Hebrew
א׳ ועד ת׳
2,009 words
אבדוןin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionאבוקהin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchאבי גדורAvigdorfrom geder, a fence: father of all who made a fence for the Torah (Avos 1:1); he repaired Israel's breaches by fixing the boundaries of the law (Megillah 13a)אבי זנוחAvi-Zanoachfrom ז-נ-ח, to forsake: father of those who forsook avodah zarah; the Vilna Gaon ties it to the atonement after the meraglimאבי סוכוAvi-Sochofrom socheh, one who sees: father of the nevi'im; or a succah sheltering Israel by his merits (Megillah 13a)אביוןin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateאבלprairie, empty plainbare of buildings and trees, bereft as a mourner (avel) is bereft (Ramban)אֶבֶןin the rock group: stone, rock, crag, brickאֶבֶןin the rock group: flintrock, hard rock, flint, cragאבנטin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetאבעבועותin the boils group: boil, inflamed sore, scab, dry eruptionאבקin the dust group: dirt, soil, ashes, dustאברpinion; limbbetter rendered "pinion," the outer wing with its flight feathers; Bedersi makes it any limb, and the wing because it is the strongest, tied to avir, "strong"אברומאin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanאברךfather to the king / young sagethree readings: av plus reich, father to the king (Onkelos, Rashi's first); av plus rach, a father in wisdom though young in years (Bereishis Rabbah); or from berech, one before whom all kneel (Sifrei)אגדהin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountאגודהbundle, bindingnot merely gathering but fastening the gathered into one unit (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, from ג-ד, attaching); the three species bound for the lulav (Succah 11b)אגורAgurat Mishlei 30:1; from agar, gathered, for the Torah's wisdom he amassed (the Midrash); one of his three most precious names, all of which speak of gathering and peace (Midrash Agur §4)אגםin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondאגמוןin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeאגףwing (near the body); flank, outlying districtthe part of the wing closest to the body, branching off it (Rabbi Wertheimer), whence its sense of outlying towns branching off a city; only in Yechezkelאגרstockpilingcollecting bit by bit and storing for later (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Rabbi Avraham Bedersi restricts it to inanimate thingsאגרתin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleאדin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistאדוםredthe general word for red, and the strongest shade of it; Radak (to Zechariah 6:2-3) sets it against chamutz/amutz as the deeper redאדוןin the master group: master, lord, chief, teacherאדירin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismאדםin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalאֲדָמָהin the land group: land, country, earth, groundאֲדָמָהground'from DALET-MEM, likeness and so incongruity, whence domem, inert: the ground stays passive while what grows in it is active (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); often the lands outside Eretz Yisrael'אדרin the beauty group: splendor, majesty, glory, inner gloryאדרתin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapאהבהin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentאהובin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentאוהבin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentאוזןin the hearing group: hear, hearken, listen, give earאויבin the enemy group: enemy, foe, hater, adversaryאוירairthe word Sefer HaKushyos connects Iyar to, whether for the month's temperate air or for the world "hanging in the air" until Matan Torah in Sivan (Shabbos 88a)אוכלin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropאוליin the maybe group: maybe, perhaps, lestאומהnation under one crownpaired with leom against goy as a nation that does have a single king (Rabbi Yoel Ibn Shuaib); Rashi, citing Ibn Saruk, groups leomim, umim, and goyim as near synonymsאומןpractitioner, bloodletterordinarily a craftsman; here a bloodletter or barber (Rashi to Bava Basra 21a), though Shabbos 133b uses umana of a circumciser outrightאופניםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsאורin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchאוֹרֵחַin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingאוֹרַחin the path group: way, road, path, streetאורחהin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingאורחותin the path group: way, road, path, streetאושפיזin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingאותsign, tokenthe general word: any sign, natural or otherwise, that points to or reminds of something (Radak; Malbim); Ramban connects it to asa, "come," a sign of what is to comeאותיוםin the immediately group: immediately, straightaway, forthwith, on the spotאזהרהin the prohibition group: prohibition, warning, forewarning, forbiddenאזורin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetאזחילin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingאזןin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardאזרחin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenאחin the one group: one, a single one, one of, the oneאחבוהin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntאחדin the one group: one, a single one, one of, the oneאחד עשרeleveneleven as a number in its own right, one plus ten; it takes the definite article as other numbers do (Rabbi Meir Mintzberg), and appears where the preceding numbers are counted with it (Peirush HaRokeach)אחוin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondאחוזהin the inheritance group: inheritance, patrimony, holding, ancestral holdingאחרוןin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southאחשתרניםmules (or, government steeds)Megillah 18a says we do not know the word; most read mules born of a male donkey and a mare (Rav Saadia Gaon, Ibn Ezra, Radak, Ralbag), Rashi fast camels, Rabbi Ernest Klein an adjective, "government-owned"אחתin the one group: one, a single one, one of, the oneאחת עשרהin the eleven group: eleven, eleventhאטדin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleאטוןcord of fine linenonce only (Mishlei 7:16); Radak reads cords of high-grade Egyptian linen, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim reads not rope at all but openwork cloth, sewn full of holes like a tene, a wicker basketאטיםsoothsayersa separate root א-ט, "slow"; magicians who moved deliberately slowly for dramatic effect (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), or a class of kishuf (Menachem, Radak) or astrologers (Ibn Janach)איin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereאיהwhere isasks after a thing's present location; Rabbi Shapira-Frankfurter and Rabbi Mecklenburg read it as the question of a searcher surprised that the thing is not in its expected place, closer to "why is it not here?"איחורin the delay group: delay, lateness, tarry, lingerאיירIyarthe current name, absent from Tanach, brought up from Bavel by prophetic revelation (Yerushalmi Rosh HaShanah 1:2); its spelling, one yud or two, is a live halachic question in a getאיכהin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereאֵילplain (fertile)three readings: a common noun for plain (Onkelos), the proper name of a particular plain (Rashi), or wooded land before a city (Ramban); Mecklenburg makes it the fecund plain against mishor's bare oneאַיִלin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatאילןliving treeAramaic in origin, appearing in Tanach only in the Aramaic of Daniel 4; Chazal Hebraized it and reserved it for a tree still standing, leaving eitz for wood (Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn)אילנאin the tree group: tree, wood, timberאימהin the fear group: dread, terror, fright, fearאִיסּוּרin the prohibition group: prohibition, warning, forewarning, forbiddenאִיסּוּרin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downאיפהwherethe workaday word; Rashi (to Iyov 38:4) parses it as ey plus poh, "which here"; also carries senses of "now" and "what, who" (Rashi, Radak)איצטלאin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapאירוסיןin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationאירועin the chance group: occurrence, happenstance, chance, accidentאישin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalאיש תככיםin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateאישיםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsאיתיאלIsiel (Itiel)at Mishlei 30:1; read as iti, with me, plus el, power: "with me is the power" not to be harmed by the horses, silver and wives a king is warned against (the Midrash on Devarim 17:16-17)איתןin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismאכסנאיin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingאכסניהin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingאלin the negation group: not, do not, shall not, withoutאלהin the curse group: curse, imprecation, oath-curse, disparagementאלהיםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsאלונקיlancea rabbinic word, from Greek lonche (the ancestor of English "lance"); the Persian version was poison-tipped, hence Shmuel's ruling that its victim will not live (Gittin 70a; Rabbi Shmuel Krauss)אלוףin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingאלחin the dirt group: filth, grime, soiling, defilementאליבאin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartאליליםin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarאלמןwidowerthe masculine, once in Tanach (Yirmiyahu 51:5); its existence is the Chasam Sofer's objection to deriving almanah from the widow's kesubahאלמנהwidowfrom א-ל-ם, muteness: she is left with nobody to speak up for her (Ibn Janach, adopted by Radak, Ibn Parchon and Rav Hirsch); in Mishnaic usage it widens to any previously married woman, divorced or widowedאלמנותwidowhoodthe abstract state (Bereishis 38:14, 38:19, Shmuel II 20:3, Yeshayahu 54:1); the masculine equivalent almon appears once (Yeshayahu 47:9)אלמניאAlemannia, Germanyfrom the Alamanni confederacy, behind French Allemagne and Spanish Alemania; used mainly by the meforshim of Spain and Provence, Radak among themאֶלֶףin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferאַלֵּףin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingאָלַץin the pressure group: pressure, squeeze, crowding, pressingאָלַץpressing, urgingDelilah's pressure on Shimshon (Shoftim 16:16); Ramban ties it to lachatz by metathesis, Chazal and Sefer HaShoham to chalatz, slipping awayאלקיםin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastאמהmaidservant, handmaidthe dignified position: a nursemaid to her master's children, from eim, "mother" (Bedersi), or a housekeeper who oversees the household rather than doing menial work (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אמוץchestnut, burgundychamutz with aleph for ches (Ibn Janach, Radak); a weaker red than adom (Radak), chestnut-colored (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi)אמירהin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementאמןin the artisan group: craftsman, artisan, designer, brocaderאמץin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismאמצעin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartאמתin the falsehood group: falsehood, lie, deceit, fabricationאןin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereאנהto where, whitherasks after a destination rather than a present place (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), and by extension after a target time, "until when" (Bamidbar 14:11)אנושin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalאניin the first person group: I, I myself, plumb lineאניהshipthe general Biblical word, modified for type (oniyos Tarshish, oni shayit); from the root of an, "where," since a ship's course does not show its destination (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)אנךin the first person group: I, I myself, plumb lineאנכיin the first person group: I, I myself, plumb lineאָנַףin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerאָנַףin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingאנקליותin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeאנשיםin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalאסורin the prohibition group: prohibition, warning, forewarning, forbiddenאסיפהgathering ingathering scattered things to bring them where they belong, and indoors (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel, Rashi, Malbim); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, gathering all at onceאסירהin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downאסםin the placing group: place, put, set, layאסתןin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southאסתרEstherfrom nistar, hidden, since she concealed her people (Rabbi Yehuda, Megillah 13a); or the gentiles' name for her after Istahar (Rabbi Nechemiah; the Vilna Gaon)אַףin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerאַףin the nose group: nose, nostril, face, angerאפדנאin the palace group: palace, castle, fortress, citadelאפופלסמוןin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceאפותיקיdesignated property, hypothecnever held by the creditor, but a specific asset earmarked for collection on default, "from here you shall collect" (Rashi; Sefer HaAruch)אפילהthick darknessdarker than choshech (Radak), with no sun, and no moon or stars either (Malbim); or a covering, something tangible that blocks the light from reaching the eye (Ibn Parchon, Edel)אפיםin the nose group: nose, nostril, face, angerאפיקורוסin the heretic group: sectarian, heretic, scoffer, denierאפלהin the darkness group: darkness, thick darkness, utter darkness, gloomאפסin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtאפסרin the muzzle group: muzzle, bit, bridle, reinsאפעהin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderאפרin the dust group: dirt, soil, ashes, dustאפרוחin the chick group: hatchling, fledgling, nestling, young doveאפריוןin the canopy group: canopy, wedding canopy, booth, coveringאפרסמוןin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceאץin the pressure group: pressure, squeeze, crowding, pressingאצטבאin the platform group: base, pedestal, stand, postאראליםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsארבהin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidארגוןargaman (variant)the same word with vav for mem (Divrei HaYamim II 2:6), and the Aramaic argevana of Targum and Daniel 5:7ארגמןred-dyed wool (conventionally "purple")not a color word at all but wool dyed a particular shade (all the rishonim); Rambam (Klei HaMikdash 8:13) makes the shade red, not the red-blue mixture English calls purpleארוחהin the guest group: guest, wayfarer, host, lodgingארוןin the ark group: ark, box, chest, basketאֲרוּסָהin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationאֲרוּסָהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughארורin the curse group: curse, imprecation, oath-curse, disparagementארזפתאin the hammer group: mallet, hammer, sledgehammer, smith's hammerארחin the path group: way, road, path, streetאריin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessאריהin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessארמוןin the palace group: palace, castle, fortress, citadelארמלתאwidow (Aramaic)the Targumic and Talmudic standard, and the Mishnah already has the verb nisarmelah; not a synonym of almanah but the same word in Aramaic dressארנונאin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeארסin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomאֶרֶץin the land group: land, country, earth, groundאֶרֶץland'from REISH-TZADI, running, the ALEPH not being a root letter: the land that ran to do Hashem''s ratzon (Bereishis Rabbah 5:8), or that never stops moving (Radak), and so the active land, often Eretz Yisrael specifically'ארץ חםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsארץ תחתיתin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionארקאeartha hapax, in the one Aramaic pasuk of Yirmiyahu (10:11), though the word itself may be Hebrew beside the Aramaic ara there (Rabbi Shmuel Yaffe-Ashkenazi); Midrash Mishlei reads it from fleeingאשin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchאשכולEshkola third name of the city, from Avraham's ally Eshkol; spelled without a vav at first and with one afterwards, for the cluster of grapes (Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky)אשכנזAshkenaz; later, Germanyin Tanach a son of Gomer and a kingdom (Bereishis 10:3; Yirmiyahu 51:27), which Shadal insists has nothing to do with Germany; by Rashi's day it already means Germany, and leshon Ashkenaz means Germanאשכרin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentאשנבsmall window, latticetwice in Tanach; a small window (Rabbi Yosef Kara, Meiri), a peephole narrow outside and wide within (Rid), or a latticed one (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Rabbi Moshe David Valle)אשרin the place group: place, site, location, spotאשריםin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarאתin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withאָתָהin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingאָתָהin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeאתוin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withאתוןin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyאתיin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withאַתִּיקin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleאתרin the place group: place, site, location, spotאתרוגcitronthe Mishnaic and Targumic name of the fruit; for the Ramban it is the Aramaic equivalent of hadar, from arag/ragig, "desirable"אתרונגאcitron (affected form)Shmuel: one who says etronga is to be suspected of haughtiness; say etrog with the chachamim or etroga with the common folk (Kiddushin 70a)באin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeבארin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationבבאgate, doorway; sectionTalmudic Aramaic only, never used by the Targumim; Rashi renders it shaar, petach, or deles, and it also means a set or a section of a text (Rabbi Yitzchak Frank)בגדgarment (the general word)the hypernym, covering every kind of clothing (Malbim); Maharik narrows it to an unfitted piece of cloth like a tallis; kin to begidah, treachery, the facade a man puts up (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)בגללin the because group: because, in order that, on account of, for the sake ofבַּדin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusבַּדin the pole group: carrying pole, stave, banner pole, mastבהוin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtבְּהֵמָהin the animal group: animal, beast, domesticated animal, wild animalבְּהֵמָהdomesticated animalthe standard word, near two hundred occurrences; the animal subservient to man, a platform (bamah) for his elevation (Rav Hirsch); alternatively named for its confused, meaningless noise (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)בהמותin the animal group: animal, beast, domesticated animal, wild animalבואin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingבוכהin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingבולBulthe older name of the eighth month, used once in Tanach (Melachim I 6:38); the Yerushalmi (Rosh Hashanah 1:2) hears in it novel, leaves falling, bul, clods of wet earth, and bolel, fodder mixed indoorsבוסtrample down, crush underfoottreading on what was never meant to be trodden on, so the act itself declares contempt (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); tied to boz and bizayon (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi Ashkenazi), though Rashi simply equates it with romesבוסתןin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureבּוּץin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusבּוֹץin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondבּוֹקֵרin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferבּוֹקֶרin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightבורuncultured man, ignoramusMishnaic; either an uncultivated field left desolate (Rashi, Tashbetz, Bartenura to Avos 2:5), a mind empty as a pit, bor (Rabbi Dr. Asher Weiser), or simply a form of ba'ar (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)בור שאוןin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionבורחin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightבּוּשָׁהin the delay group: delay, lateness, tarry, lingerבּוּשָׁהshamethe general, milder word, and the one written first when it stands beside another (Radak); covers shame for a good reason as well as a bad one, and can be merely social, the thief ashamed at being seen (Edel)בושםin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceבוששin the delay group: delay, lateness, tarry, lingerבזin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootבזהin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootבזיוןin the disgrace group: disparagement, disgrace, dishonor, cheapeningבחורin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedבטחin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeבטחוןin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeבטלin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainבטלהin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainביאהin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingביאורin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationביכוריםDay of the First FruitsBamidbar 28:26; the first day on which bikkurim may be brought (Bikkurim 1:3)בימהin the platform group: base, pedestal, stand, postבינהin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeבינתאin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockביצהin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondביתin the family group: family, household, camp, kinsmanבית המקדשin the sanctuary group: Mishkan, Tabernacle, Mikdash, Templeבכרyoung camelthe newborn, male becher and female bichrah, before it can bear loads (Sefer HeAruch); the young she-camel runs wilder because she is not used to a burden (Rashi to Sanhedrin 52a)בכרהin the camel group: camel, she-camel, young camel, dromedaryבלin the negation group: not, do not, shall not, withoutבלוin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeבְּלִיin the negation group: not, do not, shall not, withoutבְּלִיin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtבלימהin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtבלסםin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceבלשןBilshanread by Megillah 16b and Menachos 65a as a title of Mordechai, bayil lishni v'darish, one who blends languages and expounds; Ibn Ezra takes it as a second man's nameבלתיin the negation group: not, do not, shall not, withoutבָּמָהhigh place, private altarliterally a high place, a private altar outside the central place of worship; cognate to the bimah, the raised platform (article's reading), and forbidden once the Mikdash stood (Zevachim 14:6)בָּמָהin