to seek food (Pappenheim); the earliest of the ע-ל stages, before elemעולםfor all timea very long but bounded span, for the bondsman only to the Yovel (Rashi, Maharsha); a flat synonym of the others (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Rabbi Yosef Kimchi); tied to al, above (Mecklenburg)עומדin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingעוןiniquitythe wanton or intentional sin (Gemara); thinking too much and wrongly concluding that sinning is proper (Pappenheim); the intellect persuaded astray (Malbim); a sin one gained benefit from (Peirush HaRokeach); alone, any sin (Rabbi Netanel Weil)עונגdelight, enjoymentpleasure of the soul, mind and heart, even when it arrives by way of the body, as oneg Shabbos (Pappenheim); for Rav Hirsch, being surrounded by favorable conditions, like anak, a necklaceעוסקin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingעוףfowlthe broad word for anything that flies, with tzipor and kanaf as classes under it (Radak), covering all birds (Sifri, Rambam); a strong-winged bird, typically a predator, restless because it depends on nothing but itself (Rabbi Chanoch Zundel)עורblindthe Biblical word; from ohr, "skin," since the common blindness is a membrane grown over a working eye, so the faculty is obstructed rather than absent (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עורהrousing, stirringgradual waking through a half-asleep stage (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); waking from deep sleep (Rabbi Yechezkel Pannet); the first stage, coming to one's senses, and the most basic waking (Malbim); a whole world revealed to the waker (Shoresh Yesha)עורוןblindnessthe condition itself, as against the person; the Biblical noun beside averesעֵזshe-goatfemale goat, possibly only an adult, from eight days to two years absent a stated age (Rabbi David Ibn Zimra); from the stable and unwavering, for its sure footing (Pappenheim)עֹזmightstrength of spirit, a resolve others cannot deter, visible in the face (Wertheimer); the stable and unwavering, whence azus, brazenness (Pappenheim); primarily Divine, supernatural power, against gevurah (Wessely, Rabbi Edel); tied to otzem and eitz, strong or hard (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)עטיניםbreasts, uddersa hapax in Iyov, read as breasts (Ralbag); in Modern Hebrew udders or a nipple; kin to maatan, the olive vat (Rashi); from insatiability, the udder never at rest (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עטרהcrown, wreaththe general crown, of any wearer, encircling the head and rising above it (Malbim); for others, marked by being covered on top; the sign of greatness, worn by nobles (Pappenheim); adornment only (Rabbi Zev Leff)עידןin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourעילויin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyעיןcolorconstruct of ayin, eye; the one specific color of a thing, since the eye is the instrument that tells colors apart (Raavad I, Emunah HaRamah); Rambam uses it for color in some cases, and tzeva in othersעינויafflictionthe Torah's own term for what is required on Yom Kippur (Vayikra 23:27 to 32, Bamidbar 29:7), of which not eating and drinking is one partעיסהkneaded doughthe Mishnah's word, absent from Tanach as dough; what must be kneaded and so is squeezed and trampled (Pappenheim, Mecklenburg, Marcus); the same word as arisah without the extra reish (Rabbi Baruch HaLevi Epstein)עיףtired, wearytired with something still left in him (Rabbi Shimon Schwab); worn down by continuous repeated action (Rabbi Yosef of Saragossa) or the regular tiredness of one with naturally low energy (Malbim). For Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer, fatigue to the point of fainting, and hence also "thirsty"עיפאin the veil group: veil, shawl, wrap, headclothעירfoalthe young one, her offspring where paired with aton; the young of a chamor or of a pere (Radak); the adolescent donkey whose strength is being revealed (Pappenheim); a young horse in rabbinic usage (Rashi)עיר דודCity of DavidTanach's other name for Tziyon, also Metzudas David, a fortress with a wall of its own (Rashi to Shmuel II 8:7)עיר התמריםthe City of DatesDevarim 34:3 and Divrei HaYamim II 28:15; where the phrase stands alone (Shoftim 1:16) Targum and Rashi identify it as Jericho, and Radak explains the city was thick with date palmsעירובmixing, interminglingthe mixing up of dry objects, as with people intermingling (Rabbi Shimon Dov Ber Analak of Shidlitz), like Ezra's hisarvu of Jewish seed with the nations and Tehillim's vayisarvu with the gentilesעיריןwatchersnot on Rambam's list; sent to the cities (ir) of this world to observe men's deeds and give particular dreams (the school of the Rokeach); from eir, awake, always watching what people do (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); rousing the heavenly forces (Ramban); from Hebrew tzir, messenger (Shadal)עכסvenomsnake venom for Rashi, perhaps under the Greek echis, viper (Kohut); special shoes, the verb their noise (Ibn Ezra, Radak); shoes enclosed in snakeskin (Vilna Gaon); a ball and chain (Rabbi Yeshayah of Trani)עכשובvenomous creaturea hapax (Tehillim 140:4) whose identity is unsettled; some commentators make it the snake that spits out its poison, others no snake at all but another poisonous creature such as a spiderעכשיוnownever in Tanach, first in the Dead Sea Scrolls, common in Chazal and the principal now of Modern Hebrew; perhaps a contraction of atah kemo shehu, now as it is, and so not quite a synonym of atah (Marcus Jastrow)על אתרin the immediately group: immediately, straightaway, forthwith, on the spotעֲלוּקָהAlukahat Mishlei 30:15, literally a leech; the Rid counts it an eighth name, for one who drank in every kind of wisdom, and Tosafos deny it can be Shlomo since it is not among the sevenעֲלוּקָהleechthe leech of Mishlei 30:15, which sources cited by Tosafos read as a name for Gehinnom; it draws out the soul as a leech draws blood (Maharal), or cleanses a man of sin as a leech draws bad blood (Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin)עֶלֶםyoung manfrom ע-ל, on top, hence one who has grown up to nearly his full height (Pappenheim); against naar, elem marks physical maturity where naar marks the mind (Mecklenburg)עֶלֶםyoung mantied to ne'elam, hidden: potential still undeveloped (Rav Hirsch); one who hides his words, a sign of wisdom (Rabbeinu Efrayim); sheer strength (Rabbi Analak); physical maturity against naar's intellectual and spiritual (Mecklenburg, summarizing Pappenheim)עלמהmaidenhidden, from ne'elam; younger than a naarah (Ibn Ezra), less outgoing and sheltered (Peirush HaRokeach), or wise, hiding her words (Rabbeinu Efrayim); simply the Aramaic for naarah (Chizkuni), the same meaning (Ibn Janach, Radak)עַםpeople, nationthe narrower word, a body of people united under one king, leader, or God (Heidenheim, Malbim), or like-minded people who act alike (Wertheimer); hence it takes possessive forms, ami, amcha (Mecklenburg, Malbim); a smaller body, one kingdom and one religion, even one city (the Rokeach)עִםwithwith in the fullest sense, two equal and cooperative parties (the Vilna Gaon, Malbim), or merely circumstantial, two who happen to be together (Pappenheim, Rabbi Mecklenburg); the same as es, both setting the parties as equals (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah to Devarim 5:4)עמוin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withעמיin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withעמידהstandingplain upright, stationary posture, the opposite of sitting, lying and walking, with no purpose implied (Pappenheim, Malbim); standing already rather than anew (Rabbi Shapiro of Dinov); by implication of Wertheimer's view of nitzav, could even be momentaryעמיתassociate, acquaintancethe loosest of the three; one who comes now and then, not often (Rokeach); not built on a word for connection, the man one has business dealings with (Wertheimer)עמרbundle, sheafthe bundle or sheaf itself, of which a gadish is stacked (Rambam); grouped with chamarim and with amar, a statement, as a gathering of many into one (Rav Hirsch)ענגin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightענוגin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעניpoorthe general word, poor but still proud and too ashamed to ask (Bava Metzia 111b); anyone afflicted, from inui (Bedersi); one who works hard all his life for a meager living (Kalatz)ענמיםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsענןcloudthe plain, general word, close to a hundred times in Tanach; Chazal tie it to anavim, humble, or aniyim, poor; the cloud the wind sets moving (Pappenheim); the clouds that block sunlight (Sefer HaChochmah)ענףin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingעסיסpressed juicenamed from the pressing itself, from issui, "squeeze, press" (Rabbi Moshe Ibn Ezra)עסקin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingעסקןcommunal activistone who takes the trouble to see to a thing himself rather than take it on report, as Rabbi Shimon ben Chalafta was called an askan (Rashi to Chullin 57b); rolls up his sleeves rather than intercedesעפליםhemorrhoidsthe written word the Mesorah will not have read aloud; ע-פ-ל kin to א-פ-ל, darkness, so lesions of the dark part of the body (Rabbi Shes bar Yefes)עפףenvelop, besetan encircling that closes in from every corner at once, bound up with pe'ah, a corner, and always carrying a negative sense (Malbim)עפרdirt, soilthe general word, the soil that can grow things, against eifer and avak which grow nothing (Zohar); Beis Shammai limits it to literal soil, Beis Hillel includes ashes, and the halachah follows Beis Hillel; cold and wet (Rabbeinu Efrayim)עץtree, woodseemingly the Hebrew word, and in Tanach it covers both the living tree and its cut wood; from the same family as atzum, strong, and etzem, bone, for the hardness that sets a tree apart from grass (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); allegorically eitzah, a way of life (Rabbi Nissim of Marseilles)עצבותupset, disappointedupset or disappointment, feelings that can lead to anger but are not anger, and elsewhere sadness; unlike charon it does not arouse the thirst for vengeance (Rambam)עצביםbonesliterally bones, idols assembled from many parts as a body is, where Hashem has no parts at all; or from atzuv, grieved, since they never deliver and sadden their worshippers (Malbim)עצהkidneys, or the base of the spinea hapax at Vayikra 3:9; the kidneys, which give eitzah to the heart (Chullin 11a; Rashi, Rashbam), or the end of the spine (Targum Onkelos, Ibn Janach, Radak)עֶצֶםbone, the thing itselfthe bone as the hard, durable, self-contained part (Rav Hirsch); for the Vilna Gaon its hard outer surface, and for Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer the general word covering every kind of boneעֹצֶםvastness, innate strengthstrength through numbers that grew into inherent strength, or borrowed from etzem, bone (Rabbi Edel); potential strength pent up within, not yet expressed (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); related to ometz by metathesis (Rabbi Dr. Asher Weiser); quantitative strength whose units need not be equal, against kabir (Pappenheim)עצרתAssembly, Conclusionthe name of Chazal, never used for Shavuos in the Torah itself (Midrash Lekach Tov); read as "conclusion" of Pesach (Munkatcher Rebbe, Kedushas Levi) or as "gathering" after Yom HaKahal (Rabbi Dovid Tzvi Hoffmann, Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)עקידהbindtying down like a korban, as Avraham tied down Yitzchak; animals marked where they were usually tied, and beis eiked, where shepherds tied sheep for shearing (Radak's father); the Mishnah sets it apart from kafusעקרבscorpiona scorpion, and in Rechavam's threat flogging sticks with scorpion-like spikes, so a thorn only in a borrowed sense; from ק-ר-ב, ever ready for battle (Rav Hirsch)ערin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirערבpleasingsubjective sweetness, what appeals to this person (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); in Tanach used of a voice, on one view in the Gemara of a scent, and of food only once (Rabbi Klein's survey)עֲרֵבָהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughעֲרָבָהdesert plaina plain overrun with thorns and wild growth, not as dry as a tziyah, its opposite a garden (Malbim); a depressed valley, dark like a jungle (Rabbeinu Meyuchas ben Eliyahu); a plain blurring mountain and valley (Rabbi Abrahams)ערודin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyערוםin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafעֲרִיסָהin the bed group: bed, couch, bedstead, cribעֲרִיסָהmixed doughthe Torah's word for dough in the mitzvah of challah; dough as a mixture just kneaded together (Mecklenburg, Rav Hirsch); the kneading trough (Rabbeinu Meyuchas); simply synonymous with batzek (Ibn Janach, Radak)עריריchildlessthe line ending rather than the man; every karet can carry it (Rashi, Ibn Ezra), against a separate penalty attaching only to the forbidden marriages (Riva); bare, without descendants (Shadal); kin to arur (Rabbi Shlomo Astruc)עריריםin the excision group: excision, cut off, childless, extirpationערמהpile, heapthe standard word for a pile in Tanach and Mishnaic Hebrew alike; grain already threshed and so revealed, against unthreshed gadish (Pappenheim), though Rambam seems to equate the two; no source distinguishes it from chamarimערסin the bed group: bed, couch, bedstead, cribערקrun awaythe one Aramaic word for running away, drawing none of the Hebrew distinctions; most Targumim use it for both nas and boreach, though Onkelos often renders boreach as azilערשbed, bedsteadthe rarer, more particular bed; a crib (Rashbam); a bed of fastened or woven planks, from mixing (Rabbi Mecklenburg, Rav Hirsch); iron- or metal-framed (Wertheimer); custom-fitted (Malbim); the bed of the wicked (Basilea, Kaidanover); against all these, a true synonym of mitah paired for poetic effect (Ramchal)עשןsmoke, angersmoke, a borrowed term that came to mean anger because smoke is a byproduct of burning fire and the words for anger are tied to boiling, heat and fire (Radak)עשקin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingעשתי(the element in ashtei asar)from al plus shteim-asar, "upon twelve" (Ibn Janach); or kin to ashtonot, "plans," which are born of thought as eleven is born out of ten (Ibn Ezra); or from eshet, a swollen body, a bloated ten (Rabbi Meir Mintzberg); or unknown (Radak); from eshes, compounded of units and tens (Pappenheim); one, in the tongue of Shinar (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)עשתי עשרeleventheleven as an extension of ten rather than a number of its own; never prefixed with ha- (Rabbi Meir Mintzberg), and used where only the eleventh of a set is meant (Peirush HaRokeach)עשתי עשרהin the eleven group: eleven, eleventhעֵתin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourעֵתa timea portion of time (Rav Hirsch), or for others a point within the span; time as an