nature

blue

At a glance

ספירsapir
sapphire
a gemstone, the color implied by the object (Shemos 24:10)
תכלתtecheiles
techeiles
wool dyed from the chilazon; its shade Rashi calls yarok
כחולkachol
dark, kohl-colored
named from the kohl powder, shades running blue to black
כרתיkarti
indigo dye
the dye called Hindi (Rabbeinu Yonah; Tosafos); told apart from techeiles (Berachos 9b)

In short

The Torah has no word for the color blue. Sapir is a stone and techeiles a dyed wool. Kachol takes its name from kohl, a cosmetic powder for the eyes, and the word's range runs to dark and black.

Distinctions

Sapir (ספיר)

The second stone of the second row of the Choshen HaMishpat (Shemos 28:18, 39:11). Under the Kisei HaKavod at Sinai was what looked like livnas hasapir, resembling the clear sky (Shemos 24:10), and Yechezkel's vision of the throne has the likeness of a sapir stone (Yechezkel 1:26, 10:1); sapir is also among the seven precious stones of Gan Eden in the rebuke of the king of Tzor (Yechezkel 28:13). Targum renders even sapir simply as even tava, a good stone, without naming a hue. Which gemstone it is remains open: gemologists tend to identify sapir with lapis lazuli or with the sapphire, both blue jewels. Rabbeinu Bachya: the sapir on the Choshen corresponds to Yissachar, who toiled in Torah, since the Luchos of sapir were Torah made physical; tradition holds that Moshe's staff was sapir as well. In Rabbinic literature the word is largely displaced by Aramaic variants, sampiryon, sanpiryon, sampirinon, sanpirinon, which seem to be Aramaic variants of the Hebrew. Etymologists admit that the ultimate source of the word is obscure: some claim it is a Sanskrit loanword, others prefer to see it as a conjugation of the Aramaic shappir, "beautiful" or "good," applied to a gem, adapted into Greek and reborrowed from there.

Techeiles (תכלת)

The Torah commands that the tzitzis carry techeiles so that one will remember all the mitzvos (Bamidbar 15:38). Rashi, as above: wool dyed with the blood of the chilazon. What the chilazon is remains unsettled: some claim it might be the murex trunculus, a marine snail found off the coast of Eretz Yisrael, or the sepia officinalis, the common cuttlefish, though traditional sources assert that it is something hidden from us, so that we do not know exactly what it is.

Beside techeiles the Gemara sets karti, which one must be able to tell apart from it (Berachos 9b). Rabbeinu Yonah (to Berachos) and Tosafos and Tosafos HaRosh (to Chullin 47b) identify karti as the dye called Hindi, in Tosafos's Old French indis, indigo.

Kachol (כחול)

Not a Biblical color word. Its origins are in Arabic, where it was pronounced kohl: the silverish antimony powder applied around the eye for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, mentioned many times in the Gemara and generally applied with a special tube. Its use as the ordinary Hebrew word for the color blue is modern.

Where the authorities disagree

What shade techeiles is.

  • Rashi (to Bamidbar 15:38 and Shemos 25:4) defines techeiles as wool dyed with the blood of the chilazon, and calls its color yarok, which in his usage is a catch-all covering the band from orange to violet, with yellow, green, blue and indigo in between, so his definition does not settle the shade.
  • The Midrash fixes it by comparison instead: techeiles resembles the color of the sapir stone, which is why looking at the tzitzis recalls the whole Torah, the Luchos having been hewn from sapir. The Midrash's comparison is to an object and not to a name for a hue.

On the breadth of yarok, see the entry on yerek/yarok.

Whether kachol is blue.

  • Rashi (Bava Basra 4a and Sukkah 51b) explains avnei kochla, among the materials with which, on one opinion in the Gemara, Herod adorned the Beis HaMikdash, as marble that is kachol, apparently blue; compare the Ramban to Bereishis 49:12.
  • Against a simple identification with blue, Rabbi Klein holds that there are places where kachol clearly means black and not blue, and gives as his example the Midrash (Bamidbar Rabbah) on the tribal flags, where Yissachar's is kachol and Dan's is sapir. Besides that, the word itself comes from kohl, the antimony powder applied around the eye for healing or adornment, whose hues ran widely through the dark colors from blue to black, so that it certainly does not mean "blue" alone. The Gemara's kimachol bishfoferes, "like kohl in its tube," refers to the applicator.