the platform group: base, pedestal, stand, postבָּמָהprivate altar, high placebrought into this cluster as the etymon of yavam, either as a gathering point of many (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim) or as elevation (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)בןin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבנותin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבני אלהיםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsבני ישראלin the names of the Jewish people group: Hebrew, Israelite, Jew, the other sideבסיסin the platform group: base, pedestal, stand, postבעבורin the because group: because, in order that, on account of, for the sake ofבעירbeast, livestockrare (six times in Tanach); a wholly subdued creature, even more subject to man than a behemah, driven only by instinct, and cognate with ba'ar, the boor (Rav Hirsch)בערbrute, boora man so devoid of intelligence that he is sub-human, as though a be'ir (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Edel, Malbim); Ibn Saruk files be'ir under this sense, not under grazingבצורתin the famine group: famine, hunger, starvation, droughtבצקin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughבצרgold oregold (Ibn Janach, Radak, Ralbag), silver (Ibn Ezra), a stronghold (Menachem, Rashi), or the crude ore that yields gold when refined (Rid)בקיעהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingבקעhalf-shekelfrom ב-ק-ע, "to split"; half a Biblical shekel (Rashi, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, Radak), which is why Onkelos can render it tikla, a shekel in the Rabbinic senseבקרin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferבקשהin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationבָּרin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropבַּרin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבריחהin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightברכהin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyברקןin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleברתin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבשבילin the because group: because, in order that, on account of, for the sake ofבשםin the placing group: place, put, set, layבשמיםin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceבששin the delay group: delay, lateness, tarry, lingerבתin the son group: son, daughter, child ofבתרin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingגאולהin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemגאלin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemגבin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackגבולin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitגבורהin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismגבינהin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackגבירהin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalגבליםin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitגבןin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackגבנוניםin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackגֶּבֶרin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalגֶּבֶרroosterusually "man" or "male," from gevurah, strength; called a rooster because its voice stands out among birds as a man's does among women's (Rabbeinu Efrayim)גברתin the man group: man, mankind, human being, mortalגַּדin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedגַּדfortunetwice in Tanach (Bereishis 30:11; Yeshayahu 65:11); the spiritual force attached to a particular thing or person, from the biliteral ג-ד, "attaching" (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)גדיin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatגדילin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentגדיליםin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentגדישin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafגדםin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedגדעin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingגדפאin the wing group: wing, pinion, edge, peripheryגואלin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemגודגדניותin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedגווןcolor, shadethe Aramaic word, absent from Tanach and the Mishnah apart from one disputed case; Rabbi Meir Hellman makes it the abstract color as perceived, against tzeva the concrete colorantגוזלin the chick group: hatchling, fledgling, nestling, young doveגוזמאin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechגוזרcutterliterally "cutter," Targum Onkelos's word for milah; a Talmudic title for a circumciser that also carries the sense of halachic decisor (Rashi; Rabbeinu Chananel; Rabbi Yissachar Tamar)גויnation (in the loose sense)a mass of people held together by nothing stronger than land, language, descent, or a political bargain, with no single king over them (Rabbi Yoel Ibn Shuaib, Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim, Malbim); from gviah, a collection of bodies (Malbim)גולגלתאin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeגולםin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapגומאin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondגומדin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedגומרGomerYefes's son and Ashkenaz's father (Bereishis 10:2); Chazal identify his descendants as Germamia, and Radak reads both Gomer and Ashkenaz as Alemaniaגועלin the dirt group: filth, grime, soiling, defilementגוץin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedגורin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessגורלin the lottery group: lot, lottery, portion, allotmentגזיזהin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberגזילהin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderגזירהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingגזלןin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderגזםin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechגָּזָםin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidגזמאin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechגחוןin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springגטin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedגידאin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedגיהנוםin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionגיחוןin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springגיחורin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkגיטיןin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedגילin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationגילדנאin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanגילהin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationגילוחin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberגיסbrother-in-lawMishnaic, not Biblical; a man's word, for his wife's brother or his wife's sister's husband (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim, Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi), though the Nimukei Yosef admits a sister's husband tooגיסהin the sibling-in-law group: brother-in-law, sister-in-law, levirate marriage, father-in-lawגישהapproach, come right up toapproaching in awe or across a gap in standing (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter, Malbim), and closing the distance completely, as near as one can get (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); used of people only (Rav Hirsch)גלבin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberגלגליםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsגלוליםin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarגלוסקאfine roll, sweet cakeRabbinic; the choice baked good one would be tempted by on Pesach (Pesachim 6b); Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia glosses it "an ugah, a small round bread"גליוןin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleגלימאin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapגליףin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseגללin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsגמאin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeגמדin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedגמלcamelthe grown camel able to carry loads, and always masculine in form though it can include females (Sefer HeAruch; Rabbi Yitzchak Avineri); Rav Hirsch ties it to weaning, the camel drinking its fill and then needing nothingגןin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureגנאיin the disgrace group: disparagement, disgrace, dishonor, cheapeningגנבin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderגנהin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureגנוזin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedגנותin the disgrace group: disparagement, disgrace, dishonor, cheapeningגניבהin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderגניזהin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedגניסרGinosarthe same city under its later name (Megillah 6a); the Targumim render Yam Kinneres as Yam Ginosar, and the Midrash reads it ganei sarim, gardens of officers (Bereishis Rabbah 98:17)געשin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringגףin the wing group: wing, pinion, edge, peripheryגפןgrapevinethe ordinary, unmarked word for a vine, 55 times in Tanach; the early grammarians (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak) take the root as ג-פ-נ, while Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim derives it from ג-פ, outward protrusion, for the vine's wing-like shootsגרin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenגרבmoist boils (dry, when it stands alone)paired with cheres it is the moist kind and cheres the dry; standing without cheres it means the dry kind (Rashi, from Bechoros 41a)גרגרןgluttonbuilt on gargeres though gorging is done with the veshet; the tension is the article's central question (Tosafos Yom Tov, Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia)גרגרתwindpipe, neckin Tanach the neck one hangs a necklace on, always plural for the trachea's rings (Rashi to Mishlei 1:9); in the Mishnah the windpipe set against the veshetגרוןthroat, windpipethe Biblical word, chiefly the pipe speech comes through (Malbim), stretched to the visible neck and once even to the food pipe; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim reverses this and makes the food pipe primaryגרזןaxe; pickthe Biblical word covering both the woodsman's axe and the stonecutter's pick, from ג-ר-ז, cutting and carving (Radak); Menachem Ibn Saruk reads it as a quadriliteral instead, and it never appears in Rabbinic Hebrew except when a pasuk is being quotedגרםbone, itselfthe bone as one part within a larger frame, whence a single step of a staircase (Metzudas Tzion to Melachim II 9:13) and causation (Rav Hirsch); for the Vilna Gaon the hollow interior where the marrow sitsגרמאindirect causationrabbinic; one link in a chain of causes (Rav Hirsch), or the "self" that brought a thing about; Targum renders sabovti as garamti (Shmuel I 22:22), per Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachurגרממיאGermaniaChazal's identification of Gomer (Yoma 10a; Yerushalmi Megillah 1:9); the Vilna Gaon emends to Germania, and the Aruch says plainly it is what we call the Land of Ashkenazגרמניa white-skinned man, or a Germanfrom gerem, bones being white (Rambam and Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi to Negaim 2:1); the Vilna Gaon rejects that and reads it as a man of Germanicaגרמניאin the names for Germany group: Ashkenaz, Germany, Germania, Lotharגרשin the flour group: flour, whole wheat flour, fine flour, white flourגֶּשֶׁםrainrain as connection, heaven to earth, tzurah joined to chomer (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro); the constructive counterpart of mabulגֶּשֶׁםrainthe commonest word; on one reading the general term for rain of every kind, on another the heavy or blessed rain specifically; also the ordinary course of nature, whence the later gashmiyus, materialityדאגin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanדאגהin the fear group: dread, terror, fright, fearדבורהin the plague group: pestilence, plague, epidemic, smitingדֶּבֶרin the plague group: pestilence, plague, epidemic, smitingדָּבָרin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeדָּבָרin the word group: word, spoken word, written word, thingדבר סתרin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterדגin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanדגהin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanדגלתTigristhe Aramaic and Rabbinic name for the same river, used by Targum Onkelos and throughout Shas; Rashi states outright that Diglat is Chidekelדגןin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropדדin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderדדיםin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderדוברהin the boats group: ship, boat, raft, ferryדוגיתfishing skiffthe small fisherman's boat, from dag, "fish" (Rashi to Amos 4:2, Bava Basra 73a; Rabbi Dr. Daniel Sperber); the Mishnaic equivalent of siros dugahדּוּדin the basket group: basket, fruit basket, bread basket, cageדּוֹדin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntדודהin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntדוחהpushes away, sets asidepushing a thing out of its place, hence nidach (a refugee), hadachah (rinsing away filth), and halachically one law overriding another (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)דוחףhurries, presses onpushed into doing something faster than planned; all five occurrences carry urgency (Esther 3:15, 8:14, 6:12)דוכןin the platform group: base, pedestal, stand, postדוכתאin the place group: place, site, location, spotדוםfalling silent, stoppingsilence as a state rather than an act, the speechlessness of one overwhelmed (Bedersi), or deliberate refusal to comment (Mecklenburg); at root simply stoppage, as the sun stopped at Givon (Yehoshua 10:12)דונגwaxthe Biblical word, always for wax as the thing that melts in fire; named for its pliability like an ear lobe (Rav Hirsch) or for dei-nogah, "enough light" (Rabbi Yehoshua Steinberg)דופקknocks, drivesa repeated beat against something; driving livestock too hard (Bereishis 33:13), knocking at a door, and later a pulse (Ramban)דורוןin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentדורךtread, stepneutral treading, kin to derech (a path); carries no damage, and covers constructive treading such as pressing olives and grapes (Malbim)דורמיטאin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingדחילin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingדחקin the pressure group: pressure, squeeze, crowding, pressingדיבורin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementדיברותin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementדילוגin the jumping group: skipping, jumping, leaping, passing overדימועin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingדִּיןin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastדִּיןin the law group: law, judgment, verdict, statuteדיצהin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationדירהin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenדךin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateדַּלpoor, destituteMenachem Ibn Saruk files it under ד-ל; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim: a man emptied of his fortune as a well is emptied of its waterדַּלin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateדלהdraw up, draw outdrawing from a deep well, the effortful kind, lowering a pail and hauling it up (Malbim); shares a root with "lift up" (Radak, Ibn Janach)דליpail, bucketthe instrument of דלה, what lifts the water up (Radak); Bamidbar 24:7, Yeshayahu 40:15דליותbranches at the top of a treethe topmost boughs, as though lifted and set there (Ibn Janach, Radak); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim: they draw water up through the treeדלמאin the maybe group: maybe, perhaps, lestדמיםin the money group: money, funds, price, valueדמעהin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingדמשקin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleדעתin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeדקלin the tigris group: Tigris, palm treeדרגאin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentדרדרin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleדרוםin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southדרורin the freedom group: freedom, liberty, release, emancipationדרךin the path group: way, road, path, streetדרכמוןdarkemon (a coin)a named coin worth two selaim (Rambam to Shekalim 2:1), so Targum Yonasan's use of it for beka must be loose, "a coin"דשןin the dust group: dirt, soil, ashes, dustדתin the law group: law, judgment, verdict, statuteהאזיןin the hearing group: hear, hearken, listen, give earהאידנאin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourהבאיin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechהביטin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerהבלin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtהגדהin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountהגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountהגמיאיניin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterהדחהin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingהדיוטin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienהדסהHadassahfrom hadas, myrtle, to which the righteous are likened (Rabbi Meir, from Zechariah 1:8); named once only, at Esther 2:7הדףthrusts away, dislodgespushing away what is not firmly rooted, and so pushed away easily (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim; Malbim)הדקלTigristhe Samaritan reading of Bereishis 2:14, with a hey in place of the chet; not a Masoretic formהָדָרin the beauty group: splendor, majesty, glory, inner gloryהָדָרbeautiful, splendidin Tanach the word means glory or beauty, and identifies the citron only through the Oral Torah, the derashos of Chazal being asmachta (Ibn Ezra; Rambam)הדרin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyהדרכהin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingהואיin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechהודin the beauty group: splendor, majesty, glory, inner gloryהודאהin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyהוןin the money group: money, funds, price, valueהוראהin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingהזיהin the throwing group: throw away, drop, cast, throwהטמנהin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedהיקףin the around group: around, about, encircle, circuitהכרהin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughהלוםhither, to heremotion up to this point, a single step forward in space, not static location (Rav Hirsch, following Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter); Chazal read it as marking a place of royal consequence (Zevachim 102a)הליכהin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingהָלַךְin the coming group: come, coming, go, goingהֵלֶךְin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateהֲלָךְin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeהללin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyהלמותmalletthe poetic word for the same tool as makeves, both used of Yael (Shoftim 5:26 against 4:21); from ה-ל-ם, "to break" (Ibn Janach, Radak)המר ימירin the exchange group: substitution, exchange, replacement, swapהנהhere (as a destination)"here" as the end point of something that came from elsewhere, and alone among these it also carries "until now" in time (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi, Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto)הניאin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainהסto hush, to shushthe only transitive one, quieting others, and normally so that they will listen to someone else or show him honor (Pappenheim, Mecklenburg)הסבהin the meal group: meal, feast, banquet, drinking-feastהסברin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationהפרin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainהפרהin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainהצלהin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionהקדשin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationהקשin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultהר ציוןin the Jerusalem group: Tziyon, Zion, Yerushalayim, Jerusalemהרהורin the thought group: thought, idea, notion, musingהריגהkilling, slayingthe neutral word, lawful or not (Rashbam, Rabbi Pappenheim); reaches indirect killing (Bedersi) and the killing of animals and plantsהשבהin the return group: return, repentance, revert, turn backהשלכהin the throwing group: throw away, drop, cast, throwהשקאהin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterהשקטin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeהשקיףin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerהשתאin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourהשתדלותin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingהתיצבin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingהתמהמהin the delay group: delay, lateness, tarry, lingerוהגדתin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountווin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeוויםin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeויאמרin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeוידברin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeויירקin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardוילוןin the curtain group: curtain, partition, screen, veilויקץin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirועדin the forever group: forever, everlasting, perpetual, eternityורדroseabsent from Tanach, Mishnaic and Aramaic, and the Targumic rendering of shoshanah; a general term with shoshanah as one kind under it (Rabbi Yirmiyahu Low), or the plant against shoshanah the bloomושטfood pipe, esophagusthe other pipe, the one that carries food; it is the fixed contrast term for gargeres in the Mishnah and for kaneh in the Gemaraותיקin the old age group: elder, old age, aged, ancientזבולin the palace group: palace, castle, fortress, citadelזביחהin the slaughter group: ritual slaughter, sacrificial slaughter, butchering, slaughtering for foodזגin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingזהhere, this place"this" pressed into service for place, and the vaguer of the pair, a general area rather than a spot (Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto)זהבgoldthe general word, over four hundred occurrences, with seven grades listed in Yoma 44b-45a; Ibn Janach and Radak note it is also borrowed for anything pristineזהוריתin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkזוZivthe Biblical name of the second month, twice in Melachim I 6, spelled defective without a yud although the Aramaic word for radiance is always plene (Radak, Sefer HaShorashim)זוהמהin the dirt group: filth, grime, soiling, defilementזוהרin the prohibition group: prohibition, warning, forewarning, forbiddenזוזin