abstract concept (Maharal); a natural unit that nature itself shows (Malbim); any point within an appointed span (Rabbi Yaakov Emden); the seasons (Rama), which Emden contests; the sequence of time, one thing after another (Pappenheim); a one-time event, against the cyclical moed (Shadal)עתהnowthe ordinary biblical now, over four hundred and thirty times and the most common word for it in Tanach; its first two letters spell eis, timeעתודhe-goatthe most obscure: a larger, stronger he-goat leading the flock (Ibn Ezra); tayish or gedi in Targum Onkelos; fattened young sheep (Peirush HaTur HaAruch, Rabbi Yosef Chiyyun); any adult male of either species (Ramban)עתידin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeעַתִּיקancientfar removed in time, from a root of movement in space, as in vayaatek, since Hebrew ties time to space; hence Atik Yomin, Ancient of Days (Daniel 7:9); the source of Latin antiquus (Benamozegh)פאהcorner, sidethe broad corner or side of an area, and in most pesukim a cardinal direction, rendered ruach by Onkelos; a wide corner (Pappenheim); anything cut off and set apart, even in mid-field (Rabbi Mecklenburg); the edge of an area (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche)פארin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyפגin the blemish group: blemish, defect, flaw, deficiencyפגםnick, deficiencya groove or crevice taken out, like the moon's darkened part or a knife's nick (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); from weakening (Pappenheim); kin to Arabic fajama, to break off a bit (Rabbi Ernest Klein); in rabbinic use a lack, a loss of worth or standingפגרcorpsea human body, specifically the rotting body of a wicked man (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); related to pigul, disgusting (Rashi); po gar, here he lives (Pappenheim)פגריםin the corpse group: corpse, carcass, cadaver, the slainפדהin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפדותin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפדחתforeheadthe word of Chazal, absent from Tanach; the same as meitzach (Rav Hai Gaon, Rabbeinu Chananel, Rashi), against Tosafos HaShalem; perhaps taking in the temples (Rabbi Yosef de Jong); of Persian origin (Alexander Kohut) or Semiticפדיוןransom, buying backredemption by exchange, a swap (Vilna Gaon); a change in the object's own status (Rabbi Chaim of Brisk); negative, the bare fact of rescue (Chatam Sofer, Malbim); temporary relief (Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Kosov); releasing hekdesh, or the individual (Stern); the act that brings the release (Pappenheim)פדןfield, plainAramaic for sadeh (Shadal), which for Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein fits Hoshea's calling the same place Sdeh Aram; Rashi and Ibn Ezra gloss it as the same as sadeh, fieldפדעin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפדרfat, fatty membranedisputed: plain fat, a synonym of cheilev (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Radak, Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Rashbam); the thin membrane dividing the innards (Ramban); a spread of fat that covers (Rabbi Shaul Goldman); the organ cluster of trachea, lungs, heart and liver (Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Ibn Janach)פהherethe common word, and the narrow one, a specific spot inside a larger place (Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto); used to someone already standing with the speaker (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer)פודהin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפולמוסwar, battleMishnaic, a loanword from Greek polemos, war, three times in one Mishnah for the wars of Vespasian and Titus; in Modern Hebrew often a controversy rather than a warפומביpublic spectaclean affair made deliberately conspicuous, from Greek pompe, a procession, not from parrhesia; means the same as pirsum (Eliyahu HaBachur); the showy first luchos were destroyed (Tanchuma)פוצרpresses, urgespoking or prodding at someone until he gives in (Rav Hirsch); for Shadal an offshoot of tzar, narrow, since one pressed is left with narrow choices; Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg takes the second occurrence in Sedom as a literal shoveפּוּרlotthe foreign word the Megillah glosses as goral (Midrash Lekach Tov, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, Ramban); Hebrew, a lottery cast in malice (Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa); a separate lottery from Haman's goral (Maharitatz); the box the lots were put in (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)פּוּרin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainפורקןredemptionAramaic, the Targum's word for pidyon, being bought back, as Hashem redeemed us from the Greeks; also slipping off a yoke; deliverance from financial ruin (Rabbi Yitzchak Eliyahu Landau of Dubno)פותרin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationפזfine goldgood and unadulterated gold (Radak), the best and rarest (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer), which glitters as though dancing, from פ-ז, quick movement (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Ibn Ezra makes it a precious stone insteadפזזin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceפחדfright, fearthe sudden start of fear (Rashi), short-lived and so the less intense, and only of human beings, who grasp what a danger implies (Wertheimer); the outward manifestation of fear (Ibn Ezra); the lesser fear, felt by all other creatures (Abudarham)פטורin the death group: death, died, dying, passingפטירהpassingliterally exiting, taking leave; the Rabbinic word for leaving This World for the Next, generally reserved for the righteous and implying continuation, the body left exempt once the soul departs (Rabbi Klein); the tzaddik exempted from suffering (Rabbi Avraham Chaim Schor)פטישhammerthree times in Tanach; "a big makeves" (Radak, Sefer HaShorashim), the blacksmith's hammer (Rashi to Shabbos 21b); the plain word for hammer todayפיזוזprancing, leaping aboutthe wild, fast part of the dance (Metzudas David); the hands and fingers moving with the feet (Rashbam, Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi); the extra verb at Shmuel II 6:16, the wildness that galled Michal (Rabbi Zev Atlas)פייסlotterythe Mishnaic word for drawing lots, above all the lottery among the kohanim in the Beis HaMikdash; from a Persian or Greek word for a small rock for some linguists, or from piyus, appeasement, since all have an equal chance (Tosafos Yom Tov, Meiri, Sefer HeAruch)פילelephantthe ordinary post-biblical word, absent from Tanach; names the beast for other properties, kin to pele, wonder (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg), or to nefilim (Rabbi Yechiel Michel Stern), or perhaps for burying the dead (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)פינהcorner, prominencethe outer face of a corner, exposed and built stronger, whence leaders are pinos (Pappenheim); the edge where two sides meet (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche); primarily a raised place, whence the cornerstone (Mordechai Zer-Kavod); a synonym of zavit (Rashba)פינוקpampering, indulgenceonce in Tanach (Mishlei 29:21); for Pappenheim playfulness and flattery rather than pleasure, though the Targumim use pinuk words to render both oneg and edenפיסחin the jumping group: skipping, jumping, leaping, passing overפירושexplanation, commentarythe plain explanation of what a text says on its surface, the exoteric (Malbim); makes known what was unknown, spreading the matter open (Shadal); separates the true reading from ambiguous alternatives (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)פיתאin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeפיתוחembossingthe opposite of engraving: the background cut or pressed down so the letters stand out, as on the ephod, choshen and tzitz; opening the background to reveal the letters (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah, Yerios Shlomo)פךflask, small juga pottery jug for oil, smaller than a chavis (Rashi to Avodah Zarah 71b); named either for the liquid that flows out of it (Radak) or for its narrow neck, which must be turned upside down to empty (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)פלדשin the elephant group: elephant, ivory, tuskפלחcut opencutting open, with pelach the piece cut out, shaped to show its origin in something round, a wedge or sector (Pappenheim)פלטיןpalacethe late Hebrew palace, the cognate of English palace, from Rome's Palatium hill; or, as Jastrow derives paltrin, from Latin praetorium, a governor's residenceפליטin the survivor group: refugee, survivor, remnant, refugeפליטהescape, deliverance (a palit is a refugee)saving by being spit out or expelled from the place of danger; the root's core sense is "emit, expel," as in Targum for Yonah being spit out by the fish, and a vessel expunging absorbed tasteפלילהin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationפמליאentouragea retinue or court, mostly Hashem's angelic host but also a human court; Greek for camp (Rambam), or Latin familia (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur, Alexander Kohut)פןlesta possibility raised in order to guard against it, hoping it will not come about (HaBachur, Benevento); from panah, turned away (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); had Eliezer wanted success he would have said pen (Vilna Gaon); from pniyah, which of two faces a thing turns to, mostly the unworthy one (Pappenheim); a remote possibility (Rabbi Nissim of Marseilles); what will surely happen, as ken (Sefer HaChochmah)פנגbalsam oil (disputed)a hapax at Yechezkel 27:17; balsam oil (Yossiphon), cited by Rashi, though Radak objects that Yechezkel lists it apart from tzari; pinuk, pleasure (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi, Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto, Zohar); oneg (Shoresh Yesha)פנויunattachedfrom Mishnaic panah, to clear or make available, the man being available and open to marriage (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); cleared of a family man's obligations (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a word of the Gemara, not of Tanach or Mishnahפנויהin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedפָּנִיםface, angerface, likewise a borrowed term for anger, since a man's emotional state can often be readily seen on his faceפָּנִיםeast, facewardsliterally facewards, because when Adam was created the front of his body faced eastward; which makes east the frame of reference for smol and yaminפסגהpeakthe uncommon third word, taller than an ordinary mountain and so the one fit to be a lookout (the commentators)פסחpassing overan expression of dilug and kefitzah both (Rashi); the skipping of the usual prerequisite of commitment (Rabbi Avigdor Nevenzahl), and the haste of a redemption that had to be immediate (Rabbi Nachshon Schiller)פֶּסֶלcarved imagefrom pasul, disqualified from legitimate worship, like the discarded shavings of something hewn; the root means hewing, kin to peeling and onion (Rav Hirsch)פָּסַלengraving, hewingtechnically engraving or hewing rather than writing, of Moshe carving the second Luchos; whence pesel, idol, and pasul, disqualified, from the discarded shavings; kin to peeling and onion, removing outer layers (Rav Hirsch)פסקbreak offcutting something off in the middle, once begun (Rabbi Yosef Grayever); in Aramaic literally to split or cut, Onkelos' rendering of kala and chadal in several placesפעםstep, timethe foot as it strikes the ground, a step, and so any occurrence (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), step being primary (Rabbi Shmuel Dovid Walkin); or at core a corner, the feet being a man's lower corner (Malbim); man's moving feet, against the malachim's fixed regel (Walkin)פעמוןin the foot group: foot, step, corner, timeפעמותיוin the foot group: foot, step, corner, timeפצעopen wound, lacerationthe skin is opened and it bleeds out (Rashi to Shemos 21:25; Gra); from potzeh, "to open," and a forced opening at that, the victim no more choosing it than the ground chose to open for Korach (Rav Hirsch)פקדattend to, take note ofremembering in order to act, whence count, appoint, punish, deposit (Malbim, Wertheimer); or one fleeting act of remembering (Malbim); can mean to punish, so not mercy (Treves); after a long time (Al-Dhamari); the female element (Kedushas Levi)פקדוןin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toפקידהin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toפרbullthe fertile male, from breaking into parts and so reproduction, unlike the shor (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a name the animal takes on only later (Rashi); small, where the shor is big (Radak)פראwild assthe undomesticated wild ass, a chayah (Radak); by transfer a man of unbridled conduct, lacking the boundaries a man should have (Rav Hirsch); Aramaic and Mishnaic Hebrew call it arudפרגודpartition curtainthe Rabbinic word where Tanach has paroches: the curtain separating a chasan from everyone else (Sefer HeAruch), glossed simply as paroches (Rav Hai Gaon); in aggadah the separation between Hashem and the malachim, or His Holy Presence (Rashi)פרגיתyoung chickena Rabbinic word only; tied to the Arabic fyruj (Rabbi Nosson of Rome) or to the Greek pterix, a winged creature (Rabbi Ernest Klein); not the Modern Hebrew sense of cuts of chicken meatפרדmulethe mule, from separating; it cannot reproduce (Rav Hai Gaon), or a pariah of mixed lineage (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg); or the root covers joining what should stay separate (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)פרדהin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyפרדסorchardfruit trees (Rabbi Yosef Kara, Metzudas Tzion); one species (Ibn Ezra, Wertheimer) or many in separate rows (Rabbi David Luria); the grander, exclusive plot (Bedersi), which his son Rabbi Yedaiah HaPenini, echoing him, makes smaller than a gan; a Persian loanword (Rabbi Ernest Klein); a vineyard (Rashi to Bava Metzia 39b)פרהcow, heiferthe female, almost always kept for what her name says, calving and milk (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the name for an eglah past its first year (Rabbi Eliezer) or its second (the Chachamim)פרהסיאopenlya noun for publicity, meaning the same as pirsum (Eliyahu HaBachur); the visibility and communal side of an act, against b'tzina, in private; from Greek parrhesia, frank speech; its ה-ס as hushing (Golumb)פָּרוֹכֶתdividing curtainthe curtain separating a king from his people, in the Mishkan the Kodesh from the Kodesh HaKodashim (Rashi); from פ-ר-ך, a breaking off to begin something new, so any barrier setting the border between two domains, not a fabric (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a feature of Hashem's glory (Shoresh Yesha)פָּרוֹכֶתin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultפרומביאmuzzle, halterthe rabbinic muzzle or halter of the Mishnah, Rashi's