Two further arguments come from outside the traditional sources.

  • Frankie Snyder, an expert in the tiles found at the Temple's site, wrote to Rabbi Klein that archaeologists have found several colors of marble from Herod's Temple but no blue marble; Rabbi Klein takes this to suggest that kachol does not really mean blue.
  • And Professor Aharon Demsky of Bar Ilan University points to an ancient wine decanter found near Chevron inscribed "[Belonging] to Yachzeyahu, wine kachol"; Rabbi Klein, who has never heard of blue wine, takes the inscription most likely to mean dark wine, and sees in it support for his view that kachol originally meant black or dark rather than blue.

Also discussed in

  • Countingספיר / sapir (ס-פ-ר)
  • Fringesתכלת / techeiles
  • Tellingספיר / ספור sapir / sippur (ס-פ-ר)

Radak on these roots

Sefer HaShorashim

כ-ח-ל

To adorn the eyes with kohl, which is the פּוּךְ; in Arabic it is called al-kuhl.

Adorning the eyes

כָּחַלְתְּ עֵינַיִךְ (Yechezkel 23:40), you adorned your eyes with kohl: he explains it as תקנת עיניך בכוחל, you set your eyes off with kohl, and says the kohl is the פּוּךְ, and that in Arabic it is called al-kuhl.

כָּחַלְתְּ עֵינַיִךְ (יחזקאל כג, מ), פירוש תקנת עיניך בכוחל והוא הַפּוּךְ. וכן קורין לו בערבי אל כחו"ל.

ס-פ-ר

To count; to tell; and to write, a סֵפֶר being a book and a סֹפֵר a scribe. In another sense, סַפִּיר, a stone the authorities identify differently.

Counting

סָפַר אֶת הָעָם (Shmuel II 24:10), he counted the people, and וְסָפַרְתָּ לְךָ (Vayikra 25:8), you shall count for yourself. אַיֵּה סֹפֵר אַיֵּה שֹׁקֵל (Yeshayahu 33:18), where is he who counted, where is he who weighed, he explains: you will still fear, even though Melech HaMashiach has already come, and your heart will still muse on the terror of the kings of the nations, who counted and weighed the silver they took from Yisrael as tax, or counted Yisrael by the head and took the tax from them by weight. The nouns are מִסְפַּר, a number, and הַסְּפָר, the count itself, whose plural he gives as בִּינֹתִי בַּסְּפָרִים (Daniel 9:2), I understood by the counts. His father files that pasuk under writing, and on that reading the סְפָרִים are the deed of purchase and the open deed that Yirmiyahu wrote. The adjective is in כִּי לֹא יָדַעְתִּי סְפֹרוֹת (Tehillim 71:15), for I do not know סְפֹרוֹת: it describes the righteousness and the salvation the pasuk has just named, I did not know that they could be counted; or its singular is סְפוֹרָה, and the sense is that I do not know numbers for them.

Telling

In the sense of telling and relating, ספור and הגדה, the verb always takes the heavy form: סַפְּרוּ נָא לִי (Bereishis 40:8), tell it to me. That form can still mean counting, as אֲסַפֵּר כָּל עַצְמוֹתָי (Tehillim 22:18), I count all my bones, from how lean I have grown. The difference between telling and relating he sets out under נָגַד.

Writing

The sense of all of these, he says, is writing: סֵפֶר, a book or a written document, and סֹפֵר, a scribe, as בָּרוּךְ בֶּן נֵרִיָּהוּ הַסֹּפֵר (Yirmiyahu 36:32), Baruch son of Neriyahu the scribe. לֹא יָדַעְתִּי סֵפֶר (Yeshayahu 29:12) he glosses: I do not know how to read it. Among them are נֹדִי סָפַרְתָּה אָתָּה (Tehillim 56:9), You have recorded my wandering, and יִסְפֹּר בִּכְתוֹב עַמִּים (Tehillim 87:6), Hashem shall record in the writing of the peoples. Some take those two in the second sense, telling; the two senses lie close, since writing a book is itself the telling of the matter. And זֶה סֵפֶר תּוֹלְדֹת אָדָם (Bereishis 5:1), this is the סֵפֶר of the generations of Adam, can be read as a word of telling.