the money group: money, funds, price, valueזויתin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleזוללin the drunkenness group: swilling, drinking to excess, drunkenness, getting drunkזחלin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingזחלתיin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingזיוradiance, splendornot the light itself but its spread outward, which is why Onkelos uses it for the rays from Moshe's face and Targum Yonasan for Hashem's glory filling creation (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)זיזin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderזיז שדיwild fowltwice in Tehillim (50:11, 80:14); Targum renders it tarnegol bara, a wild chicken, the same phrase used for the duchifasזיןin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardזיעshuddering, agitationRabbi Pappenheim's biliteral ז-ע, movement triggered by anxiety from an outside source, as slight as a harp string's quiver; Onkelos's word for vayecherad and for ra'ashזכורin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toזכרin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toזכרוןin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toזלזולin the disgrace group: disparagement, disgrace, dishonor, cheapeningזמהin the muzzle group: muzzle, bit, bridle, reinsזמורהin the pole group: carrying pole, stave, banner pole, mastזמירותin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyזמםin the muzzle group: muzzle, bit, bridle, reinsזמןin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeזמרin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyזמרהin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyזןin the species group: species, kind, type, sortזנהin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingזנותstraying, promiscuitydeparture from a loyalty one owed, whether to a spouse or to Hashem; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim derives it from ז-ן, sustenance, since surplus physical plenty turns a person toward physical cravingזעוהin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringזעםin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerזעףin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerזעקהin the crying out group: cry out, outcry, cry for help, pleaזקןin the old age group: elder, old age, aged, ancientזֵרin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetזָרin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenזָרin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienזרהin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienזריקהin the throwing group: throw away, drop, cast, throwחבורהbruise, contusionblood gathers beneath the skin without breaking it, leaving a red mark (Rashi); named for chibbur, the pooling together of the blood (Malbim, Wertheimer)חביבin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentחביביin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntחבישהin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downחביתbarrelthe large vessel, but interchanged with kad in the Mishnah's own wording (Bava Kamma 27a)חָבַלto distrain, to seize as securitythe Biblical verb for a creditor taking a pledge by force, after the debt has fallen due (Rashi to Shemos 22:25; Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi)חֶבֶלin the lottery group: lot, lottery, portion, allotmentחֶבֶלropethe ordinary rope, and for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim the parent of every other sense of ח-ב-ל (lot, band of men, scheme, localized pain, pledge), all of them from the rope used to measureחבצלתrose (young), daffodiltwice in Tanach; the same flower as shoshanah in its young state (Shir HaShirim Rabbah 2:3), or sun-dried and yellowed on the plain (Vilna Gaon), or a narkis (Targum, Rav Hai Gaon, Rabbi Saadia Gaon)חָבֵרin the friend group: friend, companion, confidant, fellowחֶבֶרCheverfrom chibbur, joining: he bound Israel to Hashem, through the Mishkan (Vilna Gaon); or from ע-ב-ר, to pass, punishment made to pass overחברבורותspots, markingsa declension of chaburah, since it too is a discoloration on the skin's surface (Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak, on Yirmiyahu 13:23)חברוןHebronfrom ח-ב-ר, connection or friendship; the gematria equals chaver na'ah and "this is Avraham," so the name points to its most illustrious resident (Rabbeinu Efrayim)חגin the around group: around, about, encircle, circuitחגבin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidחגורin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetחגורהin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetחדin the one group: one, a single one, one of, the oneחדהin the one group: one, a single one, one of, the oneחדוהin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationחֶדֶלin the earth (the seven names) group: inhabited world, land, transient world, dry landחָדַלceasestopping because one cannot continue, by nature or by law (Rabbi Yosef Grayever); the halt comes from the person or thing itself, not from outside, and carries no verdict on whether it is right (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)חדקin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleחדקלTigristhe Biblical name, twice only (Bereishis 2:14, Daniel 10:4); Chazal read it as a portmanteau of chad (sharp) and kal (swift), Berachos 59bחדשmonth; new moonits primary sense is the *beginning* of the month, from chadash, "new," and "month" is only borrowed from there (Malbim, Rav Hirsch); Rav Hirsch adds that it names the month as an abstract unit of timeחובבin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentחובלto injure, one who woundsRabbinic only, absent from Tanach; the verb of the five payments (Bava Kamma 8:1) and of the Shabbos melachah (Shabbos 14:1), from ח-ב-ל, "pain" or "damage"חוגin the around group: around, about, encircle, circuitחוזהin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanחוחin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleחוטthread, stringthe single thread out of which a fabric is woven or a garment sewn, and the thinnest word in the set; for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim it is what repairs a deficiency (biliteral ח-ט, blemish), whence chayat, tailor, and machat, needleחוטםin the nose group: nose, nostril, face, angerחוטרin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneחוטראin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneחולשin the lottery group: lot, lottery, portion, allotmentחוםin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkחומהin the wall group: wall, city wall, rampart, partitionחומשin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardחוסin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחופהin the canopy group: canopy, wedding canopy, booth, coveringחופשin the freedom group: freedom, liberty, release, emancipationחוקin the law group: law, judgment, verdict, statuteחורin the nose group: nose, nostril, face, angerחורבןin the destruction group: destruction, ruin, desolation, devastationחוריםin the freedom group: freedom, liberty, release, emancipationחושךdarknessordinary darkness, the night when the sun is gone but moon and stars still give light (Malbim); spelled like chosech, "lacks", which hints that it is the absence of light rather than a thing (Mecklenburg for Rambam)חותןin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomחותנתin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomחזוןin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanחזיזin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistחזקin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismחזרהin the return group: return, repentance, revert, turn backחטאin the sin group: sin, inadvertent sin, iniquity, willful sinחטיבהin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementחיבהin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentחַיָּהin the animal group: animal, beast, domesticated animal, wild animalחַיָּהwild animalfrom chai, an independent life-form not subservient to man (Rav Hirsch); see the separate entry on behemah and chayahחַיָּהin the soul group: soul, life-soul, spirit, higher soulחיורwhite, palethe Aramaic standard rendering of lavan in the Targumim; Rashi treats it as simply "white," while Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim restricts it to whiteness produced by an outside force such as fireחַיּוֹתin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsחַיּוֹתin the animal group: animal, beast, domesticated animal, wild animalחיטin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsחיךin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanחִילin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingחֵילin the wall group: wall, city wall, rampart, partitionחילוניin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienחיץin the wall group: wall, city wall, rampart, partitionחירותin the freedom group: freedom, liberty, release, emancipationחיתולin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downחכויin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeחכליליbloodshotonly of eyes reddened by drink; the reddened white ringing the iris (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); Ramban instead links it to kachol, blueחכםin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeחכמהin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeחלבin the fat group: fat, forbidden fat, permitted fat, suetחלבוןwhite wine, egg whitefrom chalav (milk) by its color (Rashi to Yechezkel 27:18); Menachem instead reads it from cheilev, fatty and rich, and Radak as a place-name in Aramחלדthe transient worldthe world under time; Radak makes CHET-LAMED-DALET and its metathesis CHET-DALET-LAMED synonyms of zman, and Rav Hirsch ties chadal, to cease, and chaludah, rust, to man's wearing outחַלָּהin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeחַלָּהloaf, round loafalso round (Ibn Ezra to Vayikra 2:4); appears alone, as challas lechem, and as challas matzah, which is what makes it hard to fix against ugahחַלָּהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughחלוןwindowthe ordinary word, thirty-one appearances; a hole in a wall, from the biliteral ח-ל, empty space (Rabbi Pappenheim), or the triliteral ח-ל-ל, emptiness (Radak, Ibn Janach)חלוץin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardחלחלin the trembling group: trembling, dread, fear, crawlingחליפהin the exchange group: substitution, exchange, replacement, swapחליצהextracting, drawing outpulling something out of what envelops it, the foot from the shoe, a stone from a wall (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); by Shoresh Yesha, removing a shoe that must first be untiedחללin the corpse group: corpse, carcass, cadaver, the slainחלמישin the rock group: flintrock, hard rock, flint, cragחלףin the exchange group: substitution, exchange, replacement, swapחלציםin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardחלקsmooth, slipperythe plain adjective for a smooth surface, and by extension slippery and the act of slipping (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); Yiddish glattחםin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomחמדהin the desire group: craving, lust, appetite, covetingחֵמָהin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerחַמָּהsunliterally the hot one, naming the sun by its heat (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); coined later, once shemesh had itself been taken up as the name of a sun-cultחמוץred-stainedhapax at Yeshayahu 63:1, the red of garments stained with blood or wine (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Ibn Janach, Radak); not from the root of "leavened"חמורin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyחמורהin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyחמושin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardחמותin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomחמישיםin the names of Shavuos group: Festival of Weeks, Assembly, Festival of the Harvest, Day of the First Fruitsחמלהin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחמניםin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarחמסin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderחמסןin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderחמצןin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderחמרin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafחֶמֶרwine (red wine)three times in Tanach and the standard Aramaic word; Rabbi Moshe Ibn Ezra, Rabbi Yehuda Ibn Balaam and Radak read it as "red," an adjective hardened into a nounחמראin the wine group: wine, new wine, unfermented grape juice, red wineחמריםin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafחמתin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomחֵןin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחֵןin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationחנוןin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחנינהin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחניתspear (military)'from CHET-NUN, "encamping": the spear of the military camp, either the standard camp-issue weapon (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim) or the one planted in the ground where it is "camped" (Rabbi Moshe Tedeschi Ashkenazi)'חנמלin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidחסin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorחסילin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidחפירהin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughחֵפֶץin the desire group: craving, lust, appetite, covetingחֵפֶץin the land (running versus passive) group: land, ground, will, desireחֵפֶץin the will group: will, want, desire, yearningחָפַרin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughחָפַרdig up, mine forDevarim 1:22, digging deliberately for damning information; kin to cherpah, disgrace (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)חפרהmortificationthe wish to dig (chofer) a hole and hide; Malbim makes it the most intense of all, burying one's head out of sheer shameחצבin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughחצוצרותin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetחציבהin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughחקin the law group: law, judgment, verdict, statuteחקוקin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseחרבin the dry group: dry, dried out, parched, aridחָרְבָּהin the destruction group: destruction, ruin, desolation, devastationחֲרֵבָהin the dry group: dry, dried out, parched, aridחָרָבָהin the earth (the seven names) group: inhabited world, land, transient world, dry landחרגולin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidחרדin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringחרולin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleחרוןin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerחרון אףin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerחרוץgold (mined)gold got by digging, from ח-ר-צ, cutting with a sharp tool (Rabbi Aharon Marcus, Wertheimer); or gold that makes a man diligent, charutz in its other sense (Rid)חרושהin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseחֵרוּתin the freedom group: freedom, liberty, release, emancipationחָרוּתin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseחרטin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseחריץin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackחרמשin the sickle group: sickle, scythe, reaping hookחֶרֶסdry boilsdry and hard like a shard of pottery, cheres with a sin (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi; Rashi to Bechoros 41a); Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg instead links it to cheres, the sun, an affliction of climateחֶרֶסsunliterally pottery, either for the sun's power to bake pottery, a mainstay of ancient life, or for its reddish, pottery-like hue at sunrise and sunset (Rabbi Aharon Marcus, and others)חרפהdisgrace, reproachshame inflicted by another's insult or reproach (Wertheimer); Bedersi reads it as closer to disparagement than to shameחררהflat cake, round loafRashi and the Mechilta gloss ugah with it (to Shemos 12:39), and the Yerushalmi to Peah 5:8 uses chararah for round stacks of produceחָרָשׁin the artisan group: craftsman, artisan, designer, brocaderחֶרֶשׁcontemplative silence, holding one's peacethe inward silence of one who is turning something over and not saying it, the quiet of the craftsman and the wise man (Bedersi); from charishah, plowing, since it prepares the ground for speech as plowing prepares a field (Pappenheim); Rav Hirsch has it as acting deaf to a requestחשבin the artisan group: craftsman, artisan, designer, brocaderחשהkeeping stillreflective, inward stillness (Mecklenburg), or holding back an answer one actually has (Wertheimer); the word of Koheles 3:7, a time to be silentחשוןin the the eighth month group: Bul, Marcheshvan, Cheshvan, floodחשךhold back, sparedisputed; Rabbi Yosef Grayever, stopping a thing before it begins; Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer, interrupting one already under way; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim and Malbim, a check applied from outside, and rightly appliedחשמליםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsחתיכהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingחָתָןin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomחֹתֵןfather-in-lawnormally the wife's father; Ibn Janach allows it to stretch to brother-in-law, which Radak rejectsטבורin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartטבחin the slaughter group: ritual slaughter, sacrificial slaughter, butchering, slaughtering for foodטביחהin the slaughter group: ritual slaughter, sacrificial slaughter, butchering, slaughtering for foodטבלאboard, table topthe Mishnaic word; a flat surface with no legs attached, so even a plank (Rash MiShantz), though Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur equates it with shulchan outrightטבריהTiberiasthe Gemara's name for the lake, Yamah shel Tiveria, once Tiveria outstripped Ginosar; identified with Chamas or Rakas of Yehoshua 19:35 (Megillah 5b-6a)טובin the good group: good, pleasant, pleasantness, fineטוחותkidneystwice only (Tehillim 51:8; Iyov 38:36); the kidneys (Rosh Hashanah 26a; Targum, Rashi, Radak), or the innards generally (Ibn Ezra)טוטפותin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentטוטפתin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentטופחin the wetness group: moist, wet, soaked, freshטיט היוןin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionטינוףin the dirt group: filth, grime, soiling, defilementטירהin the palace group: palace, castle, fortress, citadelטכאtray-tableRashi glosses it shulchan, but the sugyos use it of the individual portable table set before one diner (Rabbi Mordechai Dov Yudelovitch)טלהin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatטליאlad (Aramaic)the Targum's other word for yeled and naar (Megillah 5b), feminine talyasa; likely from tleh, a young goat, as English "kid" covers both (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)טַלִּיתin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentטַלִּיתin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapטמוןin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedטמירin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterטנאfruit basketfour appearances, all in Ki Savo; a basket woven loosely so air passes through and the fruit does not spoil (Rabbi Pappenheim); Targum renders it by the Aramaic form of salטסקאin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeטעהin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errטעותin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errטעותאin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errטרונגאcitronthe Eretz Yisrael Aramaic form (Yerushalmi; Targum Yonasan reads trugin)טריתin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanיאורin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookיאוריםin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookיבולin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropיביעin the speech group: declaration, utterance, oracle, declareיבםbrother-in-law (the levir)the deceased's brother, party to the mitzvah of yibbum; a woman's word for her husband's brother (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), though Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg holds it is never a plain kinship term at allיבמהsister-in-law (the widow)the childless widow bound to the yavam; extended by Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim to a husband's brother's wife, from Rus 1:15יבשin the dry group: dry, dried out, parched, aridיַבָּשָׁהin the dry group: dry, dried out, parched, aridיַבָּשָׁהin the earth (the seven names) group: inhabited world, land, transient world, dry landיגעworn out, weary from toilweariness caused by exertion rather than by constitution (Malbim), specifically by working too fast and overreaching (Rabbi Yosef of Saragossa); kin to yaga, he toiledידידיהYedidyah, beloved of Hashemthe name the navi Nosson gave him (Shmuel II 12:24-25); Menachos 53 reads the aphorism of the six yedidim through it, and there too the name points at his building the Mikdashיהגהmoansused of both a lion and a dove (Donash); from ה-ג, diligence and consistency, so a steady, sustained crying (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)יהודהJudahYaakov's fourth son, named by Leah as an expression of hodaah, thanks to Hashem (Bereishis 29:35)יהודיJewstrictly a subject of the Kingdom of Yehudah, the southern kingdom of Yehudah and Binyamin under the Davidic line; the name that outlived the exile and became the general termיהוסףYehosefthe added hei of Hashem's Name, earned for withstanding Potiphar's wife in private (Sotah 10b, 36b); appears once, Tehillim 81:6יוֹבֵלin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetיוֹבֵלin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatיוסףYoseffrom yosef, "He shall add," as Rachel said at his birth (Bereishis 30:24); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim reads the yud as non-root and takes it from ס-פ, "end," adding meaning extending a boundaryיורהthe first rainthe rain at the start of the season; from yoreh, "teacher," because it teaches people to secure their roofs and bring the produce indoors (Taanis 6a)יורשin the inheritance group: inheritance, patrimony, holding, ancestral holdingיחוהin the speech group: declaration, utterance, oracle, declareיחידהin the soul group: soul, life-soul, spirit, higher soulייבוםlevirate marriagethe marriage itself; whether the word restores her yevamah status (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), undoes it (Rabbi Wolf Heidenheim), or names the brother's act (Ibn Ezra) is disputedייןwinethe ordinary word, over 140 times in Tanach; on the older tradition aged wine, earning the name only forty days into production (Rashi to Yoma 76b), which Yoma 76b expounds from yelalah, wailingילדchildthe general word, tied to no age, from