gloss for resen and Targum's word for resen beside meteg; from the Greek phorbeia, the leather strap an aulos player wore over his mouth (Kohut)פרימהunravelone act that starts many pieces coming away at once, as a loosely woven fabric unravels, against kriah, which removes one piece per tear (Pappenheim)פרךback-breaking, pointlessliterally breaking, back-breaking labor (Rashi); breaking as separating, tied to paroches (Rav Hirsch); needless work with no limit (Toras Kohanim, Rabbi Saadia Gaon); breaking a routine so nothing is finished (Pappenheim); more or less equivalent to kashah (Rabbi Klein)פרסוםpublicizingthe verb, the act of publicizing, meaning the same as parhessya (Eliyahu HaBachur); perhaps from parrhesia, or from פ-ר-ס with a mem appended (Rav Hirsch)פרעהPharaoha title, not a personal name, held by every king of Egypt (Rashi) or by most (Radak); the king acting from personal interest or stubbornness (Rav Chaim Kanievsky); the flesh-and-blood king (Zohar); phi and uro, the king, or tied to Re (Shadal); also a god's name, Phre (Benamozegh)פרעה מלך מצריםPharaoh, King of Egyptthe doubled form, in six places, where personal and national interest are both at work (Rav Chaim Kanievsky); at Bereishis 41:46 it marks that he kept his throne by Yosef's counsel (Rabbeinu Bachya)פרעשfleaa black kinah that jumps, in ordinary speech a flea (*Metzudas Tzion* to Shmuel I 24:15), the creature David compares himself to before Shaulפרצוףfacea Greek loan-word (prosopon, "toward the eyes"), and the term the early poskim actually use for the Purim custom of wearing masks (Mahari Mintz, Rema OC 696:8)פרקליטpatron, character witnessa Greek loanword, parakletos, one called in from outside to defend a man (Tiferet Yisrael); per the historians, the patron or character witness who vouches for the defendant rather than arguing his case, some saying he helped silently by showing upפרשintestinal dungwhat is still inside the slaughtered animal's intestines and was never voided (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rabbi Shmuel Strashun); from פ-ר-ש, to spread or separate, either droppings strewn about or what digestion separates off from the nutrimentפשטידהin the cake group: cake, flat round loaf, loaf, fine breadפֶּשַׁעnegligence, rebellionat bottom negligence out of indolence, borrowed for rebellion since apathy before a king slights his honor (Pappenheim); a sin of rebellion against ches and avon (Yoma 36b); Targum renders it mored, active defianceפֶּשַׁעrebellious sinthe sin done to rebel against Hashem (Gemara, Malbim); at root negligence through laziness, borrowed for rebellion as a slight to the King (Pappenheim); simply the willful sin (Peirush HaRokeach); deliberate rebellion, from twenty years up (Radak)פשרinterpretationthe solving of an enigma, once in the Hebrew of Tanach and often in Daniel's Aramaic for dreams; defined as pitaron (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak); untying a knot (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); peirush metathesized (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)פשתהin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusפשתיםflaxthe flax plant and the fiber it yields, linen as a material rather than a particular thread (Ralbag, Abarbanel); the flax while it is still growing in the ground (Pappenheim)פתmorsel, piece of breada broken piece, a morsel (Radak), eleven of its fourteen appearances the phrase pas lechem; in Mishnah and Gemara simply another synonym for bread, Targum even rendering kikar as pas; from pasos, broken (Shadal); a piece broken from a whole loaf (Pappenheim)פתאוםsuddenly, all at oncethe broader word, covering shogeg, oness and even meizid (Kerisus 9a); Rav Hirsch makes it the objective surprise, which no forecasting could have caught; Rabbi Pappenheim reverses Rav Hirsch's readingפתויin the suddenly group: suddenly, all at once, unforeseen, simple-mindedפתוראtablethe Targumim's standing Aramaic rendering of shulchan; for Rabbi Mordechai Dov Yudelovitch the large communal dining tableפתחיהPetachyahhis Hebrew name (Mishnah Shekalim 5:1), from פ-ת-ח, because he would open with words and expound them, and knew seventy languagesפתיin the suddenly group: suddenly, all at once, unforeseen, simple-mindedפתילthreadthe single thread of techeiles; named for snug twisting, or for separateness, bound into the tzitzis yet apart since it alone is dyed (Rav Hirsch)פתיתהbreak upbreaking something up by hand, whence pas, the eye on the pieces produced rather than the whole (Pappenheim)פתןaspimmune to charming and so always dangerous, against the nachash (Wertheimer), from miftan, threshold, or pitui, coaxing; a snake of advanced age (the Rokeach)פתעsuddenly (with no warning one could have used)the Gemara (Kerisus 9a) fixes it on shogeg alone; Rashi reads it as immediacy, one event following another too fast to have guarded against; Rav Hirsch makes it the subjective surprise, foreseeable had one thought it throughפתרוןinterpretationin Tanach the interpretation of a dream and nothing else (Radak, Malbim), which separates it from peirush and beiur; later any definition (Menachem Ibn Saruk) and in Modern Hebrew any solution; an opening that reveals, as peter rechem (Rav Hirsch)פתרוסUpper Egyptnot quite a synonym for Mitzrayim; either a son of Mitzrayim and his people (Bereishis 10:14) or, in Egyptian, the land of the south, Upper Egypt (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); the paytan Yanai seemingly uses it for Egypt as a whole by poetic license (Rabbi Klein)צאןflockthe collective, a flock of sheep and goats together; from going out, since these lighter animals go out even in winter (Pappenheim)צבin the root צ-ב (splendor, desire, consent, army) group: splendor, glory, beauty, desireצבאlegion, armyliterally a gathering of people, an army only because they share one want (Rav Hirsch, Rabbi Chaim Friedlander); on the two-letter root, a standing force ready for orders, against a militia that must be assembled (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Yisrael's legions, so the Chumash never says Hashem Tzevaos (Benamozegh)צְבִיsplendor, glory; desire; deerRashi reads it as beauty, Radak as desire and glory; the same word names the deer (Devarim 14:5), which Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim ties to desire and Rabbi Aharon Marcus to its stately standingצְבִיyearningfrom צ-ב, standing: the desirable thing stands constantly before one, a continuous, perhaps obsessive, yearning over time as against a fleeting want (Pappenheim); in Aramaic nearly synonymous with ratzonצביוןconsent, or ideal formfor Rashi and Rabbeinu Gershom, each part of creation was made according to its will, having consented; the Ritva, following the Aruch, reads beauty, each thing made in its most beautiful formצבעcolor, dye, colorantthe color a thing is given, from tzovea, dyeing; an artificial color imposed by painting or dyeing, as against a thing's natural color (Shadal); at Shoftim 5:30 perhaps a many-coloured garment (Scholem)צהרin the oil group: oil, olive oil, fresh-pressed oil, lamp oilצואהexcrementhuman only, never animal droppings, in Tanach and in the Mishnah alike; kin to *yetziah*, going out, and so any waste that leaves the body, vomit included (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)צוםfastthe Biblical word, near fifty times, usually for abstaining from food; Radak in his father's name derives it from "gathering", as in tzomes hagidim, where the sinews converge, which a derashah reads as a fast the whole community joinsצומתin the fasting group: fast, fast day, affliction, gatheringצונןcold, coolthe rabbinic form, with the final nun doubled (Radak); in the Mishnah coldness, usually as the opposite of hotצופהgazegazing at what is not physically present, hence the navi as tzofeh and awaiting as mitzapeh (Malbim); the sentry watching over time (Wertheimer); seeing from afar (Vilna Gaon)צורflintrock, hard rockharder than sela (Pappenheim, Malbim), too hard to hold water, the stone that gives fire (Rabbi Chaim Vital); a sharp stone (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi); also the quarry or source (Rambam), hence a divine epithetצוררin the enemy group: enemy, foe, hater, adversaryצחin the forehead group: forehead, brow, top of the headצחוקlaughterthe same word as s'chok, with no difference of meaning (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Pappenheim), or the laughter of the mouth, for joy (the Ran); laughter as an involuntary response to something from outside, running from laughing and playing to deriding and mocking (Pappenheim); the spelling of the name Yitzchak in all but four places in Tanachצחנתאsmall fishsmall fish (Rashi); the Bavel name for the tarit (Yerushalmi Nedarim 6:3); identified with sardines or anchovies by modern scholars that Dr. Raanan citesצחרwhite, or combeddisputed; Rashi reads "white" (Shoftim 5:10, Yechezkel 27:18), Ibn Janach and Rabbi Avraham Bedersi read "combed," white only as a by-product; kin to shachar (Benamozegh)ציlarge ship, warshipan especially large vessel (Rashi to Bamidbar 24:24, Yeshayahu 23:13), typically a battleship, built big and strong (Malbim)ציבורcommunitya mass of individuals treated as one body, a legal entity that owns property and appoints its servants, as in korbanos of the tzibbur and shliach tzibbur; from צ-ב-ר, heaping upציהparched landmade dry by prolonged heat, the opposite of springs and pools (Malbim); land whose liquid and inhabitants have gone out (Pappenheim); the same as midbar but a more intense desolation (the Vilna Gaon)צִיּוֹןTziyon (Zion)not necessarily the same place as Yerushalayim; the City of David, walled separately and outside Yerushalayim proper (Rashi to Sotah 9a and Yoma 77b, Rabbi Ashtori HaParchi, Radbaz, Rabbi Elazar Azkiri), though for Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tukachinsky it is at times a neighborhood within the cityצִיּוּןmarkerit fixes exactly where the body lies so that others, Kohanim above all, do not contract tumah (Tukachinsky); as a road marker it reminds the passerby where he is headed (Rabbi Asher Pollak)צייקןskinflintthe Mishnaic cheapskate, who spends the community's money rather than his own; stops his money reaching others (Rashi); from tzuk, narrowness (Rabbi Ernest Klein), or mutzak, hard metal; a virtue in Orchos Tzaddikim's Shaar HaTzaykanusציפורbirdthe narrower word, its limit disputed; any bird, as against insects (Radak); only a kosher bird (Sifri, Rambam); the small songbird chirping at morning, from tzafra (Ramban), or the reverse, named for its chirping, tziftzuf, with tzafra named for the birds (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); the weaker, non-predatory bird that trusts another to feed it, joining the last two (Rabbi Chanoch Zundel)צִיץin the forehead group: forehead, brow, top of the headצִיץin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentציציתfringesnamed for what protrudes from the garment and so is highly visible (Rashi, Malbim); from the single letter tzadi, outwardness (Pappenheim); the two thirds that hang loose like a branch (Radak)צירenvoyalways a messenger in a diplomatic setting, an envoy or ambassador; a professional courier used many times (Vilna Gaon); the attaching of distant political entities (Pappenheim); one who must report back to his dispatcher, unlike a malach (Malbim)צלמותshadow of deaththe shadow of death, whose connection to the underworld needs no argument; in Midrash Konen the place of slanderersצלצלlocustdisputed; another kind of grasshopper (Rashi), named for its din like cymbals (Rabbeinu Bachya) or for the shadow a swarm casts (Peirush HaRokeach); butterflies (Rav Saadia Gaon), worms (Ralbag), or the clamor of enemy armies (Ramban)צמאוןin the wilderness group: wilderness, desert, plain, arid wasteצמר גפןin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusצנהcold, chillordinary, natural coldness that neither sickens nor injures, though from the root of a thorn, the sting of frost (Pappenheim); primarily a painful cold (Rav Hirsch); an all-encompassing cold that envelops a person like snow (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg); also a shieldצניםin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldצנניםin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldצנעאin the public group: in public, publicly, the community, the congregationצעיףveil, shawl, headcloththe covering of Rivkah and Tamar, parsed as spread or floating on her face (Rabbi Menachem ben Shlomo, Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras, Rabbi Saadia al Damari); from a root of wrapping (Gesenius, Shadal); what a woman primarily wore going outside (Rabbi Yitzchak Ratzabi)צעקהcry outone word with zaakah, the opening letters interchangeable (Rashi, Ramban, Zohar, Pappenheim); not a complaint and not of many (Rabbi Elazar Rokeach of Worms); the graver cry (Wertheimer, Malbim); voices the pain without asking (Rabbi Mecklenburg)צָפוֹןnorth, hidden sideexplained several ways; tzafun, hidden, the north hidden from the sun's warmth or presence; or tzifiyah, gazing, fixing north by the northern star; or Mount Tzafon, due north of Eretz Yisraelצָפוּןhidden away, stored uphidden by embedding within something that covers it, specifically to preserve and save it (Pappenheim); tied to safun by letter interchange (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi); tzafon, north, seems to share the rootצפוניgrasshopperanother word for these pests, so called because they usually migrate from the north, tzafon (Rashi, Radak); what Hashem promises to distance if the people repent (Yoel 2:20)צפנת פענחrevealer of mysteriesPharaoh's name for him (Bereishis 41:45); Rashi "revealer of mysteries," Chasam Sofer "concealer of mysteries"; the Septuagint's Psomthomphanech, "knower of the future" (cited by Benamozegh)צפעviperespecially poisonous, since even its excrement is venomous (Malbim); a flying saraph with multiple tails (the Rokeach); what a nachash becomes after seventy years, when it can no longer be charmed (Rashi)צפעוניviperan evil snake, set against the completely evil efeh (Rashi); Radak holds tzifoni and efeh are two words for the same creatureצפצוףchirping, prattlethe bird's sound, the voice of its anticipation (Pappenheim); by extension a low rapid whisper, or babble meant to be audible but almost always unintelligible (Rabbi Shaul Goldman), the prattle of lashon hara (Rashi, Ramban); in the Rema's halachic usage, simply to whistleצַפְרָאin the bird group: bird, fowl, winged creature, songbirdצַפְרָאmorningthe standard Aramaic for morning; Onkelos gives it for both shachar and boker in Chumash, while in Iyov, Mishlei and Tehillim the Targum keeps it for boker alone (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); linked with tzipor, bird, though which came first is disputed (Ramban, Rabbi Aharon Marcus)צפרדעin the plague group: pestilence, plague, epidemic, smitingצרadversary, persecutorthe overt enemy, hating with such heat that he attacks openly and spends his own reputation