Three readings of Iyov 38:37

מִי יְסַפֵּר שְׁחָקִים בְּחָכְמָה (Iyov 38:37), who in wisdom יְסַפֵּר the skies, is read three ways, and he does not choose. Some take it from the sense he has just named, telling. Rabbi Yonah takes it from writing. Radak's father takes it from סַפִּיר: on that reading He made them like sapphire, as in וְתַחַת רַגְלָיו כְּמַעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר (Shemos 24:10), and under His feet like the work of a sapphire brick.

What a sapphire is

Which stone it is he leaves open. Some say the precious stone called zafir in the vernacular, and if so, the comparison in סַפִּיר גִּזְרָתָם (Eichah 4:7), their form was sapphire, is one of worth and greatness and not of appearance, since a man is praised for his appearance only by redness or whiteness. Ibn Ezra says it is a precious red stone. The Gaon says it is white, the one called crystal. And the Midrash in Eichah Rabbah tells of a man who went to sell a sapphire in Rome: the buyer set it on an anvil and struck it with a hammer, and the anvil split and the hammer broke while the stone stood where it was. By that midrash, he says, it is the diamond, white and clear.

אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵן סָפַר אֶת־הָעָם (שמואל ב' כד, י), וְסָֽפְרָה־לָּהּ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים (ויקרא טו, כח), וְסָֽפַרְתָּ לְךָ (ויקרא כה, ח), שִׁבְעָה שָֽׁבֻעֹת תִּסְפָּר־לָךְ (דברים טז, ט). אַיֵּה סֹפֵר אַיֵּה שֹׁקֵל אַיֵּה סֹפֵר אֶת־הַמִּגְדָּלִֽים (ישעיה לג, יח), כלומר שתירא ותפחד עדיין אף על פי שכבר בא מלך המשיח עדיין יהגה לבך אימה ממלכי האומות שהם סופרים ושוקלים הכסף שהיו לוקחים מס מישראל או שהיו סופרים לישראל לגלגלת ולוקחים המס מהם במשקל. סִפְרוּ מִגְדָּלֶֽיהָ (תהלים מח, יג). והנפעל אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־יִסָּֽפְרוּ וְלֹא יִמָּנוּ מֵרֹֽב (מלכים א' ח, ה). והשם בתוספת מ"ם אֶת־מִסְפַּר יָמֶיךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא (שמות כג, כו). ובלא תוספת אַֽחֲרֵי הַסְּפָר אֲשֶׁר סְפָרָם דָּוִיד (דברי הימים ב' ב, טז). והקבוץ ממנו בִּינֹתִי בַּסְּפָרִים (דניאל ט, ב). והשם בענין המקור וּמִסְפָּר אֶת־רֹבַע יִשְׂרָאֵל (במדבר כג, י), כלומר ולספור רובע ישראל, כי הוא קמוץ ואיננו סמוך, ועוד מלת אֶת מורה על שאיננו סמוך, אם כן הנכון בו שיהיה שם במקום מקור כמו וּלְמַסַּע אֶת־הַֽמַּֽחֲנֽוֹת (במדבר י, ב). והתאר כִּי לֹא יָדַעְתִּי סְפֹרֽוֹת (תהלים עא, טו), והוא תאר לצדקתך ותשועתך שהזכיר אמר לא ידעתי שיוכלו להיות ספורות. או יהיה יחידה סְפוֹרָה בשקל בְּשֹוֹרָה, כלומר לא ידעתי להם מספרים. ענין הכל והדומה להם מנין. ובא פעל הכבד [פִּעֵל] מזה הענין אֲסַפֵּר כָּל־עַצְמוֹתָי (תהלים כב, יח), פירוש אמנה כל עצמותי מרוב כחשותי. סִפַּרְתִּי כֹּל מִשְׁפְּטֵי־פִֽיךָ (תהלים קיט, יג), סַפֵּר אַתָּה לְמַעַן תִּצְדָּֽק (ישעיה מג, כו), סַפְּרוּ־נָא לִֽי (בראשית מ, ח). ושלא נזכר פעלו [פֻּעַל] אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־סֻפַּר לָהֶם (ישעיה נב, טו). והשם אֶת־מִסְפַּר