the biliteral ל-ד, birth, so any born child (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Yishmael is a yeled at sixteen, and Rashi to Erachin 18b puts the Mishnah's yeled anywhere from twenty to sixtyילדהin the child group: child, toddler, youngster, boyילפתclinging boilsa hapax legomenon; named for melafefes, what attaches itself, since it clings to a man until the day he dies (Rashi, from Bechoros 41a), leaving a scar that never comes off (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)יֶלֶקin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanיֶלֶקin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidיםin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southימיםin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyימיןin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southיניאin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainיסוריםin the rebuke group: reproof, rebuke, discipline, chastisementיסכהin the princess group: my princess, princess, prince, rulershipיעףexhausted, spentthe metathesised twin of ayef; for Schwab the stronger of the pair, one whose energy is entirely gone, which is why the morning berachah says ha'nosen la'yaef koach. The Rid holds the two are simply one word in two ordersיעקבYaakovfrom ע-ק-ב, heel, since he was born holding Esav's heel (Bereishis 25:26); used of the man as an individual (Maharal, Rav Hirsch) and, for the Ohr HaChaim, whenever he is in a lowly or sorrowing stateיצהרolive oilolive oil in itself, never joined to zayis in Tanach; Radak narrows it to oil as it comes from the press; Rabbi Yitzchak Zev Yadler makes it whatever oil a place burns for lightיצחקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportיציבwell-grounded, firmfrom the same two-letter צ-ב, "standing"; what is well-grounded stands on established bases (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)יקהYakehat Mishlei 30:1; from heikiah, spat out, either the wisdom he lost when he strayed (the Midrashim) or the false ideas he rejected before setting down the true ones (Ralbag to Mishlei 30:1)יקוססin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateיקותיאלYekusielfrom tikvah, hope: he made Hashem the hope of Israel, above all through the daily mahn (Vilna Gaon)יקיצהin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirיקרin the honor group: honor, esteem, glory, preciousיראהin the fear group: dread, terror, fright, fearירדYeredfrom yarad, descend: he brought the Torah down, or the Shechinah down; or from radah, to rule (Zevachim 102a); Megillah 13a, the mahn came down in his dayירוקin the vegetable group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensירושהin the inheritance group: inheritance, patrimony, holding, ancestral holdingירושליםYerushalayim (Jerusalem)the Holy City proper; written singular in Tanach but read as a dual, which the Targum to Tehillim 133:1 ties to the joining of the two citiesיָרֵחַmoonfrom י-ר-ח for the classical lexicographers; Pappenheim brings it too under ר-ח, the moon governing the tides and windsיָרֵחַmoonthe luminary whose cycle fixes the month's length, and the word behind yerachיָרֵחַmoonfrom orach, path, naming the moon by its orbital course through the heavens (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); the counterpart of shemesh, and likewise later taken up by a moon-cultירחוJerichothe vocalization of Bamidbar, Devarim, Yirmiyahu, Ezra-Nechemiah and Divrei HaYamim, without that yod, matching yareyach, the moonיריחוJerichothe vocalization used throughout Yehoshua and at Shmuel II 10:5, spelled with a yod between reish and ches, matching reyach, scent (Yossiphon as Rashi reads him)ירקin the vegetable group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensירקותin the vegetable group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensישועהin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionישורוןYeshurunfour occurrences only (Devarim 32:15, 33:5, 33:26; Yeshayahu 44:2); from yashar, straight, given to refute Esav's slur that Yaakov means crookedness (Ramban); for Chasam Sofer, straightness attained by the nation's own effortישחקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportישיבהin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenישישin the old age group: elder, old age, aged, ancientיָשָׁןin the old age group: elder, old age, aged, ancientיָשֵׁןin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingיִשְׂרָאֵלYisraelgiven after he prevailed over the angel, from sar, to lord over (Bereishis 32:30); an added name, not a replacement (Rabbeinu Bachya), and used of him as founder of the nation (Maharal, Rav Hirsch). Chasam Sofer parses it yashar plus El, a straightness reached with Divine helpיִשְׂרָאֵלIsrael, Israelitethe Torah's ordinary name for the nation, over two thousand occurrences, taken from Yaakov's second name and used as a patronym; connotes the higher standing (Rabbeinu Bachya)כאןherethe Mishnaic word, cognate of koh; Rabbinic Hebrew folds both poh and halom into it, kan for poh and l'kan for halom (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Cheshek Shlomo)כבודin the honor group: honor, esteem, glory, preciousכביסהin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingכבירin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismכבלfettertwice only, and both times an iron bond on a prisoner or a king (Tehillim 105:18, 149:8); the article's author proposes, as his own suggestion, that it is chevel with CHET and KAF interchangedכבשin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatכדjug, pitcherthe Mishnah swaps it freely with chavis, because the vernacular did not fix the two terms (Bava Kamma 27a); Chullin 91a swaps it with pachכדוןin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourכהhere, thereaboutsnot quite "here" but near it, the kaf carrying its usual "like" (Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto)כהןin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryכהניםin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryכובעin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetכווראfishthe other common Aramaic word; Tosafos (Moed Katan 11a) leaves open whether it means fish in general or one species, and Chullin 109b, which compares its taste to a bird's, points to a speciesכומרin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryכוסברin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedכוסברתאin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedכופרin the heretic group: sectarian, heretic, scoffer, denierכורסאthrone, chairthe Aramaic form; every kisse in Tanach is rendered kursa in Targum (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), and in Modern Hebrew it has narrowed to an armchair or reclinerכותלin the wall group: wall, city wall, rampart, partitionכותנהin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusכזבin the falsehood group: falsehood, lie, deceit, fabricationכחin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismכחולdark, kohl-coloredfrom the eye-cosmetic kohl, whose shades ran from blue to black; the Midrash sets Yissachar's kachol flag against Dan's sapir flag, so it is not simply the blue of sapirכַּחַשׁin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseכַּחַשׁin the falsehood group: falsehood, lie, deceit, fabricationכידוןjavelin, darta small romach carried by kings and nobles (Rambam to Keilim 11:8) and thrown at the enemy; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim derives it from kad, a jug, for the spikes protruding at its sidesכיליin the miser group: miser, cheapskate, stingy, tightfistedכילפותhatchetsa hapax beside kashil in the same pasuk; Donash reads both as woodcutters' tools, Menachem Ibn Saruk as weapons, and Targum uses a form of this word to render kardumכיסin the property group: property, possessions, livestock, assetsכיתנאin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusככאin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsכִּכָּרin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeכִּכָּרloafalways in kikar lechem; a rounded loaf with body to it, spherical rather than flat (Rabbi Shaul Goldman); see the separate bread entryכִּכָּרgrassland plainthe plain of the Yarden (Bereishis 13:10); Ramban narrows it to lush grassland fed by rivers spilling into itכלאcease, be held backstopping because the purpose is served or the reason has lapsed (Rabbi Yosef Grayever, Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); Malbim, held back against its own nature, from kele, a prisonכלובbasket, cagetwice in Tanach, once for unripe figs (Amos 8:1) and once for birds being fattened (Yirmiyahu 5:27), whence the modern sense of a cageכלוםin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtכליותkidneysthe ordinary word, thirty-one times in Tanach, half of them in the korbanos; also the innermost thoughts and motives Hashem examines (Yirmiyahu 11:20; Tehillim 7:10)כלילin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetכלימהhumiliationthe graver word, for what is inherently disgraceful; shame that comes from outside, another person humiliating him (Malbim, Wertheimer), leaving him stripped of his shape (Rav Hirsch)כלכלהhamper, large basketMishnaic; an especially large sal for storing all kinds of food, from kalkal, "to sustain" (Rabbi Tanchum HaYerushalmi)כלמיin the lice group: lice, louse, flea, nitכמוסin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterכמריםin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryכֵּןin the lice group: lice, louse, flea, nitכֵּןin the platform group: base, pedestal, stand, postכנהa lousethe singular, absent from Tanach but standard in Mishnah and Gemara (*Parah* 9:2, Shabbos 12b); at *Parah* 9:2 it is a *kinah* of the grain, a field pestכנורharp, lyre, or a berryRabbi Nosson of Rome gives both senses; Megillah 6a ties the city's name to it, its fruit being as sweet as a kinnor's sound, not to the lake's shapeכניםlicethe plural, "many lice"; the classical lexicographers (Ibn Janach, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, Ibn Parchon) hold the mem is not part of the root, which is the biliteral כ-נכנםthe lice, as a speciesa singular form naming the whole species of lice rather than individuals (Ibn Janach, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, Ibn Parchon), used twice in the makkah account (Shemos 8:13 to 14)כנעניtrader"Canaanite" used for "merchant" (Pesachim 50a; Rashi and Radak to Yeshayahu 23:8); Malbim places him between the socher and the rochelכָּנָףin the bird group: bird, fowl, winged creature, songbirdכָּנָףwing; edge, cornerthe outermost part of the wing, farthest from the body (Rabbi Wertheimer), hence the edge or periphery of a garment or a land (Bedersi), and hence the wing that sheltersכנרתKinneretthe name in Chumash and Nach, taken from the fortified city of Kinneres in Naftali's territory (Yehoshua 19:35), the prominent town on its shore at the timeכסthroneappears once, in the oath against Amalek (Shemos 17:16); the missing aleph is deliberate, marking that Hashem's Name and throne are incomplete while Amalek stands (Tanchuma, cited by Rashi)כסאthronethe standard word, 135 times in Tanach, always with a final aleph; a seat of rank, covered or canopied to show the honor of the one sitting (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), and by Rambam a seat that implies importance and powerכסהthronethe same word spelled with a final hey, only three times (Melachim I 10:19 twice, Iyov 26:9); Radak treats it as identical to kisse, and Rav Hirsch uses the spelling to link it to keseh, the covered new moon of Rosh Hashanahכסותcoveringworn by covering oneself rather than by dressing, like a shawl (Malbim); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim: it names clothing's power to protect from heat or cold; Maharik takes it the opposite way, as the fitted garmentכסיסהin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateכסלin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeכסניןin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateכססin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateכסףin the money group: money, funds, price, valueכעןin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourכעסin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerכףin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistכפותin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downכפיפהin the basket group: basket, fruit basket, bread basket, cageכפירin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessכפןin the famine group: famine, hunger, starvation, droughtכפרהin the forgiveness group: forgiveness, pardon, atonementכפתורin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsכרswift camel / saddle-basketdisputed: a fast-running camel (Ibn Ezra to Yeshayahu 16:1), a camel's saddle-basket (Ibn Ezra to Bereishis 31:34), or a young sheep (Rabbi Yosef Kimchi)כרגאin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeכרהin the dig group: dig, begin to dig, dig out, dig throughכרוביםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsכרוספדיןin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentכריתותin the excision group: excision, cut off, childless, extirpationכרכורin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceכרכרותswift beastsa prominent kind of camel (Ibn Ezra), any fast-running animal (Radak), or skipping young calves (Rabbi Yosef Bechor Shor)כרמליתintermediate domainread as k'armelis, "like a widow," neither one domain nor the other as she is neither maiden nor wife (Rambam to Shabbos 1:1)כַּרְפַּסin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusכַּרְפַּסin the vegetable group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensכרפסאin the vegetable group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensכָּרֵתin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingכָּרֵתin the excision group: excision, cut off, childless, extirpationכשבin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatכשילlarge axea hapax at Tehillim 74:6; the bigger tool, which throws off scraps large enough that the one who commissioned the work keeps them (Mishnah Bava Kamma 10:10)כתבin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleכתיבהin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseכתםfine goldgold so pure it can be beaten paper-thin (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), which is why the same root gives ketem, a stain that stands outכתףshoulderthe shoulder as a whole (Ohel Moed), or its front (Rabbi Ezra Reuven Dangoor); at Iyov 31:22 it sits atop the shechemכתרin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetלאin the negation group: not, do not, shall not, withoutלאוin the prohibition group: prohibition, warning, forewarning, forbiddenלאוםnation by religion, kingdompeople joined by a shared religion, which can span several kingdoms (Malbim, from the Midrash); a family or clan within a larger nation, cognate to em, mother (Edel)לאלתרin the immediately group: immediately, straightaway, forthwith, on the spotלאמרin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementלאןin the where group: where, where is, whither, to whereלבin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartלבושapparel, dressnot a garment-type but what one dresses in, from lovesh; in usage the distinctive dress of a station, hence levush malchus; Shabbos 77b reads it lo bushah, "no shame"לביאin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessלבלרin the scribe group: scribe, scribes, the Sofrim, the early Sagesלבןwhitethe umbrella Hebrew term, covering every manifestation of white (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the same root gives leveinah (brick), levanah (moon), levonah (frankincense)לְבֵנָהin the rock group: stone, rock, crag, brickלְבָנָהmoonliterally the white one, naming the moon by its perceived color (Rabbi Aharon Marcus)לברךin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלהבin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchלהבהin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchלהביםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsלהגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountלהדרin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלהודותin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלַהַטin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchלַהַטsleight of hand, magic artskishuf performed by the practitioner himself, named for the flash of a turning flame or blade (Sanhedrin 67b with Rashi; Ibn Ezra); its plain sense elsewhere is "flame" (Bereishis 3:24)להללin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלוביםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsלודיםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsלוזin the almond group: almond, almond tree, hazel, watchfulלוחםin the war group: war, battle, combat, campaignלותירLothar, the Rhinelandthe Rishonim's own name for their region, the communities of Mainz, Worms and Speyer, from Lotharingia, the realm of Lothair IIלחin the wetness group: moist, wet, soaked, freshלחיכהin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanלחםin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeלחץin the pressure group: pressure, squeeze, crowding, pressingלטsecret artsthe concealed, undercover method, adjuring sheidim to act on one's behalf (Sanhedrin 67b with Rashi; Ramban from ל-ט, "clandestine")לילךpurple, lilacalso modern, the lilac flower's name extended to the color, as with the modern words for lavender and mauveלינהin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingלישin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessלכלוךin the dirt group: filth, grime, soiling, defilementלמהwhy, for what purposebuilt from la- ("for") plus mah ("what"), so it asks toward what end; Mecklenburg and Malbim make it the question of ultimate purpose, and Rabbi Wertheimer hears complaint or rebuke in itלמואלLemuelat Mishlei 31:1 (Lemoel at 31:4); nam la'El, he spoke to Hashem, with NUN turning to LAMED as dentals do (the Midrash), against the positive readings of Ibn Ezra, Ralbag and Rashiלמודin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingלנצחin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלסטיםin the theft group: stealing, theft, robbery, plunderלספרin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountלעin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethלעיסהin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateלעלהin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלענהin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomלעסin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateלפארin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלפידin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchלקהto be struck, to be impairedpassive where makkeh is active (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), and for the Tiferes Yisrael broader than striking, covering any defect: an eclipsed luminary or discolored blood is lakahלקיקהin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanלקלסin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלרומםin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלשבחin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyלשדin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderלשוןin the language group: language, tongue, lip, speechלשון הקודשin the language group: language, tongue, lip, speechמְאוּמָהin the blemish group: blemish, defect, flaw, deficiencyמְאוּמָהin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtמאיןfrom wherethe same root with a prefixed mem, which reverses it: origin instead of destination (Rabbi Pappenheim)מאמרin the speech group: speech, utterance, saying, statementמארהin the curse group: curse, imprecation, oath-curse, disparagementמבולfloodrain that wastes (bilui), confounds (bilbul) and carries off (movil) (Rashi to Bereishis 6:17); the same water that would have been geshem, when it is not deserved (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)מגבעתin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetמגדin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedמגדיםin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedמגדנותin the coriander group: coriander, cilantro, coriander seed, mustard seedמגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountמגילהin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleמגלin the sickle group: sickle, scythe, reaping hookמגלבin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberמגןin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureמגפהin the plague group: pestilence, plague, epidemic, smitingמדfitted garment, uniformcustom-fitted to its wearer, from moded, "measure"מדברin the wilderness group: wilderness, desert, plain, arid wasteמדועwhy, on what groundsa contraction of mah deah, "what thinking" (Rabbeinu Yonah ibn Janach), so it asks what reasoning stands behind the thing; the neutral word, seeking an answer in earnestמדרגהin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentמדרגותin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentמהin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtמוהלcircumciserthe standard word, and for Rabbi Yissachar Tamar the man whose profession is circumcision and nothing else; post-Biblical, first in the Aramaic form mohalaמוטin the pole group: carrying pole, stave, banner pole, mastמוליךin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeמוםin the blemish group: blemish, defect, flaw, deficiencyמומרin the heretic group: sectarian, heretic, scoffer, denierמונהto count, to tallycounting things worth counting, from maneh, a respectable portion (Mecklenburg); the count is for the total alone, the individual unit carrying nothingמוניניin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanמוסרin the rebuke group: reproof, rebuke, discipline, chastisementמוסרהbond, shacklethe rope that restrains, always in the idiom of loosing it; from ס-ר, removal, since the captive's freedom of movement has been removed (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מוסתרin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedמועדin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeמופנהin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedמופתwonder, portentthe narrower word: a sign that bends nature, from muflah/pele with the lamed dropped (Ramban); every mofet is an oht but not every oht a mofet (Malbim)מוראin the fear group: dread, terror, fright, fearמורדin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceמוֹרָהin the razor group: razor, blade, scissors, fearמוֹרֶהin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceמושיעin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionמוֹשֵׁלin the king group: king, ruler, kingship, dominionמוֹשֵׁלin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeמותin the death group: death, died, dying, passingמזבחaltarthe built-up altar of many stones, on which blood and sacrificial parts are offered; named for zevach, sacrifice, and zoveach, slaughtering (Rashi; Radak, Sefer HaShorashim)מזויןin the armed