and resources to do it; Haman is tzorer haYehudimצרועleper (while afflicted)the man while the affliction is actually on him (Rabbi Eliezer Perlmutter, Even Moshe); for Shadal, one who has only a single nega, a distinction Rabbi Klein calls hard to substantiateצרורbinding tighta union of strongly connected parts, from tzadi-reish (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); money tied up in the hand, and tzaros, co-wives tied together by marriage to one manצריbalm, balsama scented potion used medicinally, the balsam of Tanach and the ketores (Rambam, Bereishis Rabbah) or theriaca (Rashi); what drips from the ketaf tree (Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel), or on Ramban's reading of Rambam a piece of the tree itselfצרעהin the leprosy group: leprosy, affliction, spot, plague-spotצרעתleprosy, the affliction itselfthe impurity that clings to the person because of sin (Arizal, Shaar HaMitzvos); Ibn Ezra reads it as "disease" in a general senseקבהpublic cursea general curse on a man and all that is his, uttered in public with his name stated explicitly, which arur does not connote (Malbim)קבץcollectinggathering without necessarily bringing in (Malbim), or arranging into one place what is already inside (Vilna Gaon); Radak, gathering what is far-flung; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, gathering piece by pieceקדושmartyr, holy onethe Jewish term for one killed al kiddush Hashem, from "holy," never from "witness" as the Syriac and Arabic terms for martyr areקדישיןholy onesnot on Rambam's list; holy and set apart in that they do not carry out decrees themselves but tell the other angels what to do (the school of the Rokeach)קֶדֶםbefore, eastbefore in time, with mukdam, kadmon and hakdamah; spatially east, where the sun rises and so what comes first; Targum Onkelos renders b'reishis as b'kadmin; from kuf-dalet, read with kodkod, the skull (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)קֶדֶםeast, forward sidefrom kodem, early or forward, pointing to the rising sun first shining from the east; the word also carries time, so check whether a pasuk means eastward or aforetimeקהילהassemblyany gathering of people, and of people only, never animals or objects (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); tied to kol, a sound summoning themקהלDay of the CongregationDevarim 18:16, the Torah's name for the day of Matan Torah, and the ground for reading Atzeres as gathering (Rabbi Dovid Tzvi Hoffmann)קהלתKohelesfrom hakhel and kahal, because his teachings were said in gatherings, "then Shlomo gathered" (Melachim I 8:1), or because he gathered up many kinds of wisdom (Rashi to Koheles 1:1); a common noun, given hakoheles (Ibn Ezra)קוגלin the cake group: cake, flat round loaf, loaf, fine breadקומץin the miser group: miser, cheapskate, stingy, tightfistedקונטרסpamphleta short treatise not weighty enough to stand as its own sefer; the Tosafists' name for Rashi's Gemara commentary; from the Greek (Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia, Rabbi Ernest Klein, Rabbi Daniel Sperber) or from the Latin quinternus, a quire (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)קונםin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeקוץthornthe thorn, named for its many sharp ends, from ק-ץ, the end of a thing (Pappenheim)קורbitter cold, freezingthe severe cold that hurts, felt on the coldest winter days or in touching cold metal, from the root of strong impact (Pappenheim); the drop in temperature itself (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg)קורנסsmith's hammerMishnaic only, the hammer that beat the Menorah from one block of gold (Rashi to Shemos 25:31); "a big makeves" (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur) or "a small makeves" (Sefer HeAruch)קושיאin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultקטבcut intoa cut that slices into the thickness without severing through, like a paper cut; in Tanach always an illness that cuts the innardsקטגורaccuser, prosecutorGreek kata plus agora, one who speaks against another before an assembly; a slanderer or informer (Rabbeinu Chananel, Rambam, Rashbatz, Rabbi Yaakov bar Shimshon); ketata plus tigra (Machzor Vitri); antonym of praklit in Avos 4:11 and of sanegor elsewhereקטילהkilling (Aramaic)the Targumim's word for both Hebrew terms, and the ordinary Aramaic verb; in Hebrew Rabbi Pappenheim limits it to striking a man to the verge of death, and its Talmudic sense of "cutting" may, Rabbi Klein suggests, be its coreקטיפהplucksevering what was only flimsily attached, the word for plucking a flowerקטירהtiethe Aramaic of keshirah and Targum's standard rendering of it (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), by a shin-to-tav shift (Rabbi Yaakov Berger); in Hebrew the root is smoke or incense; Rabbinic katir can mean a conspiracyקטףbalsam treethe tree from which tzari drips (Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel), glossed as the balsam tree (Rambam); Onkelos's rendering of both tzari and nataf, naming the tree where nataf names the mannerקידהbowing the facebowing the face (Megillah 22b, Berachos 34b); only the head bows to the ground, the body standing erect (Maharsha)קידושיןbetrothalthe Mishnah's term for the same act; from hekdesh, forbidding her to all others (Rabbanan Savorai), a rabbinic term because only the rabbinic enactment makes her like hekdesh (Rabbi Shor, Rabbi Horowitz); from designating, not consecrating (Tosafos); a loanword from Greek ekdosis (Satlow), which Rabbi Klein finds hard to accept; a fence against sin, and so kedushah (Hon Ashir)קילוסin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyקימושthornthe thorn that grows along a field's perimeter, against the ordinary charul (Vilna Gaon)קינוחwipingRabbinic only; cleaning by wiping off what soils, an expression of finality, what is wiped away gone for good (Rashi)קירstructural wallthe generic structural wall (Rabbi Klein); originally the upright beam that bears a structure's weight, from ק-ר (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a wall that gives shade, from kor, cold (Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh of Carpentras)קיראwaxnot Hebrew or Aramaic at all but a loan-word from Greek keros / Latin cera, used in the Gemara alongside keirosa and kiriקירובdraw near, bring closerclosing a gap between equals, still on the way (Malbim, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the abstract nearness of a meeting of minds (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg), or simply reducing distance, of animals as well as people (Rav Hirsch); where drawing near is easy (Malbim to Shemos 19:15)קלוןdishonor, disgracefrom kal, light; declaring a man a lightweight, worth less than he is and not worth the honor due him, lowering a value where bizayon cancels it (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)קליטהrefuge, being taken insaving by being received into a safe space, as an ir miklat receives the accidental killer; post-biblical, and not intrinsically about rescue at allקללהdisparagement, cursefrom kal, light, a belittling rather than a true curse, used for cursing a judge (Vilna Gaon); the specific curse that must name its effect, only of what physically exists (Rabbi Mecklenburg); said to his face (Shadal)קלמתאlice (Aramaic)the Targum's word for kinnim (Onkelos and Targum Yonasan to Shemos 8:12 to 14); the Gemara's form is kalmei (Berachos 51b, Niddah 20b), which Rashi identifies with itקלפיlot boxthe Mishnaic name for the box the lots are drawn from, from the Greek kalpe, an urn used for drawing lots; in Modern Hebrew the ballot box at electionsקמהin the flour group: flour, whole wheat flour, fine flour, white flourקמחflour, whole wheat flourordinary flour ground with bran and germ still in it, as against white soles (Rav Hirsch); everything is mixed into it (Rashi); adulterated flour carrying subpar material (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); the lesser stock in metaphorקמיצהin the miser group: miser, cheapskate, stingy, tightfistedקמצןcheapskatethe post-Mishnaic and living word; from ק-מ-ץ, the kemitzah of a minchah, held to three fingers with the excess wiped away (Rashi), so he stores his wealth and keeps to the least anyone can get from him; mekametz is mekabetz, gathering (Kesubos 77a)קןin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureקָנֶהwindpipeliterally a reed or hollow stalk; the Gemara's standard word for the windpipe, and for Rabbi Yaakov Weil the inner membrane as against the ringed exteriorקָנֶהreed, stem, tubea pipe-like item, typically hollow in the middle, rather than a container; for Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein hollowness characterizes it, and Rashbam and Ibn Ezra write that the Menorah's kanim ought to be hollowקניגיאwar, huntinga Bavli hapax, Gavriel's kenigia with the Leviasan; war (Rabbeinu Gershom, Rashba) against hunting (Rashbam), which the Greek kynigia, hunting, supportsקנקןjug, jarabsent from Tanach, Mishnaic only; typically a pottery vessel (Tosafot to Avodah Zarah 32a) used for wine, oil or water; a loanword from Latin canna, probably by reduplication (Kohut), the Latin itself from Hebrew kaneh (Rabbi Ernest Klein), whence, Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein infers, its hollow receptacleקסקסin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateקפיצהleapingboth feet leave the ground (Vilna Gaon); covering several steps in one to arrive faster, not avoiding what lies underneath (Pappenheim); hence kefitzas haderech, and anything done in hasteקצהedge, endthe right-angled corner, a spacious area like peah rather than a point, but above, below, in front or behind where peah is at the side (Pappenheim); rendered zavit by Onkelos; whence katzin, the army's visible face (Benamozegh)קציצהchopchopping with a single strong blow, from the root meaning end, since chopping creates two new endsקצירFestival of the HarvestShemos 23:16; Shavuos falls in the grain harvest, wheat in particular, and the grain harvest ran exactly seven weeks (Rashi to Yirmiyahu 5:24)קצףrageanger at the boil, the word also naming the bubbles of boiling water (Ibn Ezra, Radak); visible in the sweat on the face (Rokeach); the most extreme form (Eitz Yosef); outward anger coolly formulated by the intellect, even for a third party (Malbim); foam at the lips (Pappenheim)קרin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldקרבwar, battle, combatfrom ק-ר-ב, also approaching and innards, three senses to the lexicographers (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak) but blurrier for Rabbi Klein: attackers approach, defenders guard what lies within; in yom krav and klei kravקרדםadze-axe, mattockseemingly a double-headed tool, an adze blade on one side of the head and an axe blade on the other (as Mishnah Keilim 13:3 suggests, and so Radak for the Biblical tool too), against Ibn Janach who defines it "spade"קריoffhandedness, flippancyin Vayikra 26, serving Hashem in a glib, non-deliberate way, answered in kind (Rav Hirsch), or the sinner's antagonistic posture meant to anger Hashem (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); in the Mishnah, a seminal emissionקריעהteartearing something soft that comes apart easily, whence kriah (Pappenheim); ripping apart what was once separate (Shulchan Aruch HaRav), hence kriyas Yam Suf (Rabbi Yitzchok Meir Alter of Ger); acted upon from outside (Rabbi Shmuel Borenstein of Sochatchov)קריצתאdawnthe Targum's word for shachar in Iyov, Mishlei and Tehillim (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); perhaps related to kritzah, winking, dawn being the small sign that daylight is coming (Rabbi Moshe Kosover of Beit Chilkiyah)קרית ארבעCity of Four, City of Arbathe older name (Yehoshua 14:15); "four" for a list of fours (Bereishis Rabbah 58:4) or the personal name of the giants' father (Rashi to Yehoshua 14:15)קֶרֶןhorna horn, and a corner as something that juts out from a smooth surface (Malbim, Rabbi Mecklenburg); where two sides collide, from the root of strong impact (Pappenheim); in Tanach the corners of the Altarקֶרֶןhornthe general horn, attached or detached, and a solid horn even detached (Ramban); by extension a ray, strength, a corner and principal; the meeting point of opposing forces, a fork in the road (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)קרקעfloornot a word for land at all in Biblical Hebrew but the floor under a building or a sea, only later near-synonymous with eretz and adamah (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi)קשהhardthe general word, covering both rigid and difficult; the hard work of Mitzrayim; kin to yesh, existence, and to gishah, impact, since only the solid is felt (Rav Hirsch); a family of hard things (Pappenheim)קשיחcruel, callouscruelty rather than hardness of substance (Ibn Ezra, Radak), specifically estrangement from one a person should love (Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Melech); a portmanteau of kashah and sach, removing the harshness from one's thoughts (Metzudas Tzion)קשירהtie, bindtying to which the thing tied consents, as conspirators willingly join one another in a kesher (Malbim); used concretely of tefillin and a string, figuratively of souls tied togetherקשישagedthe Aramaic equivalent, the Targum's rendering of yashish and one of its two for zaken, with the same sense as yashish (Rabbeinu Chananel, Rabbi Nosson of Rome); tied to yashish only by an unlikely gematria interchange (Rabbi Mordechai Tzvi Herzka); from kasheh, hard (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg)קתדראin the chair group: throne, chair, seat, armchairראהseethe eye's plain function, including a sight one stumbles on without intending it (Malbim); seeing at the surface, what a quick glance takes in (Vilna Gaon)ראיexcrement of surfeitfrom the biliteral ר-ו, quenching, so what the body could not absorb because too much was eaten (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); its Biblical aleph becomes an ayin in the Mishnahרֹאשׁheadthe anatomical head and the head of a nation or tribe; the opening of an expected series, as Rosh Chodesh; a count or tally (Menachem Ibn Saruk), or the final total gathered under one head (Rav Hirsch); also poisonרֹאשׁpoisonBiblical poison, drawn from a snake's head and so essentially venom (Targum, Rashi), or a poisonous plant extract such as poppy (Feliks, Pappenheim); from either kingdom (Rav Hirsch)ראשוןfirstfirst in a counted series, the opening position defined against the items after it (Malbim); can be spatial as well as temporal, in front (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); being first does not posit a second (Rabbi Klein)ראשיתbeginning, foremosta beginning that carries importance in its own right; an absolute, primal beginning, not necessarily part of a sequence (Malbim), or the foremost of a series something preceded (the Vilna Gaon); strictly what is chronologically first (Rabbi Hoberman); marks yiras Hashem as the goal of wisdom (Maharal)רבmaster, chiefthe