death

At a glance

מיתהmitah
death
the physical end, of anyone or any animal; says nothing of what follows; the general word, where geviah is the body's death and asifah the soul's (Shadal)
פטירהpetirah
passing
exiting to the Next World; for the righteous (Rabbi Klein); freed from suffering (Schor)

In short

Mitah (maves, meis) is death as the physical end, the parting of body and soul, and it is said of anyone, animals included. Petirah (nifter) is passing, literally "exiting" or "taking leave." It is the Rabbinic word for a person's leaving This World for the Next; it is generally reserved for the righteous, and it implies a continuation.

Distinctions

Mitah (מיתה), maves (מות), meis (מת)

Maves is a good test case for how the lexicographers found roots.

  • The triliteralists (Rabbi Yehuda Chayyuj, Ibn Janach, Ibn Parchon, Radak) trace it to מ-ו-ת.
  • the biliteralists (Menachem Ibn Saruk in Machberes Menachem, Rabbi Shlomo Pappenheim in Yerios Shlomo and Cheshek Shlomo) to מ-ת.

Cognates of these roots appear close to a thousand times in Tanach, by Even Shoshan's concordance. Declensions of maves/mitah occur twenty-four times in Acharei Mos and Kedoshim (Vayikra 16-20), more than in any other two consecutive parshiyos, and the sidra opens acharei mos the two sons of Aharon (Vayikra 16:1).

In the ancient Canaanite cultures around Eretz Yisrael, death was personified and deified as the god Mot (also spelled Mawet or Motu); those cultures tended to see it as an independent entity on a par with the other gods and sometimes competing with them; in Ugaritic mythology Mot rules the underworld and is one of Baal's chief rivals, with a parallel in the Greek Hades. That differs from the scientific view of death as a natural process affecting every living thing. Rabbinic discourse takes a middle approach: the Malach HaMaves is said to hold power over death, but as an angel is wholly subservient to Hashem, not an independent death deity.

Mitah applies to any living being that undergoes the separation of body from soul (halachah pegs death to the exit of the soul, Yevamos 16:3, Ohalos 1:6); it names the conclusion of life and says nothing of what follows. Even the wicked have a mitah.

Shadal (to Bereishis 25:8): misah is the general word; geviah is the death of the body and asifah the death of the soul.

Petirah (פטירה), nifter (נפטר)

Root פ-ט-ר, "exit": in Tanach the firstborn animal that exits its mother's womb (peter rechem); in Rabbinic Hebrew to be discharged of an obligation or to take leave of a companion; and, most frequently of all, the legal patur, exempt, one who has figuratively exited the realm of the obliged and beholden and so is free of the burden of compulsion. (The English exempt itself comes from the Latin exemptus, literally "taking out, away.") For death, the Mishnah's nifter min ha'olam (Peah 8:9) and the Bavli's variants (Berachos 17a, Kesubos 68a, 104a-105b, Kiddushin 72b, Sanhedrin 113b); standing alone of a named person only for Avraham (Bava Basra 16b) and Moshe (Temurah 16a). The Gemara generally avoids meis for a person's passing; another of its idioms is nach nafshei, "his soul rested."

  • Rabbi Klein's own account of the link between petirah and patur: while the soul dwells in the body it binds the body to a higher purpose and to Hashem's law; when the soul departs, the body is exempt of all obligation. One who lived for a higher purpose is nifter when he dies, exiting one room to enter another on the same trajectory; to this effect Chazal state that the righteous are called alive even in death and the wicked dead even in life (Berachos 18a-b); and so petirah is generally reserved for the righteous.
  • Rabbi Moshe Shapiro observes that plants, rooted firmly in the ground, are tied to their lifeline in the soil as a man is tied to his soul, and that the connection shows the plant, as it grows, joining to something loftier; mushrooms and the other fungi rise rootless, free-floating and self-serving, disconnected from any accountability, and so are called pitriyos (Uktzin 3:2), patur of obligation. Such a life, though it might technically count as life, is nearer death than life.
  • Rabbi Avraham Chaim Schor: the pious man's life in This World is often full of physical suffering, and at death he is exempted from it; so nifter is said specifically of a tzaddik, mitah of death in general.

Also discussed in

Radak on these roots

Sefer HaShorashim

מ-ו-ת

To die, or to be dead, and מָוֶת is death. Where the verb takes an object, it means to put a man to death.