group: armed, arms, weapon, vanguardמזומןin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeמזוןin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropמזיאin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockמזיגהin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingמזלconstellation, destinyonce in Tanach, of the zodiac constellations (Melachim II 23:5; Berachos 32b); from נ-ז-ל, "flowing," the steady course of the constellations and the flow of Divine influence (Ibn Janach, Radak)מזמורin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyמזמור שירin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyמזרconstellationa hapax (Iyov 38:32); the same as mazal with reish for lamed (Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Menachem, Ibn Janach, Rashi), or a particular star or group of stars (Ibn Ezra)מזרחin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southמחותניםin the in-laws group: father-in-law, mother-in-law, parents-in-law, groomמחזהin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanמחזורin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleמחילהin the forgiveness group: forgiveness, pardon, atonementמחיצהin the wall group: wall, city wall, rampart, partitionמחירin the money group: money, funds, price, valueמחנהin the family group: family, household, camp, kinsmanמחסהin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeמחשבהin the thought group: thought, idea, notion, musingמִטָּהin the bed group: bed, couch, bedstead, cribמַטֶּהin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneמטעהin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errמטרrain (as sent)rain given at its appointed time, and the word used where what falls is sent as judgment (Bereishis 19:24, Shemos 9:18); some make it the general term and geshem the specific oneמיאוןin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelמידin the immediately group: immediately, straightaway, forthwith, on the spotמִילָהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingמִילָּהin the word group: word, spoken word, written word, thingמילתאin the word group: word, spoken word, written word, thingמִיןin the heretic group: sectarian, heretic, scoffer, denierמִיןin the species group: species, kind, type, sortמיניםin the species group: species, kind, type, sortמיצרin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitמישורplain, level groundany flat stretch at all, and it may be dry steppe (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); from yashar, straight, and it carries a moral sense of uprightness as well (Ibn Janach, Radak)מִיתָהin the death group: death, died, dying, passingמִיתָהin the murder group: murder, killing, slaying, striking downמיתרtent cord, bowstringthe string held under tension, whether guying a tent or strung on a bow; from ת-ר, elasticity, whose other side is mattir and muttar, release (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)מָךְin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateמָךְin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedמכהblow, wound, plagueHebrew, and active: the striking, and by extension the wound it leaves and the plague that strikes (Ibn Chayyuj, Ibn Janach, Radak, from נ-כ-ה)מכותblows, lashesthe Torah's own word for judicial flogging (Devarim 25:2-3), and the name of the masechta; for Rabbi Shmuel Taieb the Gemara reserves it for rabbinically ordained lashes, makkos mardusמכמרin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryמכסin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeמכסתin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeמכרכרin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceמלאהin the wine group: wine, new wine, unfermented grape juice, red wineמלאךin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryמְלָאכָהin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryמְלָאכָהin the work group: work, labor, service, toilמלאכיםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsמלאכת עבודהin the work group: work, labor, service, toilמלבושin the clothing group: garment, clothing, apparel, coveringמְלוּכָהin the king group: king, ruler, kingship, dominionמְלוּכָהin the synonyms group: word, thing, said, spokeמלחמהin the war group: war, battle, combat, campaignמליץin the advocate group: defender, advocate, intercessor, character witnessמליץ יושרin the advocate group: defender, advocate, intercessor, character witnessמליקהin the licking group: lick, lap up, lick away, lick cleanמלךin the king group: king, ruler, kingship, dominionמלך מצריםin the the Egyptian monarch group: Pharaoh, King of Egyptמללin the word group: word, spoken word, written word, thingמלצרin the advocate group: defender, advocate, intercessor, character witnessמלקוחin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootמלקושthe last rainthe rain at the onset of spring, around Pesach; from mekoshesh, reaping, because it falls just before the harvest (Taanis 6a)מלקותflogging, lashesMishnaic and Aramaic in origin, from ל-ק-ה; for Rabbi Shmuel Taieb the term for lashes ordained by the Torahמלתעותin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsממוןin the money group: money, funds, price, valueממזרin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienממראMamrethe plain in which Chevron sits (Rashi to Bereishis 35:27), named for Avraham's ally; a name of the city itself per the Midrashממרהin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceממשלהin the king group: king, ruler, kingship, dominionמנדהin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeמנהגin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeמנהיגin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeמנהלin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeמנחהin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentמניןtally, quorumthe resulting number of a moneh count, and so the quorum of ten, where only the sum matters (the Gra: a general count, against mispar as the specific number)מנעwithholda deliberate refusal (Rabbi Yosef Grayever), total and willful (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim adds that what is withheld ought not to have beenמסin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeמסבירin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationמסוהmask, veilthe Biblical word, only of Moshe's face-covering (Shemos 34:29-35); a cloth over the face with holes for eyes, nose and mouth (Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Parchon), its root sense simply "fabric"מסיבהin the meal group: meal, feast, banquet, drinking-feastמְסִלָּהpaved roada paved road; the making of it, not its width or its traffic, is what sets it apart (given as "is said to refer"; no authority named)מסילהin the paths group: path, street, highway, roundabout wayמסיםin the tax group: tax, levy, conscripted labor, corveeמסךin the curtain group: curtain, partition, screen, veilמַסֵּכָהin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarמַסֵּכָה'molten image (Modern Hebrew: mask)'in Tanach a cast-metal figure, from nesech, "pouring" (Ibn Janach, Radak), as in egel masechah; the "mask" sense is modern, from that root's secondary sense of covering, or from MEM-SAMECH-KAF, mixingמסכןin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateמסכתin the mask group: mask, veil, molten image, faceמסלהin the path group: way, road, path, streetמִסְפָּרnumbera number functioning as a limit, as the mispar of lashes in Devarim 25:2 (Mecklenburg); the Gra makes it the specific number reached, against minyan as the count in generalמְסַפֵּרin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountמספריםin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberמסרףin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntמסרפוin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntמסתורin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedמַעְגָּלcircular patha circular path, derived from igul, a circle (no authority named)מעגלin the paths group: path, street, highway, roundabout wayמעדניםin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightמעוררin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirמעותin the money group: money, funds, price, valueמעטהwrap, coveringwrapping or enveloping generally, not necessarily clothing at allמעילrobe, outer garmentthe outermost layer, from mei'al, "on top" (Malbim); thin and delicate (Wertheimer); kin to me'ilah, betrayal (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)מעלהin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentמעלותin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentמעצדadzethe woodworker's shaping tool, and the smaller of the pair with kashil, so its scraps stay with the craftsman (Mishnah Bava Kamma 10:10); Rashi puts it in the blacksmith's hand insteadמערבin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southמפולםin the wetness group: moist, wet, soaked, freshמפורשin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationמפזזin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceמפקדcensus, mustera third set the article leaves for another time; Rabbi Wertheimer treats mifkad as the word for a specific count, against mispar as the general numberמַצֵּבָהsingle-stone altar, pillar, monumentfrom netziv, a standing pillar; Rashi makes it an altar of one stone, Ramban an idolatrous entrance-pillar and not an altar at allמַצֵּבָהin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarמַצֵּבָהin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingמַצֵּבָהmonument, headstonethe standard word (Bereishis 35:20); it makes the grave visible so that people can come and daven there (Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tukachinsky); from netziv, "standing," a token of the Resurrection (Rabbi Moshe Shick)מצודת ציוןin the Jerusalem group: Tziyon, Zion, Yerushalayim, Jerusalemמצונןin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldמצורEgypt (singular form)Radak has Tanach occasionally naming Egypt in the singular as Matzor (Melachim II 19:24, Yeshayahu 19:6, 37:25); other commentators read matzor there as the common noun, narrow places, not a nameמצורעleper (until purified)still applies once the spot is healed, until the purification is finished (Perlmutter); Chazal expound it as motzi shem ra, one who defames (Erachin 15b)מצחin the forehead group: forehead, brow, top of the headמצחקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportמציאהin the chance group: occurrence, happenstance, chance, accidentמצילin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionמציץin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerמצנפתin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetמְצָרִיםin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitמִצְרַיִםEgyptthe standard word, 680 times in Tanach; first a person, Cham's son (Bereishis 10:6), then the land his descendants held; the yod-mem ending is variously a dual, a mark of the sea (Bereishis Rabbah), or meitzar plus yam (Rabbi Chaim Vital)מקבתmallet, sledgehammerthe heavy hammer, five times in Tanach, the one Yael drove the peg with (Shoftim 4:21); from נ-ק-ב, the tool that makes a hole (Ibn Janach, Ibn Parchon, Radak)מקדשBeis HaMikdash, Templethe permanent Temple on Har HaMoriah in Yerushalayim, walled and roofed rather than curtained, larger, and the one whose standing forbids private altars outrightמקודשתin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationמקוםin the place group: place, site, location, spotמקיץin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirמקלin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneמקלטin the survivor group: refugee, survivor, remnant, refugeמקנהlivestocknot property in general but livestock, a man's chief acquisition (Ramban, Radak); from KUF-NUN-HEI, the root of kinyan, acquisitionמקצועin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleמקרהin the chance group: occurrence, happenstance, chance, accidentמקשהin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultמַרְאֶהappearance, sight, colorfrom ra'ah, to see; the whole picture a thing presents, which may take in more than one color, not the single color alone (Malbim to Vayikra 13:5)מַרְאֶהin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanמרגליםspiesmen sent to expose an enemy's soft points; used of Yosef's brothers (Bereishis 42) and Yehoshua's two men (Yehoshua 2:1), never of Moshe's twelveמרגמהsling, catapultMishlei 26:8, the device that launches the stone; from the same root as regimahמרדכיMordechaithe Babylonian name he is known by, sharing the form of Merodach (Yirmiyahu 50:2); Chullin 139b finds it alluded to in mar dror, which Onkelos renders mira dachya, pure myrrhמרחשוןMarcheshvanthe current name, absent from Tanach and first found in Mishnah (Taanis 1:3-4); Rabbi Ernest Klein and Rabbi Dr. Ari Zivotofsky read it as one word meaning "eighth month," against those who parse mar separatelyמְרִיin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceמְרִיin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelמְרִידָהin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceמְרִידָהin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelמריקהin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingמרכזin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartמרקדin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceמשגיחin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerמֹשֶׁהMoshethe name Basyah gave him, and the only one the Torah and Hashem Himself use, her reward for the chesed of taking him in (Vayikra Rabbah 1:3)מֹשֶׁהdraw out of waterpulling something out from within water specifically, never a general pull (Rashbam, Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche); the root of the name Mosheמשומדin the heretic group: sectarian, heretic, scoffer, denierמשחיתin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryמשיsilkwhat is drawn out of the silkworm's body (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Ibn Janach and Radak put it under מ-ש-ה, Menachem Ibn Saruk under מ-ש-ימשךpull, drawthe general word, taking a thing from its place by bringing it toward oneself, and so the hypernym that includes moshe (Rabbi David Chaim Chelouche); also stretch, drag, leadמשכוןcollateral, pledgethe general Mishnaic noun; from ש-כ-נ, an item that "dwells" in the creditor's house until redeemed (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur), and for Tosafos Yom Tov given for a debt already owedמשכןMishkan, Tabernaclethe portable, temporary Sanctuary of the wilderness and of Gilgal, Shiloh, Nov and Givon; from le'shaken and Shechinah, Hashem's dwelling, and built of curtains and clothמִשְׁעוֹלfootpatha pedestrian footpath, for a man on foot (no authority named)משעולin the paths group: path, street, highway, roundabout wayמשעיsmoothnessYechezkel 16:4, the smoothing that bathing gives the skin (Radak); Menachem Ibn Saruk and Rashi read it instead from shaashua, bathing for pleasureמשעןin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeמשענתin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneמשפחהin the family group: family, household, camp, kinsmanמשפטin the law group: law, judgment, verdict, statuteמשקin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterמשקדיםin the almond group: almond, almond tree, hazel, watchfulמשקהin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterמשרוקיתאin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterמשתהin the meal group: meal, feast, banquet, drinking-feastמתin the death group: death, died, dying, passingמתגin the muzzle group: muzzle, bit, bridle, reinsמתוקsweetsweetness to the palate, the objective taste that is the opposite of bitter (Vilna Gaon; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim), borrowed for anything commonly agreed to be goodמתורגמןin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanמְתַלְּעוֹתin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsמְתַלְּעוֹתin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethמתןin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentמתנהin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentמתערin the razor group: razor, blade, scissors, fearנָאin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourנָאin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainנאםin the speech group: declaration, utterance, oracle, declareנאץin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerנאקהshe-camelthe Mishnaic word for a grown female camel (Shabbos 5:1, Keilim 23:2); on Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim's system it belongs to נ-ק, emptying or cleaning, the root of nursingנבוךin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingנבוןin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeנביאin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanנבלin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistנבלהin the corpse group: corpse, carcass, cadaver, the slainנֶגֶבin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southנֶגֶבin the dry group: dry, dried out, parched, aridנגיחהin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springנגישהin the pressure group: pressure, squeeze, crowding, pressingנגעspot, plague-spot, afflictionfrom "touching," the meeting point between the man and what strikes him (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); for the Arizal a pure, Divine blow that brings the tzaraas to the surface, not the impurity itselfנגףin the plague group: pestilence, plague, epidemic, smitingנדבהin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeנדרin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeנדרי הבאיin the exaggeration group: hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement, figure of speechנדריםin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeנהלin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeנהמאin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeנהרin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookנהרותin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookנוגשיםin the pressure group: pressure, squeeze, crowding, pressingנודin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistנוהגin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeנוהםgrowlsthe well fed lion gone wild with satisfaction (Rashi); from ה-ם, storminess, so a deliberate venting of inner turmoil (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נוהקbraysthe wild donkey's cry; from ק, expulsion, moaning that clears the heart of its suffering (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נוןfishthe Aramaic word for fish and the Targumim's rendering of dag; it never once appears in Tanach, which Rabbi Aharon Marcus explains as deliberate, the nations having made Nun into a deityנונאin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanנוערlets out a roarsaid of a lion cub in Tanach and borrowed for a donkey in the Gemara (Sefer HaAruch); from ע-ר, revealing, a sound suddenly disclosed (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נופתin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingנוצהfeatherthe biblical word for a feather itself, as against the wing (Vayikra 1:16; Yechezkel 17:3, 17:7; Iyov 39:13)נוראin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchנזרin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetנח נפשיהin the death group: death, died, dying, passingנחהin the leading group: lead, drive, guide, takeנחירהin the slaughter group: ritual slaughter, sacrificial slaughter, butchering, slaughtering for foodנחיריםin the nose group: nose, nostril, face, angerנחלin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookנחלהin the inheritance group: inheritance, patrimony, holding, ancestral holdingנחליםin the river group: river, canal, stream, brookנחמהin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingנחשin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderנטיפותin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentנטירהin the guarding group: guard, watch, safeguard, keepנטףin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceניבin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanניביin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsנימאin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockנימוסin the law group: law, judgment, verdict, statuteניןin the fish group: fish, sea monster, offspringניסהin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightניפולin the chick group: hatchling, fledgling, nestling, young doveנישואיןin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationנכאתspice (or, per the Midrash, wax)ordinarily a spice in the Yosef narrative, but Bereishis Rabbah 91:11 and the Targumim render it shaavah, waxנכמרוin the priest group: priest, idolatrous priest, priest of an idol, temple functionaryנכסיםassetsalways plural, and the standard rabbinic word for a person's total assets; from kisui, "covered," because wealth is hidden from one and revealed to another (Bamidbar Rabbah 22:8), or from kis, a pocket, as what a man pockets (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)נכרin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienנכריin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienנכריהin the stranger group: stranger, outsider, foreigner, alienנמוךin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedננסin the shortness of stature group: short, dwarf, low, stuntedנָסin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightנֵסin the pole group: carrying pole, stave, banner pole, mastנסיכהin the princess group: my princess, princess, prince, rulershipנסתרin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedנעורin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirנָעִיםin the good group: good, pleasant, pleasantness, fineנָעִיםpleasantfor the Vilna Gaon, appeal to the eye; for Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, not a physical property at all but the pleasure the soul takes in a thing, from the root shared with im, "with"נעלםin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedנעםin the good group: good, pleasant, pleasantness, fineנערin the youth group: youth, lad, young man, young womanנערהin the youth group: youth, lad, young man, young womanנעריםin the youth group: youth, lad, young man, young womanנפהin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingנפטרin the death group: death, died, dying, passingנֶפֶשׁin the soul group: soul, life-soul, spirit, higher soulנֶפֶשׁmemorialthe Mishnaic word (Shekalim 2:5); it honors the deceased and his soul, which may linger by the resting place of its body (Tukachinsky); Rabbi Eliyahu Katz ties it instead to vayinafash, restנצבin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingנֶצַחin the forever group: forever, everlasting, perpetual, eternityנֶצַחin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyנצירהin the guarding group: guard, watch, safeguard, keepנרin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchנרקיסdaffodilthe identification of chavatzeles adopted by Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chaim 216:9), against an alternate view there