Mishnah's ordinary word for a slave's owner; in Tanach only in construct, chief of, as rav tabachim and rav hachovel; like ribbon, a master with a protégé in his charge (Rabbi Baruch Aryeh HaLevi Fischer)רבוןMasterTargum Onkelos's Aramaic for adon, an honorific form of rav; used only where a subordinate is in the master's charge (Rabbi Baruch Aryeh HaLevi Fischer); in the berachah, eminence in the physical world, in Aramaic (Vilna Gaon)רביRebbi, Rabbimy rav, my master; for a Torah scholar his teacher, for a thief the leader of his gang, as Reish Lakish told Rabbi Yochanan (Bava Metzia 84a)רביאboy (Aramaic)Onkelos' usual rendering of yeled (Bereishis 21:8), feminine rivah; from the Aramaic ר-ב, to grow (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)רביםin front of manythe plain word for a public setting, before many; often standing against yachid, the individual owner, as in reshus harabim; from ר-ב, quantitative increase (Pappenheim)רברבתאthumbAramaic, the same as gudal (Rashi); seemingly a literal translation of gudal (Rabbi Klein)רגזshaking, agitation; angerphysical trembling extended to any agitation (Shadal); in Biblical Aramaic specifically anger (Rashbam), whence rabbinic ragzan; Bedersi notes that rogez sometimes means anger but not always, since it sometimes means shaking out of fearרגימהstoning to deaththe result rather than the act, the victim subdued and immobile (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), or stoning to death (Yashar); a whole heap thrown, a communal effort rather than a single stone (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter); non-Semitic, from Hittite (Noonan)רֶגֶלfootthe plain foot, the limb; as instance only for Bilaam's donkey and the three festivals, where the pilgrims came up on foot; the malachim's single regel, fixed, without growth (Walkin)רִגֵּלspy outsearching out weakness and vulnerability (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); the verb Devarim uses in hindsight, derived, Rabbi Klein suggests, from regel, the foot, the lowest part of the body; each step serving the scout's aim (Rav Hirsch)רגםin the stoning group: stoning, pelting, clearing of stones, slingרדידshawl, wrapa thin tza'if for the head (Sefer HeAruch); a thin garment (Radak); akin to a tallis (Ibn Ezra); from ר-ד, hanging down, or the inner covering lowered beneath the outer (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the wrap without which women did not appear in public (Rambam)רדידיםin the veil group: veil, shawl, wrap, headclothרהבEgypt (as the haughty one)a name for Egypt (Rashi to Bereishis 40:23, Chizkuni to 43:32, Radak to Tehillim 87:4) and the name of the angelic minister of Egypt and of the sea (Bava Basra 74b); the word itself means confident, strong, haughtyרהןdeposit, security given up frontsecurity placed with the lender before or at the loan, to win his trust, and left there continuously until repayment (Tosafos Yom Tov; Rav Hirsch)רואהseerthe earlier prophet, seeing by ruach hakodesh to help individuals uncover the hidden, and sought out (Malbim); the Hebrew word for one who sees, of sharp vision (Vilna Gaon); saw visions without a charge to spread them (Chasam Sofer)רובהyoungstera stage between naar and elem in Midrash Tadshe; Rashi (Sotah 26a) instead equates it with bachur and with yeledרוגזagitationanger that arouses the whole body, as shaking and fear do (Rabbeinu Efrayim); sometimes shaking out of fear, not anger (Bedersi); the tranquil man suddenly bursting out (Rokeach); allows no respite (Malbim); primarily physical trembling, then any agitation (Shadal); in Biblical Aramaic, anger (Rashbam)רווקunmarried manthe Mishnaic word, covering a divorcé and widower (Rashi) or only a man never married (Tosafos, Rambam); from reik, empty (Matnos Kehunah, Rabbi Dr. Ernest Klein), or a loanword from Arabic meaning youth (Dr. Alexander Kohut)רוזניםin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterרוחapparitionthe one with neither body nor form (Rashi to *Sanhedrin* 109a), the word itself meaning wind or spiritרוחspiritprimarily air, then wind, direction and the life-giving spirit (Rambam); also prophecy and temperament; the soul's wind-like aspect that rises in sleep (Bereishis Rabbah 14:9); man's speech (Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin); the emotional aspect (the Vilna Gaon)רוכלpeddlerthe small trader who buys from the socher and hawks door to door (Malbim), often specifically a seller of women's perfumes (Rashi to Vayikra 19:16)רומםin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyרומסtrampletreading that destroys what is underfoot; the destructive counterpart to neutral dorech (Malbim), and the heaviest of the samech/sin/zayin family (Rav Hirsch)רופאphysicianordinarily a doctor; in the circumcision sugyos either the circumciser himself (Rashi to Menachos 42a) or a physician who can also circumcise (Rashi to Avodah Zarah 26b)רושin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomרזmysteryAramaic, in Daniel, an idea hidden and closed off from the many (Rashi); common in the Dead Sea Scrolls for esoteric allusions, from Old Persian raza; perhaps a metathesis of zar, estranged (Rabbi Klein)רזאin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterרְחוֹבstreetthe road inside a town, against derech the road between towns (given as "some explain"; no authority named)רחובcity streetthe street inside a city, as against the derachim between cities (Rabbi Meshullam); also rechovah shel ir, the open square within a townרחוםmercifulone of the Thirteen Attributes, which Rabbeinu Bachya elsewhere makes one with chanun; focuses on the savior, moved by the sufferer's plight (Rabbi Klein); for the poor (Bechor-Shor); beyond the letter of the law (Rokeach), or, others say, only for one who asks; from rechem, opened in childbirth (Rabbeinu Efrayim)רחיםlovethe Targum's standard Aramaic for ahavah, as in dechilu u'rechimu; in Hebrew the root is usually mercy, save ארחמך, I will love You (Ibn Janach, Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Radak, Ibn Ramoch); love is the root of mercy (Rabbi Yitzchak Avineri)רחימוin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentרחיצהwashingwashing a body, whole or in part, by immersion or pouring (Pappenheim); outside or inside, where shetifah is exterior only (Wertheimer); scrubbing off dirt in earnest (Bedersi); for filth, against hadachah for blood (Sefer HaShem)רחלeweadult female sheep, in its second year or older (Rashi); related to the Akkadian lahru by metathesisרחםin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterרַחֲמִיםmercyfocus on the Giver, so the flow is constant and unearned; tradition ties it to the four-letter Name (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein); from motherly protection, joining rechem to the dominant trait of a protective mother (Rav Hirsch)רַחֲמִיםmercy, compassionHashem withholding a calamity before it falls (gloss to Tosafos); His general oversight of the world (Rabbeinu Bachya); against din, the Giver gives without weighing desert (Rabbi Klein); from motherly protection, as in rechem (Rav Hirsch); surviving past a sin, as the womb shelters until teshuvah (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); chesed mixed with din (Rabbi Moshe de Leon)רחמנותin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorרטובwetvery wet, visible on the surface and enough to wet what touches it, moisture from outside (Pappenheim); external water (Bedersi); simply lach (Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Radak), perhaps its Aramaic counterpart (Rabbi Klein)רטטin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringרטפשrevivifieda hapax in Iyov, flesh restored beyond youth; related to ratuv by a paragogic shin (Rav Hirsch), as ratuv plus pash (Rabbi Yosef Kara, Sforno and others), ratuv plus tafash (Malbim), or at-bash (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi, Radak)ריחin the Jericho group: Jericho, the City of Dates, the City of Scent, the City of the Moonרימהmaggotlarvae, and internal decay (Rabbi Shaul Goldman); always first, the earlier, smaller stage (Netziv, the Vilna Gaon); larvae still in the egg (Rabbi Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); forming from within (Rav Hirsch); not yet moved from where generated (Malbim); creatures that do not eat (Midrash Sechel Tov)רינהjoyous songthe joy that stirs the celebrant to sing Hashem's praises (Machzor Vitry)ריפתאbreadan Aramaic word for bread in the Gemara, apparently related to Arabic raghif, a flat loaf; a meal of two identical loaves (Rabbi Nosson of Rome)רִיקfor naughtthe more intense word, what does not even exist (Bedersi); toil that yields nothing (Shadal); what has surface value but is empty within, like a husk (Malbim); emptied of its very substance, from ר-ק (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)רֵיקin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedריקודdancingthe general word, naming the joy that is the occasion for dancing rather than a specific act (Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); a jump that leaves one foot on the ground, against kefitzah (Yerushalmi)רךin the names of Yosef group: Yosef, Yehosef, revealer of mysteries, father to the kingרְכוּשׁin the money group: money, funds, price, valueרְכוּשׁproperty, possessionsmovable goods, gold and silver and the like; a hypernym covering every kind of asset (Radak), or specifically inanimate movables as against livestock (Rav Hirsch); root tied to reches, "binding together" (Rav Hirsch)רכסin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartרֶכֶשׁcourier horse, swift steeda specific fast horse, not the general term; a superior young horse (Ibn Janach, Ralbag), a wagon-horse from reches, "tying" (Rav Hirsch), or the king's own property, rechush (Ibn Ezra)רָכַשׁin the property group: property, possessions, livestock, assetsרמהhurl, shootthrowing or shooting something upward in an arc so that it lands precisely on its target (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); from the root of high and esteemed, and the Targumim render hashlachah with its derivativesרמותin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingרמזin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterרמחspear, lancethe killing weapon, fatal at a single stab to the highest-ranking and the lowliest alike (Ohalei Yehuda); Rav Hirsch hears ramah, "throwing," in the root, so, it seems, it is hurled rather than thrustרמךin the horse group: horse, courier horse, steed, muleרמכיםmares (or, young horses)found only at Esther 8:10, though ramach is in Mishnah Kilayim 8:5; a wild horse (Rambam), the mares that bore the achashtranim (Radak), or simply young ones (Midrash Lekach Tov)רמשcreeping creaturecreatures that tread the ground with the whole body (Ramban); a lighter tread than romes, of small creatures that do less damage (Rav Hirsch); the Kimchis make its root one with ר-מ-ס, while Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach and Ibn Parchon seem to keep them apartרנהin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationרסןbridlea rope or a leather bit (Bedersi), the mouthpiece or the reins (Clines), but the metal bit (Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); steers the animal and blocks its mouth (Radak); Targum renders it prumbia where it stands beside metegרעcompanion, confidantthe most intimate; the one you are with frequently and to whom you reveal your secrets (Rokeach); complete affection, the highest form of companionship (Wertheimer); one whose thoughts cleave to his fellow's, from ra'ayon (Rabbi Mattisyahu HaYitzhari)רעבfamine, hungerthe standard word, famine of a land or hunger of a person; famine from simple scarcity (Ralbag); the external crisis, a lack of produce (Vilna Gaon); the man actively suffering hunger pangs (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer)רעדהtremblingshaking primarily felt inside the body and not seen from outside (Rabbi Wertheimer), or inner fear that breaks out into visible tremors (Malbim); nine appearancesרעהin the friend group: friend, companion, confidant, fellowרעיהin the friend group: friend, companion, confidant, fellowרעיוןidea, notionthe spark that surfaces unbidden and may be developed (Wertheimer); a synonym of machshavah (Rashi to Berachos 55b, Ramban), its Aramaic (Yad Ramah); defined as hirhur (Rashi to Daniel)רעלpoison, reeling draughtcommonly rendered poison, but a concoction that leaves a man weak and immobile as though tied (Rashi), or shaking, akin to ro'ed (Radak); deadly poison in Modern Hebrewרעםroaralso noise or roar, since the angrier a man is the likelier he is to lash out by yelling; tied to the Mishnaic taromes, complaint, both verbal dissatisfaction (Rashi)רענןfresh, verdantthe internal moist freshness that keeps a thing growing rather than withering (Bedersi); the same as ratuv (Ibn Ezra); re'ah anan, a plant grown tall enough to befriend the clouds (Rabbi Tedeschi)רעשquaking, tumultvigorous movement of any kind, hence an earthquake (Amos 1:1), and also, in Biblical Hebrew, loud noise, its usual sense in Modern Hebrew; Targum renders it ziyahרפסודהraftbeams tied together, the same thing as dovrah (Rashi and Radak to Melachim I 5:23 and Divrei HaYamim II 2:15)רץrunrunning, like nas, but running toward where nas is running from (Malbim); Rabbi Naftali Hertz Treves finds cognates of nas that mean running toward as wellרצוןin the land (running versus passive) group: land, ground, will, desireרָצוֹןwillthe milder, simple want (Pappenheim); the mind's chosen wanting, and so aimed at the good (Malbim); the innate desire to do good (Rabbi Margolios); means as well as ends (Rabbi Edel); tied to ratz, running (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)רציחהmurderkilling with no legal warrant, the word carrying a verdict on the killer (Rashbam, Rabbi Pappenheim); of people only, never animals or plants (Bedersi); for Bedersi, against Abarbanel, only of the one whose own hand did itרקin the vegetable and green group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensרקדin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceרקםembroidererworks in colors, embroidery by stitching with one face (Yoma 72b), the harder symmetrical image (Rashi) or work on one face only (Rambam, Abarbanel); first a needleless patchwork (Shadal); foreground piled on background, like regem (Rav Hirsch); a multicolored textile (Radak)רשdispossessedtied to yerushah, inheritance, in two directions; one whose property others dispossessed, or a poor man son of a poor man, poor from the cradle (Wertheimer)רשםnoting downwriting only the heads (rosh) of a matter, the main points of a discourse, notes rather than a full transcript (Pappenheim); mostly in Daniel's Aramaic, and Targum's word for charutרתתtrembling (a lighter shake)a lighter form of shaking than raadah or chil (Rabbi Wertheimer); in Chazal it splits, shaking with no fear in it (Chullin 24a) and fear with no shaking (mirtat)שָׁאַבdrawdrawing water with no effort, most commonly from a