Death that may fall short of dying

וַיָּמָת לִבּוֹ בְּקִרְבּוֹ (Shmuel I 25:37), his heart died within him: he was struck dumb and was as a dead man, or else he died outright. וַיָּמָת תַּחְתָּיו מִפְּנֵי הָֽרָעָב (Yirmiyahu 38:9), and he died where he was because of the famine, means near to death. And לָמָּה נָמוּת לְעֵינֶיךָ גַּם־אֲנַחְנוּ גַּם־אַדְמָתֵנוּ (Bereishis 47:19), why should we die before your eyes, both we and our land: for ground lying waste is like a dead thing, not bringing out grass and fruit trees as it should.

Death as tzaraas, as Chazal read it

בִּשְׁנַת־ מוֹת הַמֶּלֶךְ עֻזִּיָּהוּ (Yeshayahu 6:1), in the year of the death of King Uziyahu: Chazal explained it, in the Yalkut in the name of the Yelamdenu, as the year he was struck with tzaraas, as אַל־נָא תְהִי כַּמֵּת (Bamidbar 12:12), let her not be as one dead; and so Targum Yonasan, בְּשַׁתָּא דְאִתְנַגַע בָּהּ מַלְכָּא, in the year the king was stricken.

Why death comes in the plural

The plural: מוֹתֵי עֲרֵלִים תָּמוּת בְּיַד־זָרִים (Yechezkel 28:10), you shall die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers; מְמוֹתֵי תַֽחֲלֻאִים יָמֻתוּ (Yirmiyahu 16:4), they shall die deaths of sicknesses; מְמוֹתֵי חָלָל בְּלֵב יַמִּֽים (Yechezkel 28:8), the deaths of the slain in the heart of the seas. Death is spoken of in the plural because a man is sometimes put to death by many stabs, or by hard sufferings; and in the heart of the seas because one who drowns does not die all at once. בְּנֵי תְמוּתָֽה (Tehillim 79:11), sons of death, is another form of the noun.

Yonasan's reading, and the grammar

Targum Yonasan renders וּכְבוֹדוֹ מְתֵי רָעָב (Yeshayahu 5:13) as וְיַקִירֵהוֹן מִיתוּ בְכַפְנָא, their honoured men died of hunger, taking it in this sense, of dying. By the way of grammar that is not sound, because of the sheva under the mem.

Chastening a son, as some read it

Some explain וְאֶל־ הֲמִיתוֹ אַל־תִּשָּׂא נַפְשֶֽׁךָ (Mishlei 19:18), and do not set your soul on putting him to death, from this root; Radak gives their reading as: chasten your son gently, not so as to kill him with blows. He has already explained the pasuk at the root הָמָה.

