prohibition

Distinctions

Azharah (אזהרה)

Root ז-ה-ר. Cognates appear some twenty-two times in Tanach, among them Yisro's advice, "and you shall forewarn (ve'hizhartah) them concerning the statutes and the teachings" (Shemos 18:20). The noun azharah in the sense of a prohibition first appears in the Mishnah, where it occurs a handful of times (Pesachim 3:1, Sanhedrin 7:7, Kerisos 3:10), and it often denotes the warning aspect of a prohibition, the "thou shall not," as against the punishment aspect (for example, Yevamos 3b and Sifrei Naso 1).

• The early lexicographers (Menachem Ibn Saruk, Rabbi Yonah Ibn Janach, Radak, and Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Parchon, the twelfth-century author of Machberes He'Aruch) all take ז-ה-ר as one triliteral root carrying two very distinct senses, warning and light (Yechezkel 8:2, Daniel 12:3), and none of them intimates a connection between the two.
• Rasag, in his commentary to Koheles 12:12, seems to connect the two senses. Rabbi Klein learned this from Mossad HaRav Kook's Toras Chaim to Shemos 18:20 and had not seen the Koheles commentary himself.
• Rambam's son, Rabbi Avraham Maimuni, does connect them: the root means light or brilliance (zohar), and one illuminates another's intellectual perception by instructing him as to his responsibilities, so to warn a person can be said to be shedding light on what is expected of him; both senses are enlightenment, one literal and one figurative. The late Rabbi Dr. Jose Faur infers from this that at its core azharah covers what the Torah prescribes as well as what it outlaws, and that this is why the azharos recited on Shavuos list both kinds of mitzvah, positive commandments alongside the prohibitions.

Not everybody agrees that the root is the triliteral ז-ה-ר. Some trace the word to the two-letter ז-ר, estrangement, as in zar; others go as far as the single letter zayin.

• One cognate is in fact spelled without the hei, "and you shall warn (ve'hizartem) the Children of Israel from their impurities" (Vayikra 15:31), and Rabbeinu Efrayim touches on this point in noting that to warn a person is to tell him to make himself zar, estranged, from the thing he has been warned against.
• Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim of Breslau similarly works from ז-ר, one group of whose derivatives is headed by zoreh, to scatter (Shemos 32:20, Vayikra 26:33, Rus 3:2, Tehillim 106:27); zohar, light, is a sub-derivative, light being what scatters and spreads out. Just as rays of light spread out to illuminate as much as possible, an enlightened person must spread his intellectual purview across a wide body of knowledge in order to be careful. Pappenheim explicitly notes that azharah does not mean a warning, as many have understood it: lehazhir means to enlighten, as in "you shall enlighten them and they shall not incur guilt" (Divrei HaYamim II 19:10) and "and you shall enlighten them from Me" (Yechezkel 3:17), enlightening a person as to his obligations being tantamount to forewarning him about what he should be careful of.

So Pappenheim's two-letter root and Rabbi Avraham Maimuni's three-letter root land in the same basic explanation.

Rabbi Aharon Marcus traces zohar to the monoliteral root zayin, which he takes as the visual revelation of what the eye can see, the Hebrew words derived from it belonging to the realm of the ocular: zeh, "this," which by rabbinic tradition always refers to something perceivable by sight; zach, pure; zahav, gold, shiny and sparkling; ziv, countenance, which dazzles the eyes; zikim/zekukin, sparks of fire, which glitter and shimmer; zanav, tail, and ozen, ear, both of which protrude and are quite visible; and chazah, either vision itself or chazeh, the chest, a very visible part of the body. Zohar on this reading is the light that illuminates the eye. Marcus notes further that the Germanic words for seeing (sehen in Modern German, zien in Dutch, zen in Yiddish, sien in Afrikaans, see in English) also seem to be phonetically related to the letter zayin. Elsewhere Marcus contends that zohar with a zayin derives from the earlier Biblical tzohar, light, and tzoharayim, noon, when the sun's light reaches its peak, the tzadi having later morphed into a zayin, the two letters often being considered interchangeable.

Issur (איסור)

In Tanach assur means tied up with actual ropes or cables. In at least one instance the term takes on a more abstract sense: one who vows "to tie a tying (le'esor issar) upon his soul" (Bamidbar 30:3), that is, to create a prohibition on himself, much as English says "my hands are tied." That abstract use of assur and its cognates appears countless times through the Mishnah, until assur in post-Biblical Hebrew came to mean forbidden, and issur is the more abstract derivative, the rule that renders a thing forbidden.

• Rabbi Pappenheim ties assur to the two-letter ס-ר, removal: one who is tied has his freedom of movement removed.
• Rabbi Yehuda Ibn Chayyuj had already treated the aleph as outside the root, noting that beis ha'surim (Koheles 4:14) is the equivalent of beis ha'asurim (Bereishis 39:20, 40:3).
• Malbim, for whom asirah is tying done without the consent of what is tied, as a captive is detained against his will, notes that issur in the sense of prohibition likewise refers to one's actions being precluded, by law or by nature, against his will.

Lav (לאו)

Not in Tanach; found often in later rabbinic writings. An anthimeria formed from lo, "no," "not," "do not," used as a noun. In most cases it simply denotes a prohibited act that the Torah has warned a person not to do, even where the punishment for the proscribed action is not as severe.

Sources

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "Shavuot: Brilliant Prohibitions," What's in a Word?, Ohr Somayach, 15 May 2021.

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "All Tied Up," What's in a Word?, Ohr Somayach, 3 June 2023.

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "Brilliant Prohibitions," What's in a Word? Synonyms in the Hebrew Language (book manuscript).

Cited in the essay: Bereishis 39:20, 40:3; Shemos 18:20 with Mossad HaRav Kook's Toras Chaim, 32:20; Vayikra 15:31, 26:33; Bamidbar 30:3; Yechezkel 3:17, 8:2; Tehillim 106:27; Rus 3:2; Koheles 4:14, 12:12 with Rasag; Daniel 12:3; Divrei HaYamim II 19:10; Mishnah Pesachim 3:1, Sanhedrin 7:7, Kerisos 3:10; Yevamos 3b; Sifrei Naso 1; Menachem Ibn Saruk; Rabbi Yonah Ibn Janach; Radak; Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Parchon, Machberes HeAruch; Rabbi Avraham Maimuni; Rabbeinu Efrayim; Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim, Cheshek Shlomo s.v. זר, סר and בל; Rabbi Aharon Marcus; Rabbi Yehuda Ibn Chayyuj; Rabbi Jose Faur; Malbim, Sefer HaCarmel s.v. ענד, חבש, אסר and קשר, and Yair Ohr.