that it is a lilyנשהin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseנשיאin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistנשמהin the soul group: soul, life-soul, spirit, higher soulנשניin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseנתחin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingנָתִיבpath, narrow pathshorter and/or narrower than a derech (given as "others explain"; no authority named), and in the Zohar's approach private, open only to select individuals, where a derech is open to the publicנתיבin the paths group: path, street, highway, roundabout wayנתיבהin the path group: way, road, path, streetנתןin the placing group: place, put, set, layסבאin the drunkenness group: swilling, drinking to excess, drunkenness, getting drunkסביבin the around group: around, about, encircle, circuitסבראin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationסגולpurple, violeta Modern Hebrew coinage of 1894 (Yechiel Michel Pines), from the siglei, the violet flower Rashi describes at Berachos 43bסגי נהורone with light enoughliterally "abundant light," a euphemism by antiphrasis; or literally true, his other senses sharpened so that he does have light enough (Kli Yakar)סהדwitness (Aramaic)the Aramaic and Syriac word, twice in Tanach only (Bereishis 31:47, Iyov 16:19); focused on relaying what he saw rather than on knowing it (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer)סהרcrescent moonnaming the moon by its shape; others hold it is not Hebrew at all but an Aramaic loanword used for the moonסוגin the species group: species, kind, type, sortסודin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterסודרin the veil group: veil, shawl, wrap, headclothסוחרmerchant, wholesalerthe general Biblical word; a wholesaler who buys in bulk and supplies the rochel (Malbim to Yechezkel 27:3), and who travels from town to town (Rashi to Eruvin 55a)סוטהthe suspected wifenamed for having turned aside from the path of fidelityסוכהin the canopy group: canopy, wedding canopy, booth, coveringסולםin the level group: level, step, stair, ascentסולתin the flour group: flour, whole wheat flour, fine flour, white flourסומאblind manthe Aramaic of the Gemara and Targumim; the root of the name Samael, hence the tradition that the angel is himself blind (Zohar; Rabbi Mordechai HaKohen of Tzfas)סומקred (Aramaic)the plain Talmudic Aramaic red, and the Targumim's word for adom and chachlilei (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur, Meturgaman)סוסhorsethe general word, some 140 times in Tanach; root linked to sasson, gladness, the horse being the liveliest and happiest of animals (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Rav Hirsch, Tzror HaMor)סוףin the marsh group: marsh, marshland, swamp, pondסופרin the scribe group: scribe, scribes, the Sofrim, the early Sagesסופריםin the scribe group: scribe, scribes, the Sofrim, the early Sagesסותהhis garmentYehudah's "clothing" in Bereishis 49:11, taken by Rashbam, Ibn Ezra and Chizkuni as a cognate of masveh, which is what makes masveh mean "fabric" at rootסטיהdeviationleaving a marked track; spelled with a sin in Tanach and a samech in Rabbinic Hebrew, and the root behind sotah, shoteh, satan and shtusסיחin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyסיכיםin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleסימןin the placing group: place, put, set, layסימפוןin the blemish group: blemish, defect, flaw, deficiencyסינרin the hat and belt group: turban, headdress, cap, helmetסירובin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelסיריםin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleסכךin the canopy group: canopy, wedding canopy, booth, coveringסלbasketthe ordinary word, fifteen appearances; a bread basket for Rabbi Pappenheim, since it is in daily use, though he allows it for meat or grapes too; from "lifting" for Rav Hirschסלהin the forever group: forever, everlasting, perpetual, eternityסלוןin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleסלוניםin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelסליחהin the forgiveness group: forgiveness, pardon, atonementסֶלַעselathe Mishnaic name for exactly what Tanach calls a shekel (Yerushalmi Kiddushin 1:3; Rashi, Rambam, Sefer HaChinuch); its other Mishnaic sense is still "rock"סֶלַעin the rock group: stone, rock, crag, brickסֶלַעin the rock group: flintrock, hard rock, flint, cragסלעםin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidסם המותin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomסמידאin the flour group: flour, whole wheat flour, fine flour, white flourסמיכהin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeסמיםin the placing group: place, put, set, layסנדלsandal-fisha flat limbless fish (Niddah 25b), the shape a certain miscarried fetus is compared to; Meiri describes a free-floating piece of flesh with no defined limbsסנהin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleסנוריםdazzlement, disordered sightnot plain blindness but confusion or distortion of vision, struck miraculously (Rashbam; Malbim); only three occurrences in Tanachסניגורin the advocate group: defender, advocate, intercessor, character witnessסָעַדin the meal group: meal, feast, banquet, drinking-feastסָעַדin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeסעודהin the meal group: meal, feast, banquet, drinking-feastספוןin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedספורin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountספינהship, boatonce in Tanach (Yonah 1:5), then the ordinary Mishnaic word; possibly a lesser vessel kept near shore, unfit for the open sea (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)ספירsapphirea blue precious stone, not a color word: the second stone in the second row of the Choshen, and the stone of the Luchos (Shemos 24:10; Rabbeinu Bachya)ספירהcounting (a marked, qualitative count)a count in which each unit is marked and something is required of it, not only the total (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); linked to sapir, the flawless gem, since the count is meant to purify the counterסֵפֶרin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleסְפָרin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitסֹפֵרin the counting group: count, number, tally, quorumסַפָּרin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberספר המקנהin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedספר כריתותin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedספראin the scribe group: scribe, scribes, the Sofrim, the early Sagesסקילהstoningthe act of throwing stones, which need not be fatal (Yashar; Shimi ben Geira "stoned" Dovid HaMelech without killing him); the same root also means clearing a field of stonesסרביםin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelסרבןin the refusal group: refuse, refusal, decline, rebelסרקin the grapevine group: grapevine, vine, choice vine, tendrilסֵתֶרin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedסֵתֶרin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterעבin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistעבדslave, bondsmancovers both the Jewish and the non-Jewish male, because an eved Ivri loses something of his standing as a Jew (Moshav Zekeinim; Rabbi Moshe Sherrow), so no second word was neededעבודהin the work group: work, labor, service, toilעבוטpledge, securitya pledge given by agreement rather than seized (Tedeschi-Ashkenazi); tied to eved, the borrower bound to his creditor (Rav Hirsch)עבורin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropעבותthick rope, cablea rope thicker than usual because more fibers are worked into it (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, from av, thick); Malbim: three chevel or moseirah strands braided togetherעבירהin the sin group: sin, inadvertent sin, iniquity, willful sinעברside, the far sidethe noun behind ivri, meaning both a side of a scale and the far bank of a river; also the name of Shem's great-grandsonעֶבְרָהin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerעֲבָרָהin the boats group: ship, boat, raft, ferryעבריHebrewfirst said of Avraham (Bereishis 14:13); either the man on the other side (ever) of the world's scale, or a descendant of Ever, or one from beyond the Euphrates (Bereishis Rabbah 42:8); for Rabbeinu Bachya it marks a lower spiritual standing than Yisraelעגבin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentעגביםin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentעגלin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferעגלהin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferעגםin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeעַדin the forever group: forever, everlasting, perpetual, eternityעֵדwitness, testimonyan oht merely reminds; an eid reminds and moves a person to act (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עַדin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootעֵדwitnessthe Hebrew word; the one who was there and knows, so his testimony ties the deed to the doer (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); it carries a second sense of "warn"עדהcongregationa body joined for a stated purpose (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi); the Vilna Gaon, a gathering of the righteousעדותtestimonywhat the eid gives; also a class of mitzvos that testify to what happened to Klal Yisrael, and a name for the Torah itself, which warns (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עדיin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootעדיןin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעדןin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעדנהin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעוגהcake, flat round loafround is the word's core sense, not the baking; Choni draws his circle with ug ugah (Taanis 23a), and an ugah shel mayim is a round water pit (Rashi to Chullin 41a); Rabbi Shaul Goldman: flat and two-dimensional, against the spherical kikarעוללtoddlerfrom ע-ל, on top, hence the weaned child who now gets himself up to seek food (Pappenheim); the earliest of the ע-ל stages, before elemעולםin the forever group: forever, everlasting, perpetual, eternityעומדin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingעוןin the sin group: sin, inadvertent sin, iniquity, willful sinעונגin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעוסקin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingעוףin the bird group: bird, fowl, winged creature, songbirdעורblindthe Biblical word; from ohr, "skin," since the common blindness is a membrane grown over a working eye, so the faculty is obstructed rather than absent (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עורהin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirעורוןblindnessthe condition itself, as against the person; the Biblical noun beside averesעֵזin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatעֹזin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismעטיניםin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderעטרהin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetעידןin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourעילויin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyעיןcolorconstruct of ayin, eye; the one specific color of a thing, since the eye is the instrument that tells colors apart (Raavad I, Emunah HaRamah), and Rambam's regular word for colorעינויafflictionthe Torah's own term for what is required on Yom Kippur (Vayikra 23:27 to 32, Bamidbar 29:7), of which not eating and drinking is one partעיסהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughעיףtired, wearytired with something still left in him (Rabbi Shimon Schwab); worn down by continuous repeated exertion (Rabbi Yosef of Saragossa) or by a naturally low reserve of energy (Malbim). Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer takes it the other way, as fatigue to the point of fainting, and hence also "thirsty"עיפאin the veil group: veil, shawl, wrap, headclothעירin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyעיר דודCity of DavidTanach's other name for Tziyon, also Metzudas David, a fortress with a wall of its own (Rashi to Shmuel II 8:7)עיר התמריםthe City of DatesDevarim 34:3 and Divrei HaYamim II 28:15; where the phrase stands alone (Shoftim 1:16) Targum and Rashi identify it as Jericho, and Radak explains the city was thick with date palmsעירובin the mixing group: mixing, intermingling, blending, dilutingעיריןin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsעכסin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomעכשובin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderעכשיוin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourעל אתרin the immediately group: immediately, straightaway, forthwith, on the spotעֲלוּקָהAlukahat Mishlei 30:15, literally a leech; the Rid counts it an eighth name, for one who drank in every kind of wisdom, and Tosafos deny it can be Shlomo since it is not among the sevenעֲלוּקָהin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionעֶלֶםyoung manfrom ע-ל, on top, hence one who has grown up to nearly his full height (Pappenheim); against naar, elem marks physical maturity where naar marks the mind (Mecklenburg)עֶלֶםin the youth group: youth, lad, young man, young womanעלמהin the youth group: youth, lad, young man, young womanעַםpeople, nationthe narrower word, a body of people united under one king, leader, or God (Heidenheim, Malbim), or like-minded people who act alike (Wertheimer); hence it takes possessive forms, ami, amcha (Mecklenburg, Malbim)עִםin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withעמוin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withעמיin the with group: with, alongside, together with, in company withעמידהin the standing group: standing, stationed, taking up a position, remaining standingעמיתin the friend group: friend, companion, confidant, fellowעמרin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafענגin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightענוגin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightעניin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateענמיםin the Egypt group: Egypt, Upper Egypt, the Land of Cham, straitsענןin the clouds group: cloud, thundercloud, thick cloud, mistענףin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingעסיסpressed juicenamed from the pressing itself, from issui, "squeeze, press" (Rabbi Moshe Ibn Ezra)עסקdealing, matter, businessin Tanach the root ע-ש-ק appears only at Bereishis 26:20, where Avimelech's shepherds fought over the well; in Mishnaic Hebrew, with a samech, being busy with a matter, often so busy that one does the other thing unawaresעסקןcommunal activistone who takes the trouble to see to a thing himself rather than take it on report, as Rabbi Shimon ben Chalafta was called an askan (Rashi to Chullin 57b); rolls up his sleeves rather than intercedesעפףin the around group: around, about, encircle, circuitעפרin the dust group: dirt, soil, ashes, dustעץtree, woodthe Hebrew word, and in Tanach it covers both the living tree and its cut wood; from the same family as atzum, strong, and etzem, bone, for the hardness that sets a tree apart from grass (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עצבותin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerעצביםin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarעצהkidneys, or the base of the spinea hapax at Vayikra 3:9; the kidneys, which give eitzah to the heart (Chullin 11a; Rashi, Rashbam), or the end of the spine (Targum Onkelos, Ibn Janach, Radak)עֶצֶםbone, the thing itselfthe bone as the hard, durable, self-contained part (Rav Hirsch); for the Vilna Gaon its hard outer surface, and for Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer the general word covering every kind of boneעֹצֶםin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismעצרתAssemblythe name of Chazal, never used for Shavuos in the Torah itself (Midrash Lekach Tov); read as "conclusion" of Pesach (Munkatcher Rebbe, Kedushas Levi) or as "gathering" after Yom HaKahal (Rabbi Dovid Tzvi Hoffmann, Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)עקידהin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downעקרבin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleערin the waking group: wake up, awaken, rouse, stirערבpleasingsubjective sweetness, what appeals to this person; used of a voice and a scent, almost never of food (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)עֲרֵבָהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughעֲרָבָהin the wilderness group: wilderness, desert, plain, arid wasteערודin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyערוםin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafעֲרִיסָהin the bed group: bed, couch, bedstead, cribעֲרִיסָהin the dough group: dough, batch of dough, kneading trough, risen doughעריריin the excision group: excision, cut off, childless, extirpationעריריםin the excision group: excision, cut off, childless, extirpationערמהin the pile group: pile, heap, stack, sheafערסin the bed group: bed, couch, bedstead, cribערקin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightערשin the bed group: bed, couch, bedstead, cribעשןin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerעשקin the communal activist group: communal activist, intercessor, effort, dealingעשתי(the element in ashtei asar)from al plus shteim-asar, "upon twelve" (Ibn Janach); or from ashtonot, "thoughts," what is born out of ten (Ibn Ezra); or from eshet, a swollen body, a bloated ten (Rabbi Meir Mintzberg); Radak: unknownעשתי עשרeleventheleven as an extension of ten rather than a number of its own; never prefixed with ha- (Rabbi Meir Mintzberg), and used where only the eleventh of a set is meant (Peirush HaRokeach)עשתי עשרהin the eleven group: eleven, eleventhעֵתin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourעֵתin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeעתהin the now group: now, at present, nowadays, at this hourעתודin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatעתידin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeעַתִּיקin the old age group: elder, old age, aged, ancientפאהin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleפארin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyפגin the blemish group: blemish, defect, flaw, deficiencyפגםin the blemish group: blemish, defect, flaw, deficiencyפגרin the corpse group: corpse, carcass, cadaver, the slainפגריםin the corpse group: corpse, carcass, cadaver, the slainפדהin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפדותin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפדחתin the forehead group: forehead, brow, top of the headפדיוןin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפדןfield, plainthe Aramaic of sadeh, proved by Hoshea calling the same place Sdeh Aram (Rashi, Ibn Ezra)פדעin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפדרin the fat group: fat, forbidden fat, permitted fat, suetפהherethe common word, and the narrow one, a specific spot inside a larger place (Rabbi Shmuel David Luzzatto); used to someone already standing with the speaker (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer)פודהin the redemption group: redemption, deliverance, ransom, redeemפולמוסin the war group: war, battle, combat, campaignפומביin the public group: in public, publicly, the community, the congregationפוצרpresses, urgespoking or prodding at someone until he gives in (Rav Hirsch); Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg takes the second occurrence in Sedom as a literal shoveפּוּרin the lottery group: lot, lottery, portion, allotmentפּוּרin the nullify group: nullify, annul, void, restrainפורקןin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionפותרin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationפזfine goldthe purest and rarest gold (Radak, Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer), which glitters as though dancing, from פ-ז, quick movement (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); Ibn Ezra makes it a precious stone insteadפזזin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceפחדin the fear group: dread, terror, fright, fearפטורin the death group: death, died, dying, passingפטירהin the death group: death, died, dying, passingפטישhammerthree times in Tanach; "a big makeves" (Radak, Sefer HaShorashim), the blacksmith's hammer (Rashi to Shabbos 21b); the plain word for hammer todayפייסin the lottery group: lot, lottery, portion, allotmentפילin the elephant group: elephant, ivory, tuskפינהin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleפינוקin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightפיסחin the jumping group: skipping, jumping, leaping, passing overפירושin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationפיתאin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeפיתוחin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseפךflask, small juga pottery jug for oil, smaller than a chavis (Rashi to Avodah Zarah 71b); named either for the liquid that flows out of it (Radak) or for its narrow neck, which must be turned upside down to empty (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)פלדשin the elephant group: elephant, ivory, tuskפלחin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingפלטיןin the palace group: palace, castle, fortress, citadelפליטin the survivor group: refugee, survivor, remnant, refugeפליטהescape, deliverance (a palit is a refugee)saving by being spit out or expelled from the place of danger; the root's core sense is "emit, expel," as in Targum for Yonah being spit out by the fish, and a vessel expunging absorbed tasteפלילהin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationפמליאin the family group: family, household, camp, kinsmanפןin the maybe group: maybe, perhaps, lestפנגin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceפנויin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedפנויהin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedפָּנִיםin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerפָּנִיםin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southפסחin the jumping group: skipping, jumping, leaping, passing overפֶּסֶלin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarפָּסַלin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseפסקbreak offcutting something off in the middle, once begun (Rabbi Yosef Grayever); literally to split, and Onkelos' default rendering for several of the othersפעםin the foot group: foot, step, corner, timeפעמוןin the foot group: foot, step, corner, timeפעמותיוin the foot group: foot, step, corner, timeפצעopen wound, lacerationthe skin is opened and it bleeds out (Rashi to Shemos 21:25; Gra); from potzeh, "to open," and a forced opening at that, the victim no more choosing it than the ground chose to open for Korach (Rav