כִּי־מֵת הַיֶּלֶד (שמואל ב' יב, יח), פֶּן־תִּדְבָּקַנִי הָֽרָעָה וָמַֽתִּי (בראשית יט, יט), לַשַּׁחַת יֽוֹרִדוּךָ וָמַתָּה מְמוֹתֵי חָלָל בְּלֵב יַמִּֽים (יחזקאל כח, ח), וְכִי יָמוּת מִן־הַבְּהֵמָה (ויקרא יא, לט), וַיָּמָת תַּחְתָּיו מִפְּנֵי הָֽרָעָב (ירמיה לח, ט), קרוב למות. וַיָּמָת לִבּוֹ בְּקִרְבּוֹ וְהוּא הָיָה לְאָֽבֶן (שמואל א' כה, לז), שנשתתק ויהי כמת, או מת מיתה גמורה. בִּשְׁנַת־מוֹת הַמֶּלֶךְ עֻזִּיָּהוּ (ישעיה ו, א), פירשו רבותינו ז"ל (ילקוט ישעיה רמו רע"א בשם ילמדנו) שנה שנצטרע, כמו אַל־נָא תְהִי כַּמֵּת (במדבר יב, יב). וכן תרגום יונתן בְּשַׁתָּא דְאִתְנַגַע בָּהּ מַלְכָּא. לָמָּה נָמוּת לְעֵינֶיךָ גַּם־אֲנַחְנוּ גַּם־אַדְמָתֵנוּ (בראשית מז, יט), כי האדמה השוממה כמתה שאינה מוציאה עשב ועץ פרי כמשפטה. עַד יוֹם מוֹתָֽהּ (שמואל ב' ו, כג), בחולם, וּכְעֵת מוּתָהּ (שמואל א' ד, כ), בשרק. והתאר אֲשֶׁר אֵין־שָׁם מֵֽת (שמות יב, ל), כֻּלָּנוּ מֵתִֽים (שמות יב, לג), מֵתָה אָנֹֽכִי (בראשית ל, א) ומן הענין הזה תרגום יונתן וּכְבוֹדוֹ מְתֵי רָעָב (ישעיה ה, יג), וְיַקִירֵהוֹן מִיתוּ בְכַפְנָא. ולפי דרך הדקדוק אינו נכון מפני שוא המ"ם. והשם מָוֶת וְחַיִּים בְּיַד־לָשׁוֹן (משלי יח, כא), רַק אֶת־הַמָּוֶת הַזֶּֽה (שמות י, יז), מָוֶת יְהַלְלֶךָּ (ישעיה לח, יח). ובתוספת ה"א הַמָּוְתָה לַֽחֲסִידָֽיו (תהלים קטז, טו). והקבוץ בנוח הו"ו מוֹתֵי עֲרֵלִים תָּמוּת בְּיַד־זָרִים (יחזקאל כח, י), וְאֶת־עָשִׁיר בְּמֹתָיו (ישעיה נג, ט). ובתוספת מ"ם מְמוֹתֵי תַֽחֲלֻאִים יָמֻתוּ (ירמיה טז, ד), מְמוֹתֵי חָלָל בְּלֵב יַמִּֽים (יחזקאל כח, ח), בפלס כִּמְבוֹאֵי עִיר מְבֻקָּעָֽה (יחזקאל כו, י). וטעם הקבוץ בְּמָוֶת שפעמים ימיתו האדם בדקירות רבות או ביסורים קשים. מְמוֹתֵי חָלָל בְּלֵב יַמִּֽים, כי הטובע לא ימות בבת אחת. ומשקל אחר בְּנֵי תְמוּתָֽה (תהלים עט, יא). והפעל הכבד [הִפְעִיל] וְהֵמִית אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה (שמות כא, כט), וְהִכִּתִיו וַֽהֲמִיתִּֽיו (שמואל א' יז, לה), נכתב ביו"ד עם הדגש. ויש מפרשים מזה וְאֶל־הֲמִיתוֹ אַל־תִּשָּׂא נַפְשֶֽׁךָ (משלי יט, יח), כלומר יסר בנך בנחת לא שתמיתנו במכות. וכבר פירשנוהו בשרש הָמָה. מִתּוֹךְ בְּנֵֽי־הַמֶּלֶךְ הַמּוּמָתִים (דברי הימים ב' כב, יא). ושלא נזכר פעלו ממנו [הָפְעַל] וְהוּמָת וְתָלִיתָ אֹתוֹ עַל־עֵֽץ (דברים כא, כב), לֹא־יֽוּמְתוּ אָבוֹת עַל־בָּנִים (דברים כד, טז). וכבד אחר [פִּעֵל] אָנֹכִי מֹתַתִּי אֶת־מְשִׁיחַ י"י (שמואל ב' א, טז), מְמוֹתֵת אַֽחֲרָֽיו (שמואל א' יד, יג), אֲשֶׁר לֹא־מֽוֹתְתַנִי מֵרָחֶם (ירמיה כ, יז), תְּמוֹתֵת רָשָׁע רָעָה (תהלים לד, כב).

פ-ט-ר

Sending away and opening: to slip away, to dismiss, to be exempt; the firstborn, פֶּטֶר כָּל־רֶחֶם, is so called as the sending out and first opening of the womb.

Slipping away, and dismissing

וַיִּפְטַר מִפְּנֵי שָׁאוּל (Shmuel I 19:10), and he slipped away from before Shaul, is intransitive. Transitive, it is to dismiss: כִּי לֹֽא־ פָטַר יְהֽוֹיָדָע הַכֹּהֵן אֶת־הַמַּחְלְקֽוֹת (Divrei HaYamim II 23:8), for Yehoyada the kohen did not dismiss the divisions, meaning that he did not send them away nor let them go but held them back, as it says there, באי השבת עם יוצאי השבת, those coming in on Shabbos with those going out on Shabbos.

Exempt

The word is common in the Mishnah as פטור, exempt, whose opposite is חייב, liable. So פְּטוּרִים (Divrei HaYamim I 9:33) is explained: exempt from other work, since they were busy with the work of song day and night and sat in the chambers.