הַֽחֲלוֹם וְאֶת־שִׁבְרוֹ (שופטים ז, טו), כלם והדומה להם ענין ספור והגדה [וכבר כתבנו בשרש נָגַד ההפרש שיש בין ספור להגדה]. וזה הענין לעולם מהבנין הכבד הדגוש. ויש מפרשים מזה הענין מִֽי־יְסַפֵּר שְׁחָקִים בְּחָכְמָה (איוב לח, לז). והחכם רבי יונה פירשו מענין כתיבה. ואדוני אבי ז"ל פירשו מענין סַפִּיר רוצה לומר שעשאם כעין ספיר כמו שאמר וְתַחַת רַגְלָיו כְּמַֽעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר (שמות כד, י). וכן פירש מזה אָז רָאָהּ וַיְסַפְּרָהּ (איוב כח, כז). וָֽאֶכְתֹּב בַּסֵּפֶר (ירמיה לב, י), בחמש נקדות. בְּסֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת (דברים כח, סא), אֶל־יוֹדֵעַ הסֵפֶר [סֵפֶר] (ישעיה כט, יא), כְּבֹא הַסֵּפֶר הַזֶּה אֲלֵיכֶם (מלכים ב' י, ב), לֹא יָדַעְתִּי סֵֽפֶר (ישעיה כט, יב), לא ידעתי לקראו. מִֽסִּפְרְךָ אֲשֶׁר כָּתָֽבְתָּ (שמות לב, לב). וכתב אדוני אבי ז"ל מזה בִּינֹתִי בַּסְּפָרִים (דניאל ט, ב), והם ספר המקנה וספר הגלוי שכתב ירמיהו. ובה"א הנקבה סִפְרָה, ועם הכנוי הֲלֹא בְּסִפְרָתֶֽךָ (תהלים נו, ט). בָּרוּךְ בֶּן־נֵֽרִיָּהוּ הַסֹּפֵר (ירמיה לו, לב), וַיִּקָּרְאוּ סֹפְרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ (אסתר ג, יב), נֹדִי סָפַרְתָּה אָתָּה (תהלים נו, ט), י"י יִסְפֹּר בִּכְתוֹב עַמִּים (תהלים פז, ו). ענין הכל והדומה להם ענין כתיבה. וּֽלֲלְמְּדָם סֵפֶר וּלְשׁוֹן כַּשְׂדִּֽים (דניאל א, ד), פירוש כתיבת כשדים ולשון כשדים. ויש מפרשים נֹדִי סָפַרְתָּה אָתָּה, י"י יִסְפּוֹר מענין השני. ושני הענינים קרובים כי כתיבת הספר הוא סיפור הדברים. ויש לפרש זֶה סֵפֶר תּֽוֹלְדֹת אָדָם (בראשית ה, א), לשון ספור. וענין אחר נֹפֶךְ סַפִּיר וְיָֽהֲלֹֽם (שמות לט, יא), כְּמַֽעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר (שמות כד, י), סַפִּיר גִּזְרָתָֽם (איכה ד, ז), יש מפרשים האבן היקרה שקורין לו בלע"ז צפי"ר, ואם כן הוא אין והערך אליו במראה אלא ביקר וגדולה כמו המסולאים בפז כי לא יערכו האדם לשבח במראה אלא באודם או בלובן. והחכם רבי אברהם אבן עזרא פירש כי היא אבן אדומה יקרה כמו שכתבנו בשרש לָבֵן. והגאון פירש כי הספיר לבן. ואמר שהוא שקורין בלע"ז קרישֹט"ל. ובמדרש (איכה רבתי א"ב רביעאה) מעשה באדם אחד שהלך למכור ספיר ברומי אמר לו הלוקח על מנת לבדקו אקחנו נתנו על גבי הסדין והתחיל מכה עליו בפטיש נבקע הסדן ונחלק הפטיש והספיר עמד במקומו ולפי זה המדרש היא האבן שקורין לה דיאמנט"י והיא לבנה וזכה.

Radak, Sefer HaShorashim, Berlin 1847. Public domain, digitised by Sefaria from the National Library of Israel.

Sources

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "The True Blue," What's in a Word?, Ohr Somayach, 9 March 2019.

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "The True Blue," What's in a Word? Synonyms in the Hebrew Language (book manuscript).

Cited in the essay: Shemos 24:10, 25:4, 28:18, 39:11; Bereishis 49:12 with Ramban; Bamidbar 15:38 with Rashi; Yechezkel 1:26, 10:1, 28:13; Bava Basra 4a and Sukkah 51b with Rashi; Bamidbar Rabbah on the tribal flags; Targum to even sapir; Rabbeinu Bachya on the Choshen; Berachos 9b with Rabbeinu Yonah; Chullin 47b with Tosafos and Tosafos HaRosh.