Hirsch)פקדin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toפקדוןin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toפקידהin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toפרin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferפראin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyפרגודin the curtain group: curtain, partition, screen, veilפרגיתin the chick group: hatchling, fledgling, nestling, young doveפרדin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyפרדהin the donkey group: donkey, ass, she-ass, jennyפרדסin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureפרהin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferפרהסיאin the public group: in public, publicly, the community, the congregationפָּרוֹכֶתin the curtain group: curtain, partition, screen, veilפָּרוֹכֶתin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultפרומביאin the muzzle group: muzzle, bit, bridle, reinsפרימהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingפרךin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultפרסוםin the public group: in public, publicly, the community, the congregationפרעהin the the Egyptian monarch group: Pharaoh, King of Egyptפרעה מלך מצריםin the the Egyptian monarch group: Pharaoh, King of Egyptפרעשfleanot a louse but a black, jumping kinah (*Metzudas Tziyon* to Shmuel I 24:14), the creature David compares himself to before Shaulפרצוףfacea Greek loan-word (prosopon, "toward the eyes"), and the term the early poskim actually use for the Purim custom of wearing masks (Mahari Mintz, Rema OC 696:8)פרקליטin the advocate group: defender, advocate, intercessor, character witnessפשטידהin the cake group: cake, flat round loaf, loaf, fine breadפֶּשַׁעin the rebellion group: rebellion, revolt, defiance, negligenceפֶּשַׁעin the sin group: sin, inadvertent sin, iniquity, willful sinפשרin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationפשתהin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusפשתיםin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusפתin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeפתאוםsuddenly, all at oncethe broader word, covering shogeg, oness and even meizid (Kerisus 9a); Rav Hirsch makes it the objective surprise, which no forecasting could have caught; Rabbi Pappenheim reverses both readingsפתויin the suddenly group: suddenly, all at once, unforeseen, simple-mindedפתוראtablethe Targumim's standing Aramaic rendering of shulchan; for Rabbi Mordechai Dov Yudelovitch the large communal dining tableפתחיהPetachyahhis Hebrew name (Mishnah Shekalim 5:1), from פ-ת-ח, because he would open with words and expound them, and knew seventy languagesפתיsimpleton, one easily swayedfrom petach, "open," hence open and susceptible to outside impressions (Rav Hirsch); the Gemara uses its resemblance to pitom to widen pitom's rangeפתילin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentפתיתהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingפתןin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderפתעsuddenly (with no warning one could have used)the Gemara (Kerisus 9a) fixes it on shogeg alone; Rashi reads it as immediacy, one event following another too fast to have guarded against; Rav Hirsch makes it the subjective surprise, foreseeable had one thought it throughפתרוןin the explanation group: explanation, commentary, elucidation, clarificationפתרוסUpper Egyptnot a synonym for Mitzrayim; either a son of Mitzrayim and his people (Bereishis 10:14) or, in Egyptian, the land of the south, Upper Egypt (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); the paytan Yanai uses it for Egypt as a whole by poetic licenseצאןin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatצבturtle; covered wagonthe turtle looks bloated by its shell, and the covered wagon is shaped like the turtle (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, on Vayikra 11:29 and Bamidbar 7:3)צבאlegion, armyliterally a gathering of people, an army only because they share one want (Rav Hirsch, Rabbi Chaim Friedlander); on the two-letter root, a standing force ready for orders, against a militia that must be assembled (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)צְבִיsplendor, glory; desire; deerRashi reads it as beauty, Radak as desire and glory; the same word names the deer (Devarim 14:5), which Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim ties to desire and Rabbi Aharon Marcus to its stately standingצְבִיin the will group: will, want, desire, yearningצביוןconsent, or ideal formRashi and Rabbeinu Gershom: each part of creation was made according to its will, having consented; the Ritva, following the Aruch, reads beauty, each thing made in its most beautiful formצבעcolor, dye, colorantthe color a thing is given, from tzovea, dyeing; an artificial color imposed by painting or dyeing, as against a thing's natural color (Shadal)צהרbrightness, noonthe root Rabbi Yosef Kimchi gives for yitzhar, since oil is clear and shining (Radak); Ibn Ezra takes the "noon" sense, since lamp oil gives light like the sun at middayצוםfastthe Biblical word, near fifty times, for abstaining from food; Radak in his father's name derives it from "gathering", as in tzomes hagidim, where the sinews converge, so a tzom is a fast the whole community joinsצומתin the fasting group: fast, fast day, affliction, gatheringצונןin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldצופהin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerצורin the rock group: flintrock, hard rock, flint, cragצוררin the enemy group: enemy, foe, hater, adversaryצחin the forehead group: forehead, brow, top of the headצחוקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportצחנתאin the fish group: fish, fishes, small fish, fishermanצחרwhite, or combeddisputed; Rashi reads "white" (Shoftim 5:10, Yechezkel 27:18), Ibn Janach and Rabbi Avraham Bedersi read "combed," white only as a by-productציlarge ship, warshipan especially large vessel (Rashi to Bamidbar 24:24, Yeshayahu 23:13), typically a battleship, built big and strong (Malbim)ציבורin the public group: in public, publicly, the community, the congregationציהin the wilderness group: wilderness, desert, plain, arid wasteצִיּוּןoutstanding, a markerthe common noun behind the name, used where tziyon stands for the Beis HaMikdash (Yoel 4:18, Tehillim 2:6) or for Klal Yisrael (Yeshayahu 51:3), it is this word, not the place name (Tukachinsky)צִיּוּןmarkerit fixes exactly where the body lies so that others, Kohanim above all, do not contract tumah (Tukachinsky); as a road marker it reminds the passerby where he is headed (Rabbi Asher Pollak)צייקןin the miser group: miser, cheapskate, stingy, tightfistedציפורin the bird group: bird, fowl, winged creature, songbirdצִיץin the forehead group: forehead, brow, top of the headצִיץin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentציציתin the fringes group: fringes, braided cords, thread, four-cornered garmentצירin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryצלמותin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionצלצלin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidצמאוןin the wilderness group: wilderness, desert, plain, arid wasteצמר גפןin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusצנהin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldצניםin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldצנניםin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldצנעאin the public group: in public, publicly, the community, the congregationצעיףin the veil group: veil, shawl, wrap, headclothצעקהin the crying out group: cry out, outcry, cry for help, pleaצָפוֹןin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southצָפוּןin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedצפוניin the locust group: locust, grasshopper, cricket, katydidצפנת פענחrevealer of mysteriesPharaoh's name for him (Bereishis 41:45); Rashi "revealer of mysteries," Chasam Sofer "concealer of mysteries"צפעin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderצפעוניin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderצפצוףin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterצַפְרָאin the bird group: bird, fowl, winged creature, songbirdצַפְרָאin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightצפרדעin the plague group: pestilence, plague, epidemic, smitingצרin the enemy group: enemy, foe, hater, adversaryצרועleper (while afflicted)the man while the affliction is actually on him (Rabbi Eliezer Perlmutter, Even Moshe); Shadal: one who has only a single negaצרורin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downצריin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceצרעהhornet, pestilencesame root; Ibn Ezra and Ibn Janach make it a malady sent against the Canaanites, Ibn Saruk keeps it a separate category with no shared senseצרעתleprosy, the affliction itselfthe impurity that clings to the person because of sin, the malady proper (Arizal, Shaar HaMitzvos); Ibn Ezra reads it as "disease" in a general senseקבהin the curse group: curse, imprecation, oath-curse, disparagementקבץcollectinggathering without necessarily bringing in (Malbim), or arranging into one place what is already inside (Vilna Gaon); Radak, gathering what is far-flung; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, gathering piece by pieceקדושmartyr, holy onethe Jewish term for one killed al kiddush Hashem, from "holy," never from "witness" as the Syriac and Arabic terms for martyr areקדישיןin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsקֶדֶםin the beginning group: beginning, first, foremost, headקֶדֶםin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southקהילהassemblyany gathering of people, and of people only, never animals or objects (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); tied to kol, a sound summoning themקהלDay of the CongregationDevarim 18:16, the Torah's name for the day of Matan Torah, and the ground for reading Atzeres as gathering (Rabbi Dovid Tzvi Hoffmann)קהלתKohelesfrom hakhel and kahal: because his teachings were said in gatherings, "then Shlomo gathered" (Melachim I 8:1), or because he gathered up many kinds of wisdom (Rashi to Koheles 1:1)קוגלin the cake group: cake, flat round loaf, loaf, fine breadקומץin the miser group: miser, cheapskate, stingy, tightfistedקונטרסin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleקונםin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeקוץin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleקורin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldקורנסsmith's hammerMishnaic only, the hammer that beat the Menorah from one block of gold (Rashi to Shemos 25:31); "a big makeves" (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur) or "a small makeves" (Sefer HeAruch)קושיאin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultקטבin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingקטגורin the advocate group: defender, advocate, intercessor, character witnessקטילהkilling (Aramaic); striking downthe Targumim's word for both Hebrew terms, and the ordinary Aramaic verb; in Hebrew Rabbi Pappenheim limits it to striking a man to the verge of death, and its Talmudic sense of "cutting" may be its coreקטיפהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingקטירהin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downקטףin the balsam group: balsam, balsam oil, balm, fragranceקידושיןin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationקילוסin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyקימושin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleקינוחin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingקירin the wall group: wall, city wall, rampart, partitionקיראwaxnot Hebrew or Aramaic at all but a loan-word from Greek keros / Latin cera, used in the Gemara alongside keirosa and kiriקירובdraw near, bring closerclosing a gap between equals, still on the way (Malbim, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); the abstract nearness of a meeting of minds (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg), or simply reducing distance, of animals as well as people (Rav Hirsch)קלוןin the disgrace group: disparagement, disgrace, dishonor, cheapeningקליטהrefuge, being taken insaving by being received into a safe space, as an ir miklat receives the accidental killer; post-biblical, and not intrinsically about rescue at allקללהin the curse group: curse, imprecation, oath-curse, disparagementקלמתאlice (Aramaic)the Targum's word for kinnim (Onkelos and Targum Yonasan to Shemos 8:12 to 14); the Gemara's form is kalmei (Berachos 51b, Niddah 20b), which Rashi identifies with itקלפיin the lottery group: lot, lottery, portion, allotmentקמהin the flour group: flour, whole wheat flour, fine flour, white flourקמחin the flour group: flour, whole wheat flour, fine flour, white flourקמיצהin the miser group: miser, cheapskate, stingy, tightfistedקמצןin the miser group: miser, cheapskate, stingy, tightfistedקןin the garden group: garden, orchard, park, enclosureקָנֶהwindpipeliterally a reed or hollow stalk; the Gemara's standard word for the windpipe, and for Rabbi Yaakov Weil the inner membrane as against the ringed exteriorקָנֶהreed, stem, tubenot a container but a hollow pipe-like item; hollowness is its defining feature, which is why Rashbam and Ibn Ezra hold the Menorah's kanim were hollow insideקניגיאin the war group: war, battle, combat, campaignקנקןjug, jarabsent from Tanach, Mishnaic only; a pottery vessel (Tosafot to Avodah Zarah 32a) used for wine, oil or water; named for its hollow receptacle (Rabbi Ernest Klein, from kaneh)קסקסin the chewing group: chew, chewing, munch, masticateקפיצהin the jumping group: skipping, jumping, leaping, passing overקצהin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleקציצהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingקצירFestival of the HarvestShemos 23:16; the wheat harvest, which ran exactly seven weeks (Rashi to Yirmiyahu 5:24)קצףin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerקרin the cold group: cold, coldness, chill, biting coldקרבin the war group: war, battle, combat, campaignקרדםadze-axe, mattocka double-headed tool, an adze blade on one side of the head and an axe blade on the other (Mishnah Keilim 13:3, and so Radak for the Biblical tool too), against Ibn Janach who defines it "spade"קריin the chance group: occurrence, happenstance, chance, accidentקריעהin the cutting group: splitting, tearing, cutting, severingקריצתאin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightקרית ארבעCity of Four, City of Arbathe older name (Yehoshua 14:15); "four" for a list of fours (Bereishis Rabbah 58:4) or the personal name of the giants' father (Rashi to Yehoshua 14:15)קֶרֶןin the corner group: corner, edge, side, angleקֶרֶןin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetקרקעfloor, groundnot a word for land at all in Biblical Hebrew but the floor under a building or a sea, only later near-synonymous with eretz and adamah (Rabbi Avraham Bedersi)קשהin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultקשיחin the hard group: hard, harsh, rigid, difficultקשירהin the tying group: tie, bind, fasten, tie downקשישin the old age group: elder, old age, aged, ancientקתדראin the chair group: throne, chair, seat, armchairראהin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerרֹאשׁin the beginning group: beginning, first, foremost, headרֹאשׁin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomראשוןin the beginning group: beginning, first, foremost, headראשיתin the beginning group: beginning, first, foremost, headרבin the master group: master, lord, chief, teacherרבוןin the master group: master, lord, chief, teacherרביin the master group: master, lord, chief, teacherרביאboy (Aramaic)Onkelos' standard rendering of yeled (Bereishis 21:8), feminine rivah; from the Aramaic ר-ב, to grow (Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein)רביםin the public group: in public, publicly, the community, the congregationרגזshaking, agitation; angerphysical trembling extended to any agitation (Shadal); in biblical Aramaic and rabbinic usage specifically anger, though not always (Bedersi)רגימהstoning to death, peltingthe result rather than the act, the victim subdued and immobilized under a heap of stones (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim; Yashar), and a communal effort rather than a single throw (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Shapira-Frankfurter)רֶגֶלin the foot group: foot, step, corner, timeרִגֵּלspy outsearching out weakness and vulnerability (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); the verb Devarim uses in hindsight, and the root of regel, the lowest part of the bodyרגםin the stoning group: stoning, pelting, clearing of stones, slingרדידin the veil group: veil, shawl, wrap, headclothרדידיםin the veil group: veil, shawl, wrap, headclothרהבEgypt (as the haughty one)a name for Egypt (Rashi to Bereishis 40:23, Chizkuni to 43:32, Radak to Tehillim 87:4) and the name of the angelic minister of Egypt and of the sea (Bava Basra 74b); the word itself means confident, strong, haughtyרהןdeposit, security given up frontsecurity placed with the lender before or at the loan, to win his trust, and left there continuously until repayment (Tosafos Yom Tov; Rav Hirsch)רואהin the prophet group: prophet, seer, visionary, spokesmanרובהyoungstera stage between naar and elem in Midrash Tadshe; Rashi (Sotah 26a) instead equates it with bachur and with yeledרוגזin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerרווקin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedרוזניםin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterרוחin the soul group: soul, life-soul, spirit, higher soulרוכלpeddlerthe small trader who buys from the socher and hawks door to door (Malbim), often specifically a seller of women's perfumes (Rashi to Vayikra 19:16)רומםin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyרומסtrampletreading that destroys what is underfoot; the destructive counterpart to neutral dorech (Malbim), and the heaviest of the samech/sin/zayin family (Rav Hirsch)רופאphysicianordinarily a doctor; in the circumcision sugyos either the circumciser himself (Rashi to Menachos 42a) or a physician who can also circumcise (Rashi to Avodah Zarah 26b)רושin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomרזin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterרזאin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterרְחוֹבstreetthe road inside a town, against derech the road between towns (given as "some explain"; no authority named)רחובin the paths group: path, street, highway, roundabout wayרחוםin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorרחיםin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentרחימוin the love group: love, fondness, affection, endearmentרחיצהin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingרחלin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatרחםin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterרַחֲמִיםin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastרַחֲמִיםin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorרחמנותin the mercy group: mercy, compassion, grace, favorרטובin the wetness group: moist, wet, soaked, freshרטטin the trembling group: trembling, shuddering, quaking, quiveringרטפשin the wetness group: moist, wet, soaked, freshריחscentfrom ר-י-ח for the classical lexicographers; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim puts it under ר-ח, air, since scent alone travels on the ruachרימהin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethרינהin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationריפתאin the bread group: bread, staple food, loaf, meal-cakeרִיקin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtרֵיקin the unmarried man group: unmarried man, bachelor, single, unattachedריקודin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceרךsoft, young / royalordinarily soft, tender, young; a minority school reads a second rach meaning "king," from the same reich (Sefer Russiana, Pittsburgher Rebbe, Rabbi Chaim Vital)רְכוּשׁin the money group: money, funds, price, valueרְכוּשׁproperty, possessionsmovable goods, gold and silver and the like; a hypernym covering every kind of asset (Radak), or specifically inanimate movables as against livestock (Rav Hirsch); root tied to reches, "binding together" (Rav Hirsch)רכסin the middle group: middle, center, midst, heartרֶכֶשׁcourier horse, swift steed'a specific fast horse, not the general term: a superior young horse (Ibn Janach, Ralbag), a wagon-horse from reches, "tying" (Rav Hirsch), or the king''s own property, rechush (Ibn Ezra)'רָכַשׁin the property group: property, possessions, livestock, assetsרמהin the throwing group: throw away, drop, cast, throwרמותin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingרמזin the secret group: secret, counsel, council, hidden matterרמחspear, lancethe heavy killing weapon, lethal at a single stab even against the highest-ranking man (Ohalei Yehuda); Rav Hirsch ties the root to ramah, "throwing," so it is hurled rather than thrustרמךin the horse group: horse, courier horse, steed, muleרמכיםmares (or, young horses)found only at Esther 8:10, though ramach is in Mishnah Kilayim 8:5; a wild horse (Rambam), the mares that bore the achashtranim (Radak), or simply young ones (Midrash Lekach Tov)רמשcreeping creaturethe light tread of small creatures that walk with the whole body and damage nothing (Ramban, Rav Hirsch); the Kimchis make its root one with ר-מ-ס, the earlier lexicographers keep them apartרנהin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationרסןin the muzzle group: muzzle, bit, bridle, reinsרעin the friend group: friend, companion, confidant, fellowרעבin the famine group: famine, hunger, starvation, droughtרעדהtremblingshaking felt inside the body but not seen from outside (Rabbi Wertheimer), or inner fear that breaks out into visible tremors (Malbim); nine appearancesרעהin the friend group: friend, companion, confidant, fellowרעיהin the friend group: friend, companion, confidant, fellowרעיוןin the thought group: thought, idea, notion, musingרעלin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomרעםin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerרענןin the wetness group: moist, wet, soaked, freshרעשquaking, tumultvigorous movement of any kind, hence an earthquake (Amos 1:1) and, later, noise; Targum renders it ziyahרפסודהraftbeams tied together, the same thing as dovrah (Rashi and Radak to Melachim I 5:23 and Divrei HaYamim II 3:15)רץin the fleeing group: flee, run away, escape, take flightרָצוֹןwilla person's ultimate will, what he really wants underneath, as against chefetz, the immediate tangible goal (Rav Tzvi Yehuda Kook); the same root as eretz, which likewise reaches below the surfaceרָצוֹןin the will group: will, want, desire, yearningרציחהmurderkilling with no legal warrant, the word carrying a verdict on the killer (Rashbam, Rabbi Pappenheim); of people only, never animals or plants (Bedersi), and of the one whose own hand did itרקin the vegetable group: vegetable, green, parsley, greensרקדin the dancing group: dance, whirl, caper, pranceרקםin the artisan group: craftsman, artisan, designer, brocaderרשin the poverty group: poor, destitute, needy, unfortunateרשםin the writing group: write, engrave, inscribe, inciseרתתtrembling (a lighter shake)a lighter form of shaking than raadah or chil (Rabbi Wertheimer); in Chazal it splits, shaking with no fear in it (Chullin 24a) and fear with no shaking (mirtat)שָׁאַבdrawdrawing water with no effort, from a spring or surface pool, no lowering and raising (Malbim); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim ties it to ש-ב, bringing flowing water to restשָׁאַבdraw waterdrawing water, in Tanach almost only from a well (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); which stage of the act it names is disputedשאולin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionשאנןin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשאףinhale, yearndrawing air, not water (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); from there the settled yearning of sheifahשארin the family group: family, household, camp, kinsmanשבויהcaptiveheld in a closed system with no freedom of movement, which is the same picture as the sworn man and the recurring week (Mecklenburg, Pappenheim, Rav Hirsch)שבועweek, seven-year cycleany seven-day span, not tied to the calendar week (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); in Daniel it always means a seven-year periodשְׁבוּעָהoaththe oath binds the swearer under Hashem, "the Seventh One" (Ibn Ezra, on Sefer Yetzirah 4:2), or delivers him into Hashem's hand (Rav Hirsch)שְׁבוּעָהin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeשָׁבוּעוֹתFestival of Weeksthe Torah's own name, since the date is fixed by counting seven weeks from Pesach rather than by a calendar day (Shemos 34:22; Devarim 16:10, 16:16)שְׁבוּעוֹתin the vow group: vow, oath, freewill offering, pledgeשבחin the praise group: thank, praise, laud, glorifyשבטin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneשביin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootשְׁבִילdownhill pathrelated to shafel, low, so a path with a steep incline, one that goes downwards (no authority named)שבילin the paths group: path, street, highway, roundabout wayשביעיתthe seventh yearthe ordinal, "the seventh one," and the Mishnah's regular name for the Sabbatical year (Shemos 23:11, Vayikra 25:4)שבעsevennot always the number; Rasag renders it "many" where the count is not meant (Bereishis 4:24, Mishlei 24:16), and Ibn Ezra and Ralbag agree thereשֶׁבֶרin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropשֵׂבֶרin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeשַׁבָּתin the return group: return, repentance, revert, turn backשַׁבָּתShabbos, week, Sabbatical yeara synecdoche, the day and the whole week it closes (Ramban to Vayikra 23); Mecklenburg denies it ever means week and reads it as cessationשגרin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryשדin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderשדיםin the breast group: breast, breasts, teat, udderשדלto persuade, to make an effortTargum Onkelos' Aramaic for pitui, persuading (Shemos 22:15), confirmed by Rashi; Ramban makes it a campaign to sway another, while the Targum to Yechezkel 38:4 and Rus 2:19 uses it for any effort at allשדמהfield, or vine (disputed)the contested word; a grain field (Rashi), a synonym for gefen (Ibn Janach, Ibn Ezra, Radak, Rabbeinu Bachaya), or simply ground rich enough to nourish growth (Pappenheim)שדרto strive, to contendthe Biblical Aramaic form, where Daryavesh strove to save Daniel (Daniel 6:15); Ramban ties it to shadal by the lamed and reish interchange, and reads eshtadur (Ezra 4:15) as rebellion from the same rootשַׁדַּרin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryשהin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatשואגroarsthe hungry lion's roar, meant to freeze its prey (Vilna Gaon); from ש-ג, inadvertency, so an almost involuntary outburst under pain or joy (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim)שובin the return group: return, repentance, revert, turn backשוועהin the crying out group: cry out, outcry, cry for help, pleaשוטהmentally incompetent, irregularbehavior that follows no track at all; extended to anything off pattern, a bechor shoteh (Yevamos 16b), a hadas shoteh with leaves not set in threes (Succah 32b)שולחןtablethe Biblical word, of the Mishkan's golden table and of a king's table; a top on four legs, against a legless tavla (Rash MiShantz)שומןin the fat group: fat, forbidden fat, permitted fat, suetשונאin the enemy group: enemy, foe, hater, adversaryשועsmoothed, daubed onnot smoothness as a state but the making smooth by laying one material over another (Tosafos, Rambam, Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); Rashi restricts it to combing a single material smoothשַׁוְעָהin the crying out group: cry out, outcry, cry for help, pleaשַׁוְעָהin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionשופרin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetשׁוֹקֵקroars (of a bear)disputed; the Vilna Gaon reads it as the hungry bear's roar, Ibn Janach and Radak as its sauntering gait, from shok, the calf of the legשׁוֹקֵקin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterשׁוֹרin the cattle group: ox, bull, cow, heiferשׁוּרin the seeing group: see, look, gaze, peerשׁוּרin the wall group: wall, city wall, rampart, partitionשׂוֹרֵקchoice vinenot a plain vine but the best kind; Targum Yonasan renders it "a choice gefen"; Radak, citing Rabbi Yitzchak Ibn Ghiyyat, says its grapes are seedless; Rashi instead reads it as the vine's long tendrils or its shoots fit for plantingשׁוּרֶקin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterשורקהin the grapevine group: grapevine, vine, choice vine, tendrilשושנהrosethe flower of Shir HaShirim, associated with red (lips, Shir HaShirim 5:13); six petals on the tradition Ibn Ezra and Radak cite, which would make it a lily, five or thirteen in the Zohar, which would make it a roseשחוקin the laughter group: laughter, laughing, play, sportשחורin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightשחיטהin the slaughter group: ritual slaughter, sacrificial slaughter, butchering, slaughtering for foodשחיןboil, inflamed sorethe umbrella term, thirteen times in Tanach; a wound inflamed by a blow or by heat that is not fire (Mishnah Nega'im 9:1), the root meaning heat in Mishnaic Hebrew (Rashi)שחלin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessשחץin the lion group: lion, lion cub, young lion, lionessשחרin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightשחרותin the morning group: dawn, daybreak, morning, first lightשחתin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionשטהin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingשטיפהin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingשטןin the straying from a path group: straying, deviance, promiscuity, deviatingשְׁטָרin the book group: book, scroll, letter, epistleשְׁטָרin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedשטרותin the document group: document, writ, bill, deedשיin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentשיבהin the old age group: elder, old age, aged, ancientשיבוטאshibuta (a Babylonian river fish)a named kosher fish whose brain tastes like pork (Chullin 109b) and which the Yerushalmi places in Bavel and not in Eretz Yisrael; some tie the name to Shabbosשידוכיןin the betrothal group: betrothal, first stage of marriage, consecration, designationשיחin the speech group: declaration, utterance, oracle, declareשיחהin the speech group: declaration, utterance, oracle, declareשיטהmethod, ordered approachthe same root turned around, an arranged and systematic path, the exact reverse of stiyah (Rabbi Moshe Shapiro)שיכרוןin the drunkenness group: swilling, drinking to excess, drunkenness, getting drunkשילוחin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springשינהin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingשירin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyשיר מזמורin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyשירהin the song group: song, sing, music, melodyשירותin the work group: work, labor, service, toilשיתin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleשכויrooster / hearta hapax (Iyov 38:36); Chazal take it for a rooster in a foreign tongue and fix it in the morning berachah, while most mefarshim read it as the heart, from socheh, to seeשכחin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseשכחהin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseשכיבהin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingשכיחin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapseשכםshoulder, upper backthe stretch of shoulder nearest the neck (Radak), or the back of the shoulder (Rabbi Ezra Reuven Dangoor), or both shoulders together against a single katef (Munkatcher Rebbe); by extension a parcel, and so a portionשֵׁכָרin the drunkenness group: swilling, drinking to excess, drunkenness, getting drunkשֵׁכָרstrong drinkany intoxicating drink (Rabbi Moshe Ibn Ezra, Ibn Ezra); the Targumim and Sifrei narrow it to wine in the Nazir pesukim, and in Chazal it is beer or mead, not wine (Bedersi)שלslipping offa shoe slipped off without the hands at all, as at the burning bush (Shoresh Yesha, on Shemos 3:5 and Yehoshua 5:15)שלאנןin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשלהבתin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchשלוin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשלוהin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשָׁלוֹםin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessשָׁלוֹםin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשָׁלַחin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryשֶׁלַחin the spring group: Gichon, Shiloach, belly, springשליחin the angel group: angel, messenger, agent, emissaryשללin the spoils of war group: spoils, booty, plunder, lootשָׁלֵםin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessשָׁלֵםin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשַׂלְמָהin the clothing group: garment, clothing, apparel, coveringשְׁלֹמֹהShlomofrom shalem, complete, since he saw the Beis HaMikdash completed (the Midrash), or from shalom, since peace prevailed in his reign (Targum Sheini, on Divrei HaYamim I 22:9); given by his parents, and by prophecy before his birthשלמותin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessשלףdrawing, slipping outdrawing a thing quickly out of a loose holder, chiefly a sword from its sheath (Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim); removing a shoe by hand (Shoresh Yesha)שָׁםin the destruction group: destruction, ruin, desolation, devastationשָׂםin the placing group: place, put, set, layשמאin the maybe group: maybe, perhaps, lestשמאלin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southשמורin the remember group: remember, recall, call to mind, attend toשמחהin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationשמיטהreleasing, letting sliploosening one's hold on a thing so that it falls or slips away of itself; both the forsaking and the slipping that follows (Ibn Janach; Radak and Ibn Ezra to Devarim 15:1)שמירin the thorns group: thorn, thistle, brier, nettleשמירהin the guarding group: guard, watch, safeguard, keepשמלהcloak, mantlea kesus worn at night; unlike a plain kesus it also lends its wearer honor (Malbim); a linen cloth folded over head and shoulders, unfolding to a bed sheet (Wertheimer)שמםin the destruction group: destruction, ruin, desolation, devastationשממהin the destruction group: destruction, ruin, desolation, devastationשמןoilthe general word, near two hundred occurrences; kin to shuman, fat, so it names the fatty substance of oil and needs zayis added to mean olive oil (Menachem Ibn Saruk)שמעin the hearing group: hear, hearken, listen, give earשמשsunliterally the servant, naming the sun by its subservience to Hashem and its utilitarian place in the celestial order (Rabbi Aharon Marcus); the default word, and the first of the three coinedשןin the teeth group: tooth, teeth, incisors, molarsשנהבin the elephant group: elephant, ivory, tuskשנהביםin the elephant group: elephant, ivory, tuskשניcrimsonthe worm-dyed wool of the Mishkan and the taharah rites, a deep red with a blue or purple cast (Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Ibn Ezra, Radak, Meiri)שעהin the time group: time, a time, season, appointed timeשעוהbeeswax, candle waxthe Mishnaic and Targumic word; Chazal define it as pesulta d'duvsha, the refuse of honey, and the root SHIN-AYIN points at wax's smooth texture (Shabbos 20b)שעיעsmooththe Aramaic the Targumim use for chalak; Rabbi Avraham Vilner (Tirgem Avraham) shows the ש-ע root is Hebrew as wellשעירin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatשַׁעַרgatethe Hebrew word, some 375 times in Tanach; also a settlement, and in the Mishnah a market price or the act of appraising, since the merchants who set prices sat at the gate (Shadal)שֵׂעָרin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockשעראin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockשערהin the hair group: hair, a hair, strand, lockשעשועdelightthe same ש-ע root borrowed, since the touch of something smooth is a pleasure (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)שפהin the language group: language, tongue, lip, speechשפודin the pole group: carrying pole, stave, banner pole, mastשפופרתin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetשפותin the cheese group: cheese, curds, soft cheese, hunchbackשִׁפְחָהin the family group: family, household, camp, kinsmanשִׁפְחָהbondwomanthe true female counterpart of eved, put to any and every task (Rabbi Shlomo Aharon Wertheimer); from a root of attachment, one joined to the household (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg)שפיפוןin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderשַׁפִּירin the good group: good, pleasant, pleasantness, fineשַׁפִּירin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetשֶׁפֶרin the good group: good, pleasant, pleasantness, fineשֶׁפֶרin the horn group: shofar, horn, ram's horn, trumpetשפתיםin the hook group: hook, hanger, hooked reed, ledgeשצףin the anger group: anger, wrath, burning anger, fierce angerשקדin the almond group: almond, almond tree, hazel, watchfulשקדיםin the almond group: almond, almond tree, hazel, watchfulשקוציםin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarשקטin the peace group: peace, wholeness, tranquility, easeשקלshekelin Tanach the full weighed coin; in Mishnaic Hebrew it shifted to mean the half-shekel of the annual donation (Ramban to Shemos 30:13, Rabbi Menachem Azariah of Fano)שקרin the falsehood group: falsehood, lie, deceit, fabricationשרin the princess group: my princess, princess, prince, rulershipשרביטin the staff and tribe group: staff, rod, tribe, caneשרגאin the fire group: fire, flame, blaze, torchשרדin the survivor group: refugee, survivor, remnant, refugeשרהin the princess group: my princess, princess, prince, rulershipשרוןfertile plainnot any plain but one saturated with rich soil and fit for farming (Radak); Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim makes it a plain set off against a nearby mountain; in Tanach usually the proper name of the coastal plainשרוקin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkשריin the princess group: my princess, princess, prince, rulershipשריגtendrilthe vine's twining shoot, the word in the butler's dream (Bereishis 40:10); Ibn Saruk equates sorek with it, working from the interchange of kuf and gimmelשרידsurvivor, remnantone who was caught in the calamity and could not flee, yet came through alive (Malbim, Bedersi); the Gra adds a quantitative sense, the few left when most were notשריקהin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterשָׂרָףin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderשְׂרָףin the uncle group: uncle, paternal uncle, maternal uncle, auntשרפיםin the angel classes group: cherubim, living beings, wheels, angelsשרקרקin the whistle group: whistle, hiss, chirp, twitterשררהin the princess group: my princess, princess, prince, rulershipששin the linen group: linen, flax, fine linen, byssusששוןin the joy group: joy, gladness, rejoicing, exultationשתin the placing group: place, put, set, layשתדלןintercessor, lobbyistnot the doer but the persuader, he goes to the authorities on the community's behalf to change their position, from shadal in Ramban's senseשתותin the placing group: place, put, set, layשתיin the placing group: place, put, set, layשתיהin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterשתיקהquieting downthe silence that follows once a commotion has been stilled (Bedersi); the sea calming after the storm (Yonah 1:11 to 12); the Targum's standard Aramaic for chereshתאוהin the desire group: craving, lust, appetite, covetingתאונהin the chance group: occurrence, happenstance, chance, accidentתבואהin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropתבונהin the wisdom group: wisdom, understanding, insight, knowledgeתבלthe inhabited worldthe settled parts, as against eretz for the globe entire (Malbim, Metzudas Tziyon) or for Eretz Yisrael (Rashi); from BET-LAMED, mixing, "spiced with everything" or with Torah (Avos d'Rabbi Nasan)תגin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetתגידin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountתגיןin the crown group: crown, royal crown, wreath, coronetתגרmerchant (Aramaic)the standard Aramaic word, used by Targum for both socher and rochel; Rashi (Eruvin 55a) makes him the one who stays in his own town, against the travelling socherתהוin the nothing group: futility, vanity, emptiness, for naughtתוחלתin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeתוכחהin the rebuke group: reproof, rebuke, discipline, chastisementתוכחתin the rebuke group: reproof, rebuke, discipline, chastisementתולעin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethתולעהin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethתולעתin the worm group: maggot, worm, larva, teethתולעת שניin the red group: red, crimson, ruddy, pinkתועהin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errתועיםin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errתורscout outsearching out what is good in a place, its advantages (Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg); the verb Bamidbar uses throughout for Moshe's menתורהin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingתורןin the pole group: carrying pole, stave, banner pole, mastתושבin the resident group: sojourner, resident, native, citizenתחוםin the border group: border, boundary, territory, limitתחילהin the beginning group: beginning, first, foremost, headתחינהin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationתחנוןin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationתֵּיבָהin the ark group: ark, box, chest, basketתֵּיבָהin the word group: word, spoken word, written word, thingתיגרסtiger (or a mythical lion)Chullin 59b's "lion of the upper forest"; Rabbi Binyamin Mussafia reads it as the tiger, named for arrow-swift movement, while HeAruch HaShaleim reads it as the manticore of Persian legendתיכףin the immediately group: immediately, straightaway, forthwith, on the spotתימןin the compass directions group: west, east, north, southתירושnew wine, unfermented grape juicewine at its beginning, still sweet and barely intoxicating (Ramban, Radak, Rabbi Pappenheim); Rav Hirsch and Rabbi Felix take it as freshly pressed juice before fermentationתישin the sheep and goats group: lamb, flock, she-goat, he-goatתכלתtecheileswool dyed with the blood of the chilazon, not a shade name; Rashi calls its color yarok, which in his usage spans a broad band of the spectrum (Rashi to Bamidbar 15:38)תכריךin the outer garment group: mantle, cloak, robe, wrapתלפיותin the teaching group: instruction, teaching, drilling, trainingתםin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessתמונהin the species group: species, kind, type, sortתמורהin the exchange group: substitution, exchange, replacement, swapתמיםin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessתמימותin the completeness group: complete, whole, wholeness, completenessתמרin the Jericho group: Jericho, the City of Dates, the City of Scent, the City of the Moonתמרוקin the washing group: laundering, washing, bathing, sluicingתנובהin the food group: food, sustenance, produce, cropתנומהin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingתנופהin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingתַּנִּיןin the fish group: fish, sea monster, offspringתַּנִּיןin the snake group: snake, serpent, viper, adderתספרin the telling group: tell, relate, declare, recountתעהin the straying and error group: stray, go astray, be lost, errתעלומהin the hidden group: hidden, hidden away, stored up, buriedתעניתfast dayfrom inui, affliction, so it names any self-affliction and not only abstaining from food; the standing word for fast days in Mishnah and Gemara, though it is already in Ezra 9:5תַּעַרin the haircut group: shaving, haircutting, shearing, barberתַּעַרin the razor group: razor, blade, scissors, fearתפוחappleordinarily an apple, but in Shir HaShirim 2:3 the citron (Rabbeinu Tam), whether there alone or generally he does not sayתְּפִילָּהin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentתְּפִילָּהin the prayer group: prayer, request, petition, supplicationתפיליןin the phylacteries group: phylacteries, tefillin, frontlets, head-ornamentתפנוקיםin the pleasure group: sensual pleasure, delight of the senses, delicacies, delightתפתin the underworld group: Gehinnom, grave, pit, destructionתקוהin the trust group: trust, confidence, refuge, hopeתקיעהin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastתקיףin the strength group: strength, power, might, heroismתרבאin the fat group: fat, forbidden fat, permitted fat, suetתרדמהin the sleep group: sleep, slumber, deep sleep, dozingתרומהin the waving group: waving, elevation, lifting, raisingתרוניאin the war group: war, battle, combat, campaignתרועהin the divine judgment group: judgment, mercy, unbroken blast, broken blastתריםscoutsthe men on that positive errand; Tanach never calls Moshe's men meraglimתרנגולroosterabsent from Tanach, standard throughout the Mishnah; Rabbi Meir HaLevi Abulafia notes it holds the same letters as Nergal, the rooster-shaped Kuthean idolתרעgatethe standard Targumic Aramaic for shaar, and also Targum's word for petach, "opening"; from the Aramaic sense of breaching, a gate being a break in the wall (Rabbi Eliyahu HaBachur)תרעלהin the poison group: venom, poison, deadly drug, snake venomתרפיםin the idols group: idols, graven image, molten image, pillarתשובהin the return group: return, repentance, revert, turn backתשועהin the salvation group: salvation, deliverance, rescue, redemptionתשוקהin the drinking group: drink, drinking, give to drink, waterתשורהin the gift group: gift, tribute, homage, presentתשיin the forgetting group: forget, forgetting, forgetfulness, lapse