Letting water loose

פּוֹטֵֽר מַיִם רֵאשִׁית מָדוֹן (Mishlei 17:14), one who lets out water is the beginning of strife: like one who sends the water out and opens it first, and it runs so that no man can bring it back; so is the beginning of strife. And יַפְטִירוּ בְשָׂפָה (Tehillim 22:8), they send the words out with the lip and open them.

Sending out and opening

פֶּטֶר כָּל־רֶחֶם (Shemos 13:2), the opening of every womb, and in the feminine, in construct, פִּטְרַת כָּל־רֶחֶם (Bamidbar 8:16), are ענין השלוח והפתיחה, a sense of sending out and of opening. The Targum renders וְהָֽאֲנָשִׁים שֻׁלְּחוּ (Bereishis 44:3), and the men were sent away, as וְגֻבְרַיָּא אִתְפַּטָּרוּ, and the men were sent off, and וְשַׁלַּח רְצוּצִים חָפְשִׁים (Yeshayahu 58:6), and to send the crushed away free, as וּפַטָרוּ דַהֲווֹ אֲנוּסִין בְּנֵי חוֹרִין, and release those who were oppressed as free men. The firstborn is called so because he is the sending out of the womb, its opening and its first breaking through; and so וּפְטוּרֵי צִצִּים (Melachim I 6:18), openings of buds, where the buds and blossoms opened out.

וַיִּפְטַר מִפְּנֵי שָׁאוּל (שמואל א' יט, י), עומד. והפעל העובר כִּי לֹֽא־פָטַר יְהֽוֹיָדָע הַכֹּהֵן אֶת־הַמַּחְלְקֽוֹת (דברי הימים ב' כג, ה), פירוש לא שלחם ולא התירם ללכת אבל עכבם כמו שנאמר באי השבת עם יוצאי השבת (שם). והלשון הזה מורגל במשנה פטור, ותמורתו חייב. וכן יתפרש פְּטיּרִים [פְּטוּרִים] כִּֽי־יוֹמָם וָלַיְלָה עֲלֵיהֶם בַּמְּלָאכָֽה (דברי הימים א' ט, לג), פירוש פטורים משאר מלאכות, כי במלאכת השיר היו מתעסקים יומם ולילה והיו יושבין בלשכות. פּוֹטֵֽר מַיִם רֵאשִׁית מָדוֹן (משלי יז, יד). והפעל הכבד [הִפְעִיל] יַפְטִירוּ בְשָׂפָה (תהלים כב, ח). והשם פֶּטֶר כָּל־רֶחֶם (שמות יג, ב), בשש נקודות. ובה"א הנקבה פטרה, ובסמוך פִּטְרַת כָּל־רֶחֶם (במדבר ח, טז), ענין השלוח והפתיחה. ותרגום וְהָֽאֲנָשִׁים שֻׁלְּחוּ (בראשית מד, ג) וְגֻבְרַיָּא אִתְפַּטָּרוּ. ותרגום וְשַׁלַּח רְצוּצִים חָפְשִׁים (ישעיה נח, ו) וּפַטָרוּ דַהֲווֹ אֲנוּסִין בְּנֵי חוֹרִין. ופירוש פוטר מים כמו המשלח המים והפותח אותם תחלה והם נגרים שלא יוכל אדם להשיבם כן ראשית המדון. ופירוש יפטירו בשפה ישלחו בשפה הדברים ויפתחו אותם. ולפי שהבכור הוא שלוח הרחם ופתיחתו והבקעו תחלה נקרא כן. וכן וּפְטוּרֵי צִצִּים (מלכים א' ו, יט), שפתחו בהם הציצים והפרחים.

Radak, Sefer HaShorashim, Berlin 1847. Public domain, digitised by Sefaria from the National Library of Israel.

Sources

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "Acharei Mos: Confronting Death," What's in a Word?, Ohr Somayach, 4 May 2024.

Rabbi Reuven Chaim Klein, "Confronting Death," What's in a Word? Synonyms in the Hebrew Language (book manuscript).

Cited in the essay: Vayikra 16:1 and 16-20; Machberes Menachem, Yerios Shlomo and Cheshek Shlomo; Even Shoshan's concordance on מ-ת and מ-ו-ת; Peah 8:9; Berachos 17a, 18a-b; Kesubos 68a, 104a-105b; Kiddushin 72b; Sanhedrin 113b; Bava Basra 16b; Temurah 16a; Yevamos 16:3; Ohalos 1:6; Uktzin 3:2; Shadal to Bereishis 25:8.