spring or surface pool, no lowering and raising (Malbim); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim ties it to ש-ב, bringing flowing water to restשָׁאַבdraw waterdrawing water, and in almost all biblical instances from a well; as against shoef, it is water rather than air (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); which stage of the act it names is disputedשאולthe graveliterally the grave (Ibn Ezra), though by derashah the soul's purgatory after death (Rashi); a deep pit impossible to get out of (Malbim); from ש-ל, cast away, death being a plane away from the living (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the same as avadon (Rabbi Avraham bar Chiya)שאנןserenitythe fullest rest, more complete than sheket (Bedersi), free even of the busyness of prosperity (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); quiet because the din, shaon, is gone (Malbim)שאףinhale, yearndrawing air rather than water (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); from there sheifah, a higher yearning one has internalizedשארblood relativea blood relative, from the flesh sense of the word, kin sharing one forebear; the word also means food, and it narrows to one's spouseשבויהin the seven group: seven, the seventh year, week, seven-year cycleשבועweek, seven-year cycleany seven-day span, not tied to the calendar week (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); in Daniel it seemingly always means a seven-year periodשְׁבוּעָהoaththe oath ties the claim to Hashem, "the Seventh One" (Ibn Ezra, building on Sefer Yetzirah 4:2), or delivers the swearer into Hashem's hand (Rav Hirsch)שְׁבוּעָהoathan oral statement whose focus is the person, binding him to do or not do, or affirming the past, and generally invoking Hashem's name; a different type of expression from neder, not a graver one (Nedarim 2b)שָׁבוּעוֹתFestival of Weeksthe Torah's own name, since the date is fixed by counting seven weeks from Pesach rather than by a calendar day (Shemos 34:22; Devarim 16:10, 16:16)שְׁבוּעוֹתin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeשבחin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyשבטrod, tribeauthority and its responsibility (Rashi); a rod wound up with energy to strike (the Vilna Gaon), of wood or metal (Wertheimer); as tribe, a branch of Yaakov's family tree (Malbim), or first the tribe's leader (Mecklenburg, citing Shadal); the same as mateh (Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino, Ohel Moed)שביcaptiveshuman prisoners (Radak); all the captured people of the defeated side (Malbim); living people or animals (the Vilna Gaon); the captive curtailed as if at rest, from ש-ב (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); from shav, what is not returned (Benamozegh)שְׁבִילdownhill pathrelated to shafel, low, so a path with a steep incline, one that goes downwards (no authority named)שבילtraila path on a steep downward incline, from shafel (Rav Hirsch); from shevel, the leg, and narrower than a netiv (Malbim); the narrowest path, wide enough for one ankle or heel at a time (Wertheimer); the road of ankles or heels, giving bishvil (Pappenheim)שביעיתthe seventh yearthe ordinal, "the seventh one," already Biblical for the Sabbatical year (Shemos 23:11, Vayikra 25:4) and the Mishnah's regular name for itשבעsevennot always the number; Rasag renders it "many" where the count is not meant (Bereishis 4:24, Mishlei 24:16), and Ibn Ezra and Ralbag read Mishlei 24:16 the same wayשֶׁבֶרprovisionsproduce that breaks the famine (Radak, Meiri); food as a purchased commodity (Ibn Saruk, Peirush HaRokeach, Rabbeinu Bachya); grain with its chaff, alluding to bad and good together (Rabbeinu Bachya)שֵׂבֶרhopeful looking-tospelled like shever, food, as men look to Hashem and He feeds them (Peirush HaRokeach); strong trust from recognising Hashem as creator and sustainer (Wertheimer); joining separate pieces into one logical conclusion (Rav Hirsch)שַׁבָּתin the return group: return, repentance, revert, turn backשַׁבָּתShabbos, week, Sabbatical yeara synecdoche, the day and the whole week it closes (Ramban to Vayikra 23); Mecklenburg denies it means week anywhere else in Tanach and reads it there as cessationשגרin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryשדin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderשדdemonpart angel and part man, winged and knowing what is to come, yet eating, drinking, breeding and dying (*Chagigah* 16a); humanoid in form and eating and drinking like a man (Rashi to *Sanhedrin* 109a); from shadud, desolate places (Ramban), sadeh, the field (Maasei Hashem), or shoded, seizing the mind (Chemdas HaChemdah)שדיםbreaststhe standard Biblical word, twenty-four times in Tanach; from abnormality, the one limb that secretes milk (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); in Bereishis 49:25 tied instead to shooting or casting (Rashi), or read as clouds (Peirush HaRokeach); the upper, nursing breasts, as against dadim (Malbim)שדלin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingשדמהfield, or vine (disputed)the contested word; a grain field (Rashi), a synonym for gefen (Ibn Janach, Ibn Ezra, Radak, Rabbeinu Bachya), or simply ground rich enough to nourish growth (Pappenheim)שדרin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingשַׁדַּרin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryשהlamb, kidgender-neutral, a single young animal of either species, which the Torah often pairs with a more specific word saying which species is meant; the male, against the female taleh (the Rokeach)שואגroarsthe hungry lion's roar, meant to freeze its prey (Vilna Gaon); from ש-ג, inadvertency, so an almost involuntary outburst under pain or joy (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)שובreturnreturning to a prior place or situation, or reverting to one's natural state even where one was never before (Pappenheim); it names the destination, the goal of getting back to where one used to be (Rabbi Klein)שוועהin the crying out group: cry out, outcry, cry for help, pleaשוטהin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingשולחןtablethe Biblical word, of the Mishkan's golden table and of a king's table; a top on four legs, against a legless tavla (Rash MiShantz); from shalach, sending forth food (Benamozegh)שומןpermitted fatpost-biblical, coined by Chazal for the permitted fats so the two could be told apart (Rashi); the soft intermuscular fat attached to the meat (Ramban, Rabbeinu Bachya); the more pourable, oil-like fat, from shemen (Pappenheim)שונאhaterhatred held inside and never expressed, read from what he refrains from doing, like the Mishnah's witness who has not spoken to his fellow for three days; the more dangerous, aiming at his victim's spiritual existence (Vilna Gaon); for Rabbi Yaakov Emden the reverse, the one who hates openly, in speechשועsmoothed, daubed onthe making smooth by laying one material over another, rather than smoothness as a state (Tosafos, Rambam, Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); Rashi restricts it to combing a single material smoothשַׁוְעָהcry for helpaddressed only to Hashem (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter); tied to yeshuah, a call expecting rescue (Pappenheim); says outright what he wants (Rabbi Mecklenburg); spoken tefillah (Zohar); a cry for salvation, not a complaint (Rav Hirsch)שַׁוְעָהin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionשופרram's hornthe hollow horn whose filling is drawn out, where a solid horn stays keren (Ramban); a hollow tube, from shefoferes (Ran); beauty and fitness, from ש-פ-ר (Ritva), many parts fitted into one order (Rav Hirsch); gathers the people, as tzavar (Ohalei Yehudah)שׁוֹקֵקroars (of a bear)disputed; the Vilna Gaon reads it as the hungry bear's roar, Ibn Janach and Radak as its sauntering gait, Radak relating it to shok, the calf of the legשׁוֹקֵקin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterשׁוֹרoxcalled so from the day it is born (Rashi); from shar, the umbilical cord, the ox's strength being in its belly (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); commonly assumed castrated, which cannot be, castration being forbidden (Rabbi Yonah Merzbach); related to shavar (HaKsav VeHaKabbalah)שׁוּרsee from afarseeing something far away, in time or in space (Malbim); aimed sight, linked to yashar, straight, the eyes set on one view alone (Pappenheim)שׁוּרwallrare in Hebrew, the Aramaic for chomah in the Targumim (Rabbi Klein); a wall built in a straight line against the encircling chomah, or a tall lookout, from shur as seeing (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)שׂוֹרֵקchoice vineon most readings the best kind of vine; Targum Yonasan renders it "a choice gefen"; Radak, citing Rabbi Yitzchak Ibn Ghiyyat, says its grapes are seedless; Rashi instead reads it as the vine's long tendrils or its shoots fit for planting; a vine without grapes, planted bare (Sechel Tov)שׁוּרֶקin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterשורקהin the grapevine group: grapevine, vine, choice vine, tendrilשושנהrosethe flower of Shir HaShirim, with reason to think it reddish (lips, Shir HaShirim 5:13); six petals on the tradition Ibn Ezra and Radak cite, which would rule out a rose, thirteen or five in the Zohar at Hakdamah 1a, the five fitting one, though the Zohar elsewhere says sixשחוקlaughterthe same word as tzchok, sin and tzadi interchanging (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Pappenheim), or the laughter of the heart, in scorn (the Ran); in the spelling Yischak it hints at din (Rabbeinu Bachya) or at sasson and simchah (Rabbi Yehuda Moscato); the holy laughter reserved for the future (Rabbi Shmuel Borenstein)שחורin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightשחיטהritual slaughterthe specific halachic act of cutting through the esophagus and trachea (Malbim); for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim the general term for any act causing a living being's death, halachic slaughter being one case of it; the word said of kodashim, where zevichah is said of chullin (Mahari Assad); from sachat, pressing out the blood (Shadal)שחיןboil, inflamed sorethe umbrella term, thirteen times in Tanach; a wound inflamed by a blow or by heat that is not fire (Mishnah Nega'im 9:1), the root meaning heat in Mishnaic Hebrew (Rashi); at root heat (Benamozegh)שחלlionmen fall sick from fear before it (Rabbi Levi); a middling lion (Rashi); the old lion whose ordinary voice frightens (Vilna Gaon); a panther (Rabbi Pinchas Eliyahu Horowitz) or a spotted leopard (Pappenheim)שחץlionnamed because its teeth are sharp as arrows, cheitz (Rabbi Levi); a word for lion even for Rabbi Yeshayah of Traniשחרdawn, daybreakthe first rays breaking through the night's darkness, arriving all at once (Rabbi Shlomo Alkabetz); a point that comes before boker; also seeking (Rabbi Menachem Ibn Saruk, Malbim), and kin to shachor, black (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim, Peirush HaRokeach); kin to tzachar (Benamozegh)שחרותin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightשחתpitin many pesukim simply a pit; a pit dug to trap wild animals, and also hashchasah, destruction, as the body rots (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi HaPenini); from ש-ח, bending in a cramped place (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)שטהin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingשטיפהsluicingholding a thing under running water so the current cleans it, always bringing the item to the water (Pappenheim); much water, exterior (Wertheimer); the stronger washing (Radak); making the clean look cleaner (Bedersi)שטןin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingשְׁטָרdeeda document written to last, ostensibly to serve as evidence of what it records, as against the iggeret, which is not (Ritva)שְׁטָרdocumenta document, often specified by its type, written to last as evidence, unlike an iggeret (Ritva); whether kin to shoter, the officer, is disputed, separate senses (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur) against one root (Rav Hirsch); called sefer in Tanach (Yirmiyahu 32:11)שטרותin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedשיweighty giftyesh reversed, a gift of real substance (Bedersi); significant in the giver's eyes though nothing special to the receiver, so every shai in Tanach is a gift to Hashem (Wertheimer)שיבהold ageold age proper, seventy, the later stage after zaken (Bedersi); read as a contraction of seva yamim, satisfied with days (Rabbi Eliezer Reines)שיבוטאshibutaa named kosher fish whose brain tastes like pork (Chullin 109b) and which the Yerushalmi places in Bavel and not in Eretz Yisrael; some tie the name to Shabbosשידוכיןengagementthe Talmudic term for what English calls engagement, a couple who have agreed to marry later but have not yet done soשיחconverse, musestream-of-thought speech, the mind wandering to help the speaker uproot his sorrows, from ס-ח (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); speech about various topics within one conversation (Peirush HaRokeach)שיחהin the speech group: declaration, utterance, oracle, declareשיטהin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingשיכרוןin the drunkenness group: swilling, drinking to excess, drunkenness, getting drunkשילוחShiloach watersanother name for the Gichon (Rashi, Radak); for later linguists a separate site, the aqueduct (Gesenius), a channel or pool the Gichon flows into (Even-Shoshan), or the part within the walls (Professor Carol A. Dray); the name written in a get (Rabbi Moshe Ibn Chaviv)שינהsleepordinary sleep and the general term, the senses weakened but not wholly severed (Rav Hirsch); a sleeper rehashing the day's thoughts, from ש-ן, doubling (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); deeper than tenumah, lighter than tardeimah (Ibn Ezra); goes with rest and tranquility (Bedersi)שירin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyשיר מזמורin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyשירהsongverbal song, against instrumental zimrah (Ibn Ezra, Radak, Sforno, the Vilna Gaon, Rav Hirsch, Wertheimer); the general term, sacred or secular (Malbim); the lyrics without the tune (Mecklenburg); song at completion, its beginning attached to its end (Maharal); feminine, nukva, against masculine zimrah (Noam Elimelech)שירותserviceeasier service with light duties, as of the meshares, the domestic helper, against the hard labor of avodah (Malbim, Wertheimer)שיתthornpaired with shamir in Yeshayahu; an Arabic cognate also means thorn (Ibn Janach); from ש-א-ה, uniformity, thorns growing in desolate ruins (Pappenheim)שכויrooster / hearta hapax (Iyov 38:36); Chazal take it for a rooster in a foreign tongue and fix it in the morning berachah, while most mefarshim read it as the heart, or at least as also meaning heart; Rashi ties it to socheh, to seeשכחforgetthe ordinary word, used throughout Devarim; what is forgotten can still be recalled (Malbim); forgetting inadvertently, or because attention went elsewhere (Rav Hirsch); no different from nashah (Rabbi Eliyahu Katz)שכחהin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseשכיבהlying downthe act of lying down to sleep, added with linah, the time for sleeping, to the three ranked words to make five terms (Rabbi Yosef Nechemias)שכיחin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseשכםshoulder, upper backthe stretch of shoulder nearest the neck (Radak), or the back of the shoulder (Rabbi Ezra Reuven Dangoor), or both shoulders together against a single katef (Munkatcher Rebbe); by extension a parcel, and so a portionשֵׁכָרstrong drinkthe beverage that makes one drunk; strictly any intoxicant, in Tanach sometimes strong wine (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); aged wine against yayin, new wine (Targum Onkelos, Rashi); in Rabbinic Hebrew beer or meadשֵׁכָרstrong drinkany intoxicating drink (Rabbi Moshe Ibn Ezra, and seemingly Ibn Ezra); the Targumim and Sifrei narrow it to wine in the Nazir pesukim, and in Chazal it is usually beer or mead, not wine (Bedersi)שלslipping offa shoe slipped off without the hands at all, as at the burning bush (Shoresh Yesha, on Shemos 3:5 and Yehoshua 5:15)שלאנןin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשלהבתflamea flame attached to something tangible, mixed with the material it is burning up, linked to lahav and to meshulav, mixed (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)שלוin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשלוהtranquility, easepeace within oneself (Malbim), or one peaceful relationship inside a wider discord (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); ranked with shalom (Bedersi, Wertheimer), or above it, the peace once Esav's efforts are wholly undone (Chasam Sofer); its verb shalu also means to sin unwittingly, since complacent ease breeds carelessness (Bedersi, Rav Hirsch)שָׁלוֹםin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessשָׁלוֹםpeacethe general word, the end of war (Bedersi); at root wholeness with nothing lacking, and the absence of friction among parties (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); total peace, with shalvah (Wertheimer); coming to terms with what is outside oneself (Malbim); peace while one must still contend with Esav (Chasam Sofer)שָׁלַחin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryשֶׁלַחin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springשלחsword, for stabbingused for stabbing, as against the cherev (Malbim); perhaps something like a dagger (Rabbi Klein)שליחagent, emissarynot in Tanach; simply one who is sent, a messenger (Rav Hirsch); one given the choice to accept the mission, who then acts of his own volition, so that a malach is a kind of shaliach (Rabbi Yaakov Lorberbaum of Lissa)שללspoilsthe general term for the defeated side's ownerless property (Malbim), anything taken in battle when it stands alone (Rav Hirsch); in a list, clothing and jewelry (Rashi) or clothing and vessels (Radak); the valuables taken first (the Vilna Gaon); also a stitch (Parah 12:9 with the Rosh); tied to nakedness (Benamozegh)שָׁלֵםcomplete, wholequantitative completeness, nothing now lacking, and having more than enough does not disqualify it (Pappenheim); exclusively quantitative (Wertheimer); neutral, with no value judgment (Bedersi); a more overall completion (Rabbi Shimon Dov Ber Analak)שָׁלֵםin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשַׂלְמָהin the clothing group: garment, clothing, apparel, coveringשְׁלֹמֹהShlomofrom shalem, complete, since he saw the Beis HaMikdash completed (the Midrash), or from shalom, since peace prevailed in his reign (Targum Sheini, as the prophecy of Divrei HaYamim I 22:9 puts it); given by his parents, and by prophecy before his birthשלמותin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessשלףdrawing, slipping outdrawing a thing quickly out of a loose holder, chiefly a sword from its sheath (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); removing a shoe by hand (Shoresh Yesha)שָׁםin the destruction group: destruction, ruin, desolation, devastationשָׂםplaceplacing into a spot designated for it, deliberately, as part of a plan, with no implication of how long it stays (Pappenheim), as the lettered beams of the Mishkan; more often positive or neutral in connotation (Rabbi Avraham Shick); placing with intent (the Rokeach)שמאmaybethe Aramaic maybe, neutral on all accounts, carrying none of the leaning of ulai or pen; like English maybe, as Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino holds ulai to be as wellשמאלnorth, leftliterally left, a name for north that follows from facing east; north only when the speaker faces east, and left where the orientation is a person's own body; never used for north in Tanach, as yamin is for south (Benamozegh)שמורkeep in mindkeeping in mind something one currently knows, against zachor, remembering what one once knew and forgot (Ibn Ezra); keeping for a time, waiting until the time to act (the Rokeach)שמחהjoy, gladnessthe inner, continual gladness, opposite yagon (Malbim); the beginning of the process that ends in sasson, and against gilah a fresh joy (Vilna Gaon)שמיטהreleasing, letting slipletting a thing go so that it falls or slips away (Ibn Janach; Radak to Melachim II 9:33; Ibn Ezra to Devarim 15:1); so it seems to mean both the forsaking and the slipping that followsשמירbriera thorn in Yeshayahu, elsewhere the rock-cutting stone or worm; from ש-מ-ר, guarding, since thorns fence and guard a field (Shoresh Yesha, Rav Hirsch)שמירהguard, watch, keepthe general word, typically of a tangible thing that can be damaged, stolen or lost (Malbim); also waiting for the right moment; temporary, against a passing threat (Siddur HaRokeach, Wertheimer); passive watching (Rabbi Shimon Dov Ber Analak)שמלהcloak, mantlea kesus worn at night; unlike a plain kesus it also lends its wearer honor (Malbim); a linen cloth folded over head and shoulders, unfolding to a bed sheet (Wertheimer)שמםin the destruction group: destruction, ruin, desolation, devastationשממהdesolationthe utter desolation of a land, more severe than churban (Malbim); destruction that shows, so whoever sees it stands dumbfounded (Mecklenburg), joining the root's two senses of ruin and astonishment (Radak); a portmanteau of shem, name, and mah, what, said of a thing that has lost the shape and form its name held together (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)שמןoilthe general word, near two hundred occurrences; kin to shuman, fat, so it names the fatty substance of oil (Menachem Ibn Saruk); for Rabbi Klein it needs zayis added to mean olive oilשמעhearhearing with a measure of intellectual or emotional grasp (Malbim); hearkening in answer to another's call (Rokeach); listening from a distance, which demands concentration (Sifrei), though Chizkuni, Abarbanel and Rabbi Yitzchak Arama reverse itשמשsunliterally the servant, naming the sun by its subservience to Hashem and its utilitarian place in the celestial order (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); the default word, and the first of the three coined; serves Hashem (Tashbetz)שןtooth, ivorythe ordinary word for a tooth, extended to ivory and the teeth of a tool; the front incisors against the molars (Rabbi Tedeschi), or the general term against the specific; from ש-ן, double, since most people grow two sets (Pappenheim)שנהבivorythe biblical word, read by most as ivory (Targum, Rashi, Radak, Metzudos, Ralbag, Rabbi Yosef Karo) and by a minority as the elephant itself (HaKallir, Rabbi Avraham ben Shlomo); even on that reading it names the beast for its tusksשנהביםin the elephant group: elephant, ivory, tuskשניcrimsonthe worm-dyed wool of the Mishkan and the taharah rites; crimson (Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Ibn Ezra, Radak, Meiri), a deep red with a slight bluish or purplish undertoneשעהhourbeside eit, the hours of the day against the seasons of the year, so bechol eit u'vechol shaah is two measures and not a doubling (Rama); Rabbi Yaakov Emden takes issue with his limiting eit to the seasonsשעוהbeeswax, candle waxthe Mishnaic and Targumic word; the Gemara defines it as pesulta d'duvsha, the refuse of honey (Shabbos 20b), and Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein derives it, seemingly, from the root SHIN-AYIN, for wax's smooth textureשעיעsmooththe Aramaic the Targumim use for chalak; Rabbi Avraham Vilner (Tirgem Avraham) shows the ש-ע root is Hebrew as wellשעירkida young goat at any age; from tzair, young (Abarbanel), or se'ar, hair (Rav Hirsch); the texts of the Rambam divide over whether seir alone names a goat in its second year (Rashi) or only seir izzimשַׁעַרgatethe Hebrew word, some 375 times in Tanach, in some cases any settlement; in the Mishnah less commonly a market price or the act of appraising, since the merchants at the gate set the going rate (Shadal)שֵׂעָרhairthe plain Hebrew word, for one strand or hair collectively; some medakdekim make se'ar a patch and se'arah one strand (Tosafos Yom Tov); taken into Aramaic as saara in its general sense (Rabbi Klein)שעראin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockשערהin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockשעשועin the smooth group: smooth, slippery, smoothed, plasteredשפהlanguage, lipliterally the lip, the outer organ; a language whose speakers hold only its technical, outward features and not its core values, as the generation of the Haflagah had one safah (Rav Dessler); in modern Hebrew the ordinary word for languageשפודskewer, spitMishnaic, usually a wooden pole with a sharpened end, a spit or skewer; a loanword from Greek spodos (Rabbi Ernest Klein), and perhaps cognate with English spit (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)שפופרתin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetשפותcheesea hapax, shfot bakar, rendered cheese (Targum Yonasan); cheese so slick flies slid off it (Midrash Shocher Tov); soft, spreadable cheese, from rubbing (Rabbi Pappenheim); against these, milk in the udder (Ibn Janach), the udders (Radak), or butter (Rabbi Avraham ben Shlomo)שִׁפְחָהin the family group: family, household, camp, kinsmanשִׁפְחָהbondwomanthe true female counterpart of eved, put to any and every task (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); from a root of attachment, one joined to the mistress of the house (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)שפיפוןaddera small snake that moves with its body always touching the ground, from ש-ף, closeness (Mecklenburg); from Akkadian shepu, foot, a name for the footless serpent (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); its final nun marks it small (Wertheimer), though the Rokeach contradicts himself on its size (Stahl)שַׁפִּירfine, fittinggoodness as well done, proper, meeting the standard, defined as tov (Bedersi); objective goodness (Rabbi Klein) or plain positivity with no pull (Rabbi Shaul Goldman); in the Gemara primarily the adverb well; inward beauty of parts in harmony, against yofi (Rav Hirsch)שַׁפִּירin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetשֶׁפֶרin the good group: good, pleasant, pleasantness, fineשֶׁפֶרin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetשפתיםhooks, setting for potsonce only, and disputed; hooks (Targum, Rashi, Rabbi Shlomo of Urbino), the stovetop place where pots sit unlifted until cooked (Radak, Abarbanel, Pappenheim), or a ledge around the Table (Rabbi Eliezer of Beaugency)שצףanger, a little bita hapax paired with ketzef, its meaning not completely clear; anger, like ketzef (Menachem, Rabbeinu Tam); a little bit (Targum Yonatan, Donash, Ibn Janach, Radak); a fleeting moment (Donash) or speed (Peirush HaRokeach)שקדalmondthe genuinely Hebrew word for the almond; its root means watchful and diligent, the almond being zealous to blossom before other trees (Ibn Janach, Radak) or diligent in hanging on the tree (Dr. Joshua D. Klein); the pun of Yirmiyahu 1:11 to 12 (Rashi)שקדיםin the almond group: almond, almond tree, hazel, watchfulשקוציםabominationsfrom sheketz, an abomination; the plain sense is that they are abominableשקטquiet, stillnessthe end of motion and outward disturbance; more than shalom (Bedersi), or less, a mere ceasefire with disagreement still in the background (Wertheimer); patience and forbearance (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); a calming after turbulence (Ibn Janach, Radak)שקלshekelin Tanach the full weighed coin; in Mishnaic Hebrew it shifted to mean the half-shekel of the annual donation (Ramban to Shemos 30:13, Rabbi Menachem Azariah of Fano)שקרfalsehooda statement out of joint with reality, false already when said (Albo); a lie the whole time (Vilna Gaon); whether it must be knowing is disputed, deliberate deceit (Rabbi Edel, Mecklenburg) or any objective untruth as Rabbi Klein defends Albo; outside the real, like a drunkard's imagining (Rav Hirsch)שרprince, officerthe base word, prince or officer; from ס-ר, removal, since his authority limits how those under him may move and act (Pappenheim)שרביטscepterthe royal scepter held by Achashverosh; some explain it is the same object as shevet, Tanach sometimes adding an extra r-soundשרגאin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchשרדin the survivor group: refugee, survivor, remnant, refugeשרהprincessprincess without limit, over the whole world (Berachos 13a, Rashi); the final hei implies expansion (Maharal); destined to rule past her lifetime through Yitzchak (Maharsha); the hei a sign of fertility (Shadal, Kli Yakar)שרוןfertile plaina plain saturated with rich soil and fit for farming (Radak); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim makes it a plain set off against a nearby mountain; in Tanach the proper name of a specific region in at least some cases, if not allשרוקin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkשריmy princessa princess to her own nation (Berachos 13a); the final yud a possessive (Rashi) or a diminishing letter (Maharal); or a standing that would end with her life, having no child (Maharsha)שריגtendrilthe vine's twining shoot, the word in the butler's dream (Bereishis 40:10); Ibn Saruk equates sorek with it, possibly via the interchange of kuf and gimmelשרידsurvivor, remnantone who was caught in the calamity and could not flee, yet came through alive (Malbim, Bedersi); the Gra implies a quantitative sense, the few left when most were notשריקהwhistlepuckering the lips and exhaling (Ibn Parchon); the hiss through the teeth at a ruin once thriving (Rashi), and the call by which Hashem gathers the masses and His people home; with the mouth alone (Rabbi Yaakov Berger)שָׂרָףfiery serpentvenomous because its poison burns like fire (Ibn Parchon), its breath burning what it touches (Ibn Janach); the flying saraph has no wings but leaps (Rashi); its bite turns a man to ashes (Rabbi Yosef Bechor Shor)שְׂרָףin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntשרפיםfiery onesthe fifth rank; named for an appearance so awesome that one who gazes on them is automatically burned up, saruf (the anonymous commentator to Rambam)שרקרקin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterשררהrulershipthe abstract noun, rulership; the word Philo and Rashi use in explaining the name Sarahששfine linena thread of six fibers, named for the number (Ralbag, Abarbanel, Rambam); perhaps the Egyptian word for the choicest linen (Daas Zekeinim); combed strands not yet spun, smooth as shayish (Pappenheim); a whitish color (Steipler Gaon) or any dignified garment (Rabbi Dov Landau)ששוןrejoicingjoy shown outwardly, in festive clothes and music, opposite aveilus and anachah (Malbim); the joy attained at the end of the process, though in the days of Mashiach it comes first (Vilna Gaon)שתset, layplacing into an order meant to stay indefinitely (Pappenheim), as the lasting enmity of Bereishis 3:15 and the plagues etched on those who lived through them (Mecklenburg); mostly in a negative context (Rabbi Avraham Shick); placing without intent (the Rokeach)שתדלןintercessor, lobbyistnot the doer but the persuader, he goes to the authorities on the community's behalf to change their position, from shadal in its persuading senseשתותin the placing group: place, put, set, layשתיin the placing group: place, put, set, layשתיהdrinkthe act of drinking itself, said only of people and animals; names what happens inside the drinker, liquid settling food into its place or restoring innards shriveled by thirst (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)שתיקהquieting downthe silence that follows once a commotion has been stilled (Bedersi); the sea calming after the storm (Yonah 1:11 to 12); the Targum's Aramaic for cheresh-based wordsתאוהcraving, lustdesire whose fulfillment is direct bodily pleasure (Vilna Gaon); born of the subject's own proclivities, not the object (Pappenheim, Mecklenburg); made by one's own imagination, from within (Malbim); almost exclusively conjures the desire for intimacyתאונהmishap, befallingthe confluence of an incident's causes, as against mikreh's meeting-point (Malbim); the unpredictability of where an event lands, as anah means where (Rabbi Shaul Goldman)תבואהcropwhatever comes forth from seed or tree, even before full ripeness (Wertheimer); produce that comes in at set times (Ibn Janach); this year's grain, as against avur (Radak); the choicest produce, brought into the house (Rav Hirsch); grain in the ear (Seder Berachos)תבונהunderstandingused almost interchangeably with binah by most; breaking the big picture into its parts (Pappenheim); the reflection that qualifies chochmah or binah, or understanding thorough enough to explain to others, both the Vilna Gaon, the second in his Chemdah Genuzahתבלthe inhabited worldthe settled parts, as against eretz for the uninhabited parts (Metzudas Tzion) or the globe entire (Malbim), or everywhere but Eretz Yisrael (Rashi); from BET-LAMED, mixing, "spiced with everything" or with Torah (Avos d'Rabbi Nasan)תגcrownthe word for crown in rabbinic idiom, and the tagin drawn atop letters in a sefer Torah; claimed by linguists as a Persian loanword taken into Aramaicתגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountתגיןin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetתגרmerchant (Aramaic)the standard Aramaic word, used by Targum for both socher and rochel; Rashi (Eruvin 55a) makes him the one who stays in his own town, against the travelling socherתהוformlessthe state before Creation; astonishment, one would wonder at such nothingness (Rashi, Sefer HaBahir); matter without form (Ramban), or form (Ralbag); pointless (Shadal); an outline whose inner essence is not yet filled in (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)תוחלתexpectant waitingwaiting that relies on the outcome but not wholeheartedly, the least certain of the three, hence yachel Yisrael, since our sins might block our salvation (Wertheimer)תוכחהreproof, rebukespoken reproof, logically proving past wrongdoing, possible between equals (Malbim); rebuke from the mouth (Vilna Gaon); kin to nochach, opposite, and hochachah, proof, best done by spurring a debate (Pappenheim)תוכחתin the rebuke group: reproof, rebuke, discipline, chastisementתולעin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethתולעהwormthe worm that eats, destruction from without (Rabbi Shaul Goldman); the later, larger worm (Netziv, the Vilna Gaon); one grown worm (Rabbi Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); coming from outside (Rav Hirsch); able to move about (Malbim); tied to loa, throat, as bolting its food (Pappenheim, Rav Hirsch)תולעתin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethתולעת שניin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkתועהin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errתועיםin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errתורscout outsearching out what is good in a place, its advantages (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); the verb Bamidbar uses throughout for Moshe's men; from turning, going round to look everywhere (Shadal); tur as Torah, the scouts sent to teach it (Kedushas Levi)תורהin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingתורןmastthe ship's mast that holds up the neis; ת-ר-ן with no other derivatives (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak), or from ת-ר, the mast held fast by ropes (Pappenheim)תושבresidentthe settled resident there for the long term, from י-ש-ב, sitting and settling (Radak); a permanent dwelling with no need to return elsewhere, the toshav being one not born there who has settled as one of the natives (Pappenheim); settling where one owns or has rights to the land, against gar who does not (Rabbi Shmuel Modiliano)תחוםbounded areathe Targum's rendering of gevul and the Mishnaic word for what falls inside a bound, as techum Shabbos; a loanword from Aramaic and in turn Akkadian tahumu (Rabbi Ernest Klein); a metathesis of chasum, sealed (Rabbi Lubetzki)תחילהonsetthe opening act of a sequence, negating a prior time without tying itself to what follows (Malbim); the absolute first (the Vilna Gaon); can name what came later but was the goal from the outset (Rabbi Hoberman); makes yirah and wisdom one continuum (Maharal); from circularity, a process entering its cycle (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)תחינהsupplicationthe appeal of one who admits he is unworthy and asks to be granted anyway, out of chen, favor; the opposite footing from tefillah, disclaiming a claim rather than pressing one (Mecklenburg)תחנוןin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationתֵּיבָהark, basketNoach's ark and the infant Moshe's basket; perhaps a container kept afloat, or one holding a living person, like a home, kin to bayis (Rabbi Aharon Marcus), a temporary domicile from י-ש-ב (Rav Hirsch); in Rabbinic Hebrew near-interchangeable with aron; a chest, with no boat's shape or oars (Ibn Ezra)תֵּיבָהwritten wordin this sense only in later rabbinic writing, a grammarians' term (Pappenheim); the written word (HaBachur, Rabbi Yosef Teomim-Frankel), as in roshei teivos; in Tanach an ark or box, a word being a box that holds its lettersתיגרסin the tigris group: Tigris, palm treeתיכףimmediately afterone thing hard on the heels of another, and also physically pressed close together, one word joining space and timeתימןsouth, rightliterally right, a name for south taken from an east-facing stance; stands with yam, tzafon and mizrach at Devarim 3:27תירושnew wine, unfermented grape juicewine at its beginning (Ramban, Radak), still sweet and barely intoxicating (Rabbi Pappenheim); Rav Hirsch and Rabbi Felix take it as freshly pressed juice before fermentationתישhe-goatadult male goat, a billy or buck; the polar opposite of tav-shin weakening, an animal so strong it is the very opposite of weakness (Pappenheim)תכלתtecheileswool dyed with the blood of the chilazon, not a shade name; Rashi calls its color yarok, which in his usage spans a broad band of the spectrum (Rashi to Bamidbar 15:38)תכריךwrapfrom kaf-reish-kaf, to wrap or surround; Mordechai's garment of butz and argaman; in the plural tachrichin, the standing term for burial shroudsתלפיותin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingתםwholewhole in quality, an exact match with nothing missing and nothing extra, the inside like the outside (Rabbeinu Bachya, Pappenheim); undivided intention (Malbim); qualitative completion that includes the quantitative (Wertheimer); a positive completion (Bedersi); completion in one aspect, mostly spiritual (Rabbi Shimon Dov Ber Analak); as finishing, one part of a whole, against kilayon (Analak)תמונהin the species group: species, kind, type, sortתמורהsubstitutionputting a second thing in place of the first, seen from the man who does it (Malbim); one man swapping his own animals (Algazi); trading better for worse (Shapira-Frankfurter, Wertheimer), so any attempt counts as for the worse (Rav Hirsch); good for bad (Toras Gavriel); moving holiness from one consecrated animal to another (Chemdas HaChemdah)תמיםin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessתמימותin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessתמרin the Jericho group: Jericho, the City of Dates, the City of Scent, the City of the Moonתמרוקin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingתנובהripe producefully developed products, so specifically ripe produce, the root also of niv sefasayim, well-formed speech (Pappenheim)תנומהdrowsiness, dozingthe half-asleep state in which one answers to his name but cannot give a logical answer (Megillah 18b); the lightest of the three (Ibn Ezra); lids shut while the mind still works (the Vilna Gaon); sleep of extraordinary exhaustion (Malbim); tied to indolence (Bedersi)תנופהwavingback and forth on the horizontal (Rashi, and it seems Ibn Ezra); the broader term covering either axis (Pappenheim); itself both motions (Rabbeinu Avraham ben HaRambam); up and down like terumah (Onkelos, per Rabbi Yaakov Zev Lev); a synonym (Bechor Shor)תַּנִּיןsea monsterthe sea-monsters of the fifth day (Bereishis 1:21); a big fish (Rashi), or to the sea what nachash is to land, suggesting a sea snake (Vilna Gaon); built on nun, the tav not being root (Rabbi Aharon Marcus, Rav Hirsch)תַּנִּיןsea serpentthe sea snake, as nachash is the land snake (the Vilna Gaon); simply a big fish (Rashi); at its core is nun, fish (Rabbi Aharon Marcus, Rav Hirsch)תספרin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountתעהstray, be lostone who strayed off the path and is lost, against a mistake of heart or intellect (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur); it too means erring (Rabbi Broide), and is the same word, the spelling Scripture prefers (Radak); lost and at a complete loss which way to go (Wertheimer)תעלומהin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedתעניתfast dayfrom inui, affliction, so strictly it names any self-affliction, fasting among them; the Mishnaic word for a fast day, though it is already in Ezra 9:5תַּעַרin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberתַּעַרrazorthe plain word, the Torah's for the nazir; from ע-ר-ה, laying bare, as mitaar, a scabbard (Rav Hirsch); no source clearly separates it from morahתפוחappleordinarily an apple, but in Shir HaShirim 2:3 the citron (Rabbeinu Tam), whether there alone or generally is unclearתְּפִילָּהin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentתְּפִילָּהprayerprayer proper; its praising side, or fixed formal prayer with set formulae and halachos, against ad hoc bakashah (Rabbi Simcha Maimon); pressing a claim of injustice, from pelilah (Mecklenburg), or a thoughtful plea (Maharal); prayer of praise (Rashi to Berachos 31a)תפיליןtefillinthe Mishnaic word, plural because it names the pair of head and arm, one box being tefillah; from פ-ל-ל, proof or argument (Tosafos, the Rosh), thoughtfulness (Maharal), or ת-פ-ל, attached (Kohut); the word the berachah uses (Meyers, Shayo)תפנוקיםin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightתפתTophesa place south of Yerushalayim where the Baal was served, its name borrowed for the sinner's afterlife; for the Gemara an allusion to those whom the yetzer hara talks over, mefatehתקוהhoperelying wholly on the fulfilment without being able to call it certain, the middle of the scale (Wertheimer); from kav, a straight line from the present situation to the one anticipated (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)תקיעהin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastתקיףoverpoweringstrength that can surround and overpower another, from ק-ף, a circle, and the strength actually to overpower, against chozek that withstands (Pappenheim); Hashem's all-encompassing power (Rabbi Edel); the Targumim's Aramaic for chozek and ozתרבאfatTargumic Aramaic for cheilev (Onkelos), though Rashi once defines the Gemara's tarba as shuman; from Aramaic rav, growing, since fat accrues the more one eats (Chizkuni)תרדמהdeep sleepsleep that overpowers a man and takes him unwilling (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), the senses tied down as though fettered (Rav Hirsch); the deepest of the three (Ibn Ezra, Radak); the Netziv disagrees and makes it the lighter sleep of one just dropping offתרומהraising, separated portionraising and lowering on the vertical (Rashi), the up-and-down alone (Pappenheim); a synonym of tenufah (Bechor Shor); outside the korban, separation, not lifting (Rashi), and as the tithe parsed trei mi'meah, two per hundred (Zohar, Rambam, Sefer HaChinuch)תרועהin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastתריםscoutsthe men on that positive errand; Tanach never calls Moshe's men meraglimתרנגולroosterabsent from Tanach, standard throughout the Mishnah; Rabbi Meir HaLevi Abulafia notes it contains the letters of Nergal, the rooster-shaped Kuthean idol, and Rabbi Ernest Klein derives it from Akkadian tar-lugalluתרעgatethe standard Targumic Aramaic for shaar, and also Targum's word for petach, "opening"; which Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur suggests comes from the Aramaic sense of breaching, a gate seemingly being a break in the wallתרעלהin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomתרפיםthings that rotnamed from rotting, since they can go putridתשובהrepentancerepentance precisely because it is a return, to man's natural sin-free state whether or not he was ever there before (Rabbi Klein); it goes back to past deeds to make amends, as hashavah fills a holeתשועהsalvationsalvation answering a cry (shav'ah) for help; kin to ש-פ-ע, it concerns property and economic freedom, so often military victory over outside conquerors (Rav Hirsch)תשוקהin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterתשורהshowpiece gifta hapax; the tribute people look at (shur) and sing (shir) over, the most honorable and eye-catching present (Midrash Shocher Tov, Wertheimer); a kind of minchah given on coming to a navi or holy man for a berachah or a prophecy (Malbim)תשיin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapse